Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIVERSITY
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ASSIGNMENT ON
(DETAILS OF MARINE INSURANCE)
Submitted To:
Prahallad Chandra Das
Lecturer,
Department of Accounting & Information Systems
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University
Submitted By:
Group No: 02
Session: 2010-2011
3rd Year, 1st Semester
Department of Finance and Banking
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University
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Name of the Group members along with ID
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Letter of Transmittal
Lecturer,
Dear Sir,
We are very pleased to submit the assignment as you assigned us. Through the procedure of preparing
the assignment, We have collected and used necessary data from our text book & class lecture.We hope
the assignment has attained its purpose to a considerable extent.
For your perusal and kind consideration. It will be pleasure to us if you kindly accept our assignment.
Special thanks to you for your valuable advice and co-operation.
If you need any more information related to our assignment, please let us inform.
Thanks.
Sincerely yours,
…………………………….
(Md. Towhiduzzaman)
On behalf of Group 02
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Table of Contents
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DETAILS OF MARINE INSURANCE
Definition of marine insurance:
Marine insurance has been defined as a contract between insurer and insured whereby insurer
undertakes to indemnify the insured in a manner and to the interest thereby agreed, against
marine losses incident to marine adventure.
1.Proposal: The broker will prepare a slip upon receipt of instructions to insure from ship owner
, merchants or other proposers. Proposal form is so common in any branches of insurance, are
unknown in the marine insurance and only the slip so called is used for the proposal.
2. Acceptance: The original slip is presented to the LLOyd’s or other insurer or to the lead of the
insurer, who initial the slip and proposal is formally accepted. But contract cannot be legally
enforced until a policy is issued. The slip is evidence that the underwriter has accepted the
insurance and that he has agreed subsequently to sign a policy on the terms and conditions
indicated on the sleep.
3. Consideration: The premium is determined on assessment of the proposal and is paid at the
time of the contract .The premium is called consideration to the contract.
4. Issue of policy: Having effected the insurance, the broker will now send his client a cover
note advising the terms and conditions, on which the insurance has been placed.
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Insurable interest
Section7, 8 and 9 to 16 provide for insurable interest .An insured person will have insurable
interest in the subject matter where he stands in any legal or equitable relation to the subject
matter in such a way that he may be benefited by the safety or due arrival of insurable property
may be prejudice by its losses or by damage thereto or by the detention thereof or may incur
liability in respect thereof.
2. P.P.I policy:
The subject matter can be insured in the usual manner by p.p.i (policy proof interest).i.e interest
proof interest. It means that in event of claim underwrites dispenses with all proof of insurable
interest.
a .According to ownership: The owner has insurable interest up to the full value of the subject
matter. The owners are of different types according to the subject matter.
b. In case of ship: The ship owner or any person who has purchase it on charter basis can insure
the ship up to the full price of it.
c. In case of cargo: The cargo owner can purchase policy up to the full price of the cargo. If he
has paid the freight in advanced, he can take the policy for the full price of the goods plus
amount of freight plus expenses of insurance.
d. In case of freight : The receiver of the freight can insure up to the amount of freight to be
received by him
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The duty of utmost good faith applies to the insurer .He may mot urge the proposal to
affect an insurance which he knows is not legal or has run off safely. The assured
therefore, must disclose all the material information which may influence the decision of
the contract. Any non-discloser was intentional or inadvertent .The assured is expected to
know every circumstance which in the ordinary courses of business ought to know by
him .He cannot rely on his own inefficiency or neglect.
The duty of discloser of all material facts falls even more heavily on the broker. He must
disclose every material fact which the assured ought to disclose and also every material
which he knows. The broker is expected to know or inquire from the assured all the
material fact.
Exceptions:
I. Facts of common knowledge
II. Facts which are known should be known to the insurer
III. Facts which are not required by the insurer
IV. Facts which the insurer ought reasonably to have inferred from details given to
him
V. Facts of public knowledge
Doctrine of indemnity
Under section 3 of the act is provided ‘A contract of marine insurance is an agreement whereby
the insurer undertakes to indemnify the assured in a manner and the extent agreed upon. The
contract of marine insurance is of indemnity. Under no circumstances an assured is allowed to
make a profit. The insurer agreed to indemnify the assured only in the manner and only to the
extent agreed. Marine insurance fails to provide a complete indemnity due to large and varied
nature of the marine nature of the voyage. The basis of indemnity is always cash basis as
underwriter cannot replace the lost ship and cargo and the basis of indemnification is the value of
subject matter. This value may be either insured or insurable value. If the value of the subject
matter
Is determined at the time of taking the policy is called insured value.
Exceptions:
1. Profits allowed: Actually the doctrine says that the market price of the loss should be
indemnified and no profit should be permitted, but in marine insurance a certain profit
margin is always allowed.
2. Insured value: The doctrine of indemnity is based on the insurable value, whereas the
marine insurance is mostly based on insured value. The purpose of the valuation is to be
predetermined in the worth of insured.
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Doctrine of subrogation
Section 79 of the act explains the doctrine of subrogation. The aim of doctrine of subrogation is
that insured should not get more than the actual loss or damage. After payment to the loss, the
insurer gets the right to receive the compensation or any sum from the third part from whom the
assured is liable to get the amount of compensations. The main characteristics of subrogation are
as follows:
1. The insurer subrogates all the remedies rights and liabilities of the insured alter payments
of the compensation.
2. The insurer has the right to pay the amount of loss after reducing the sum received by the
insured from the third party. But in marine insurance the right of subrogation arises only
after payment has been paid, and it is not customary as in fire and accident insurance.
3. After indemnification, the insurer gets all the rights of the insured on the third parties, but
insurer can’t file suit in his name. Therefore, the insured must assist the insured for
receiving money from the third party.
Warranties
A warranty is that by which the assured undertakes that some particular thing shall or shall not
be done, or that some conditions shall be fulfilled or whereby he affirms or negatives the
existences of a particular state of facts. Warranties are the statement according to which insured
person promises to do or not to do a particular thing or to fulfill or not to fulfill a certain
conditions.
Express warranties: Express warranties are those warranties which are expressly
included or incorporated in the policy by reference.
Implied warranties: These are not mentioned in the policy at all but are tactically
understand by the parties to the contract and are as fully binding as express warranties.
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a. Seaworthiness of ship: The warranty implies that the ship should be seaworthy at the
commencement of the voyage , or if the voyage is carried out in the stage at the
commencement of each stage. This warranty implies only to voyage policy, through such
policy may be of ship, cargo, freight or any other interest.
b. Legality of the venture: This warranty implies that the adventure insured shall be lawful
and that so far as the assured can control the matter it shall be carried out in a lawful
manner of the country. Illegality must not be confused with the illegal conduct of the
third party e.g. barratry, theft, pirates, rovers .The waiver of this warranty is not permitted
as it is against public policy.
b. No delay in voyage: This warranty applies only to voyage policies. There should not
be delay in starting of voyage and laziness or delay during the course of the journey.
This is implied condition that venture must start within the reasonable time.
c. Non deviation: The liability of the insurer ends in deviation of journey Deviation
means removal of the common route or path. When the ship deviates from the fixed
passage without any legal reason.
Proximate cause
According to section 55(1) marine insurance act , ‘subject to the provision of the act and unless
the policy otherwise provides the insurer is liable for any loss proximately caused by a peril
insured against , but subject to as aforesaid he is not liable for any loss which is not proximately
caused by any peril insured against .’Section 55(20 ensures the losses which are not payable are
(a)misconduct of the assured(b) delay although the delay be caused by a peril or proximately
caused by rates or vermin or any injury to machinery not proximately caused by maritime perils.
1. The insurer is not liable for any loss attributed to the willful misconduct of the
assured, but, unless the policy otherwise provide, he is liable for any loss proximately
caused by a peril insured against.
2. The insurer will not be liable for any loss caused by delay unless otherwise
provide.
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3. The insurer will not be liable for ordinary wear and tear, ordinary leakage and
breakage, inherent vice and or nature of subject matter insured.
Dover says…….`` The cause proximate of a loss is the cause of the loss , proximate
to the loss , not necessarily in time , but in efficiency .While remote causes may be
disregarded in determining the causes of loss , the doctrine must be interpreted with
good sense .So as to uphold and not defeat the intention of the parties to the contract.
Assignment
A marine policy is assignable unless it contains terms expressly prohibiting assignment. It may
be assigned either before or after loss. A marine policy maybe assigned by endorsement thereon
or on other customary manner. A marine policy is freely assignable unless assignment is express
prohibited. A marine policy is not an incident of sale. So, if there is intention to assign a policy
when interest passes. There must be an agreement to this effect. Section 53 of marine insurance
act 1963-states.Where the assured has parted with or loss his interest kin subject matter insured
and has no, before or at the time of so doing, expressly or impliedly agreed to assign the policy.
2. Cargo insurance
3. Freight insurance
4. Liability insurance
Hull insurance
Insurance of vessel and its equipment are included under hull insurance. There are a number of
classification of vessel such as ocean steamers, sailing vessel, builders, risks fleet policies and so
on. It is concerned with the insurance of hull and machinery of ocean going and other vessels
like tankers fishing and sailing vessel. The ship is to be measured with GTR (gross register
tonnage)and NTR(net register tonnage)GTR is calculated by dividing the volume in cubic feet of
the ship hull bellow to tonnage dock , plus all spaces above the deck with permanent means of
closing.Thehull insurance is further sub classified into:
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e) Others vessels
Cargo insurance
Cargo insurance is covered under risk policy or floating policies. The cargo may be of any
description, for example wares, merchandise, property, goods, and so on. Transit clause of ICC
(A), (B), and (C) describes the duration of risks as attaching from the time the goods leave the
warehouse or any other place of storage at the placement in the policy for commencement of
transit. The risks then continues during the ordinary courses of transit to terminate on delivery.
Cargo insurance has coverage of losses or damage caused by war, civil war, revolution,
rebellion, insurrection or civil strife or any hostile act, capture, seizure, arrest, restraint
detainment, general average and salvage charges, strikes, riots, etc.
Risk covered:
All risk clauses covers inland Transit risks also for the cargo insurance. Losses or damages are
covered if risks occurred due to:
Fire
Lighting
Exploitation
Riot, strikes, malicious damage
Impact by rail\road vehicle
Storm, cyclone, flood, inundation
Earth quack, burglary
Accidental physical loss or damage
A special declaration policy is a form of floating policy issued to insure who have a large
turnover with many and frequent dispatches of goods anywhere within the country by rail or road
or in water wrap.
Freight insurance
Freight is to be payable for carriage of cargo or if vessel, is chartered, the money is to be paid for
the vessel use of the vessel. The carriage is unable to earn freight if the goods or properties are
not safely transported.
Pre-paid freight payable in advanced is at the risk of the cargo owner who includes it in the value
of the goods insured under cargo policy. But freight payable only on delivery of the goods at the
destination is at the risk of the ship owner who has insurable interest in it and therefore can
insure it.
Time charter hire is payable to the ship owner for the use of his ship for carriage of goods for
specific period of time. If any events occur such as break down of machinery , damage to the
vessel etc. which prevents the operation of the vessel for more than 24 consecutive hours of the
payment hire shall cease until the ship become operational .this freight is at the risk of the ship
owner
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Liability insurance
The marine insurance policy may include liability hazard such as collision or running down.
Insurance can also be taken for the expenses involved in noncompliance of rules and regulation
without any intention to device.
It should be clear here that the marine perils insurance covers not only the ‘ocean but also the
inland perils’, The perils to be included in the policy are clearly defined and the insurer will be
liable only for insured perils.
Forms of liability:
There are two types of liabilities: cross liability and single liability
Exclusion:
a. Removal or disposal of obstruction wreaks
b. Any real or personal property
c. Cargo or other property
d. Loss of life, personal injury
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Different classes of policies are used in marine insurance. These are given below:
1. Voyage policies: The policy is issued to be covered a particular voyage from one port to
another port and from one place to another place. The policy mentions the port of
departure and port of destination between which the policy are generally underwritten.
This policy is not suitable for hull insurance as a ship usually does not operate over a
particular rote only.
This policy is used in case of cargo insurance. The goods remain covered even when the ship
halts at intermediate port.
2. Time policies: Under this policy, the subject matter is insured for a definite period of
time. e.g from 6 pm of 1st journey ,1997 to 6 pm of 1st journey ,1999.The policy is
generally taken for one year although it may be for less than one year.
3. Voyage and time policy or maxed: In this policy, the elements of voyage or time policy
are combined in under policy. The reference is made certain period after completion of
voyage. For example, 24 hours after arrival. It may be beneficial to hull as well as to
cargo insurance.
4. Valued policy: Under this policy the value of loss to be compensated is fixed and
remained constant throughout the risk except where there is fraud and excess over
valuation. The value of subject matter is agreed between the insurer and the assured at the
time of taking the insurance. It is also called insured value or agreed value.
5. Unvalued policy: When the value of the policy is not determined at the time of
commencement of risk but is left to be valued when the loss takes place. The value thus
decided later on is called the insurable value or valuable policy. In deciding the value, the
invoice cost, freight, shipping and insurable charges are included and no margin for
anticipated profit is added.
6. Floating policy: this policy describes the general terms and leaves the amount of cash
and other particulars to be declared on it. The declaration is made in order of dispatch of
shipment
7. Blanket policy: The policy is taken to cover losses within the particular time and place.
The policy is taken for a certain amount and premium is paid on the whole of it in the
beginning of the policy and readjusted at the end of the policy according to the actual
amount at risk.
8. Named policy: Under this policy, the name of the ship and the amount of insured cargo
are mentioned these policies are specific policy.
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9. Single vessel fleet policy: A ship or a fleet of is insured in a single policy. When a one
policy is assured, it is called single vessel policy and when a fleet of a ship is insured is
called fleet policy.
10. Block policy: This policy insures incidental island risk, too, along with marine perils. For
example; cotton is insured from time of processing to the time when it was delivered at
the point of destination.
11. Currency policies: Policies insured for foreign currency is called currency policy, where
the sum assured is stated in foreign currency. This policy avoids the foreign currencies
because the claim amount is determined in the foreign currency and the fluctuations in
the exchange of the inland.
12. P.P.I policy: The policy is issued to avoid the complication of the principle of insurable
interest. This is called`` policy proof of interest’ and are honored by the insurer even in
absence of insurable interest .This policy is based on mutual understanding, so it is called
honored policy.
13. Special declaration policy: A special declaration policy is a floating policy issued to
clients who have large turnover with many and frequent dispatches of goods. The
minimum annual estimates dispatches shall be RS.3 crores for individual company.
“Marine perils means the perils consequent”, or incidental to the navigation of the sea, that is to
say, perils of the sea, fire , war perils, pirates, rovers, thieves, captures, seizures, restraints and
determine of princes and people, jettisons, barratry and other perils, either of the like kind or
which may be designated by the policy.
1) Perils of Sea: Under perils of Sea, ordinary action of the winds and waves, ordinary wear
and tear to the vessel, inherent risk of the cargo are not included. Perils of the sea refers
to fortuitous accidents or casualties of the sea. If the loss arising out of any of the perils
of the sea insured is attributable to the fraud or willful misconduct of the assured, the
underwriter is acquitted from the liability under the policy.
2) Fire: In older times fire was the biggest maritime perils, but recently it has been under
control to a greater extent. Damage resulting from the fire and smoke is included under
fire-peril. The water used for extinguishing fire may cause damage to the insured goods.
So, this peril is also insurable.
3) Man-of-War: This is the vessel which is authorized by nations for the purpose of
defense or attack in the event of hostilities. Any damage to the goods or ships arising out
of collision against a man-of-war is insurable.
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4) Enemies: The ship belonging to the foe (enemy) may cause to the insured and is re-
underwritten by the marine policy. This policy extends to all the persons of the enemy
country and to their hostile acts provided such acts form part of enemy action.
5) Pirates, Rovers, Thieves: The perils on account of pirates, rovers and thieves were
common in olden times, but it has been reduced considerably these days. These acts are
generally committed for the pursuit of individual gain by the persons beyond the
jurisdiction of a state. The term ‘thieves’ does not mean clandestine theft or a theft
committed by anyone of the crew or officers or passengers.
Jettison: Jettison means voluntary throwing away of the cargo or part of a vessel’s
equipment for the lightening or relieving the ship for common safety. The aim of the
intentional throwing away of the goods or property is to relieve the vessel from some
imminent peril. Accidental falling of things does not constitute jettison. The own inherent-
vice of cargo is also not included in the jettison.
Barratry: Barratry includes every wrongful act willfully committed by the master or crew
the prejudice of the owner. The act of barratry must be committed without the knowledge of
the owner. The insurer, if barratry insured, is liable for losses arising out of barratry.
Restraints and Detainments: The prevention to fee as of a port by the government of the
country is called restraints. It may cause interruption and possible loss of voyages involving
such ports and sacrifice of cargo. The term ‘detainments’ covers losses resulting from the
detention of a vessel its cargo by blockage or possible quarantine regulation or other
interference by the policy power of a nation while a vessel is in part.
The Free of Capture and Seizure Clause (F.C & S. Clause): The policy generally covers
war perils. But, to include perils of sudden declaration of war, the war clause or free of
capture and seizure clause is added to relive war perils.
Explosion: The risk of explosion has greatly increased. The explosion on board of a vessel
damaging hull or cargo or both could be constructed as a peril on a sea. An explosion on
shore might damage a ship or its cargo.
Strikes, Riots and Civil Commotion Clause: The marine insurance on cargo is extended to
cover from warehouse to warehouse or otherwise insures the goods on shore prior to
shipment and after discharge; the damage of underwriters being held liable for losses,
resulting from the unlawful acts of strikers from riots or civil commotions is materially
enhanced.
All Other Perils: Loss occurred by salt water of the sea, actions of worms on timber, cattle
dying due to want of fodder as a result of lengthy voyage constitute sea perils. There may be
other damage due to oil, sweat, heat, which are insured under other perils.
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Types of Marine Losses
If the loss takes place on account of any of the perils insured against with the insurer, the insurer
will be liable for it and shall have to make good the losses to the assured. If the peril is insured,
the insurer will indemnify the assured, otherwise not.
i) Total loss
Total Loss: According to S. 57(1) of the Marine Insurance Act, there is an actual total loss
where the subject matter insured is destroyed or so damaged as to cease to be a thing of the kind
insured or where the assured is irretrievable deprived thereof. In case of total loss, the insured
stands to lose to the extent of the value of the property provided the policy amount was to that
limit.
1) Actual Total Loss: Actual total loss is a materials and physical loss of the subject-
matter insured. Where the subject-matter insured is destroyed or so damaged as to cease
to be a thing of the kind insured, or where the insured is irretrievable deprived thereof,
there is an actual total loss. When a vessel is foundered or when merchandise is so
damaged as to be valueless or when ship is missing it will be an actual total loss.
iii) The insured is irretrievably deprived of the ownership of goods even they are in
physical existence as in the case of capture by enemy, stealth by thief or
fraudulent disposal by the captain or crew.
iv) The subject-matter is lost. For Example- where a ship is missing for a very
longtime and no news of her is received after the lapse of a reasonable time. An
actual total loss is presumed unless there is some other proof to show against it.
2) Constructive Total Loss: Section 60 of the Act defines constructive Total loss. Where
the subject-matter is not actually lost in the above matter, but is reasonably abandoned
when its actual total loss is unavoidable or when it is cannot be preserved from total loss
without involving expenditure which would exceed the value of the subject matter.
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The constrictive total loss will be were--
ii) The subject matter could not be preserved from actual total loss without an
expenditure which would exceed its repaired and recovered value.
Partial Loss: Section 56 of the Act provides that any loss other than a total loss is a partial
loss. Partial loss is there where only part of the property insured is lost or destroyed or damaged.
Partial losses, in contradiction from total losses, include (a) Particular Average losses, i.e.,
damage, or total loss of a part, (b) General Average losses i.e., the sacrifice expenditure, etc.,
done for common safety of subject matter insured, (c) Particular or Special Charges i.e.,
expenses incurred in special circumstances, and (d) Salvage Charges
a) Particular Average loss: Section 64 of the Act defines Particular Average loss as ‘a
partial loss’ of the subject-matter insured caused by a peril insured and is not a general
average loss. The general average loss or expenses is voluntarily done for the common
safety of all the parties insured. But, the particular average loss is fortuitous or accidental.
iv) It should be the loss of a part of the subject-matter or damage thereto or both. The
distinguishing feature in this matter is that where the properties insured are all of
the same description, kind and quality and they are valued as a whole in the
policy, the total loss of a part of this whole is a particular loss, but where the
properties insured are not all of the same description, kind and quality and they
are separately valued in the policy, the loss of an apportion able part of the
interest is a total loss.
b) General Average loss: Section 66 of the Act defines General Average as a loss caused
by or directly consequential on a general average act which includes a general average
expenditure as well as a general average sacrifices. The following elements are involved
in general average loss.
i) The loss must be extra ordinary in nature. The sacrifices or expenditure must not
be related to the performance of routine work.
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ii) The whole adventure must be imperiled. The peril should be something more than
the ordinary perils of the sea. It should be imminent and real.
iii) The General Average loss must be voluntary and intentional accidental loss or
damage is excluded.
iv) The loss must be direct result of a general average act. Indirect losses such as
demurrage and market losses are not allowed as general average.
v) General average must not be due to same default on the part of the person whose
interest has been sacrificed.
General Average Sacrifices The general average sacrifices are made for common safety.
For example- Jettison, which means throwing away of the cargo in order to lighten the
ship.
General Average Expenditure: The general average act involves expenditure. In this
case extra expenditures are involved for common safety.
c) Particular or Special Charges: Where the policy contains a “ Sue and Labour” clause,
the engagement thereby entered into is deemed to be supplementary to the contract of
insurance and the assured may recover from the insurer any expenses properly incurred
pursuant to the clause.
i) The expenses must be incurred for the benefit of the subject matter insured. The
expenses incurred for the common benefit will be a part of general average.
ii) The expenses must be reasonable and be incurred by “the assured” his factors, his
servants or assigns” and this provision effectively excludes salvage charges.
iii) They are recoverable only when incurred to avert or minimize a loss from a peril
covered by the policy.
Sue and Labour: Sue and Labour charge are a types of particular
charges. They are incurred short of destination i. e. reconditioning costs
and follow upon loss or damage.
d) Salvage Charges: Section 65 of the Act defines Salvage Charges as those recoverable
under maritime law by a salvor independent of contract. It is the remuneration or reward
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payable according to maritime law of salvors who voluntarily and independently of
contract render services it recuse or save property at sea i. e. hull, cargo and freight. No
reward for services or payments for loss or expenses can be claimed by salvors where the
services were unsuccessful and the property was totally lost.
Documents Required for Claim: The following documents are required at the time of claim.
4) Copy of protest. In the event of stranding of or accident to the vessel, the master of the
ship notes ‘protest’ before a counsel or notary public. The protest state that everything
was done to bring safety the ship and cargo and loss or damage was not due to lack of
diligence on the part of the master or crew.
5) Certificate of survey. This is necessary to find out whether the necessary franchise is
reached or not in the case of particular average.
6) Account sales or bill of sale. Similar documents where goods have been sold. The
difference between gross sound value and proceeds as per account sales might be
accepted as amount of loss.
7) Letter of Subrogation. It gives the underwriters to sue and recover compensation from
third parties where the same is due.
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Problem-1: A Cargo consisting of 10,000 bags was insured for Tk. 2, 00,000. But 4,000 bags were
damaged and would realize Tk. 4 per bag. The following expenses also incurred by the insured 2%
Commission, Tk. 40 as Survey fee and Tk. 100 as sales expenses.
Requirements:
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Requirement solution (ii)
Statement regarding the particular average statement of claim
If the policy is unvalued in both of the above causes, the extant of claim will be calculated as follows.
In case of unvalued policy the amount of loss needs no adjustment. In that case, with the actual losses
will be added with the actual expenditure and that will be the actual amount of claim.
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Problem-2: A Cargo consisting of 8,000 bags was insured for Tk. 80,000. But 1,500 bags of cargo were
damaged and would realize Tk. 3.00 per bag. The following expenses also incurred by the insured Sales
Commission 2%, Survey fee Tk. 4,000 and Sales expenses Tk. 900.
Requirements:
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Requirement solution (ii)
If the policy is unvalued in both of the above causes, the extant of claim will be calculated as follows.
In case of unvalued policy the amount of loss needs no adjustment. In that case, with the actual losses
will be added with the actual expenditure and that will be the actual amount of claim.
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Problem-3: Following are information relating to Mr. Karim and sons ltd.
a) Cement 15,000 bags
b) Amount of insurance Tk. 4,50,000
c) Partial damaged bag sold Tk. 5 per bag
d) Number of partial damaged bags 3,000
e) Related expenditure,
Commission--- 3%
Survey fee Tk. 400
Selling expense Tk. 1,000
Requirements:
i) Partial average loss statement when the market value of cement per bag is Tk. 32
ii) Partial average loss statement when the market value of cement per bag is Tk. 28
and
iii) If the policy is unvalued, what will be claim for the above two situation.
Requirement solution (i)
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Requirement solution (ii)
If the policy is unvalued in both of the above causes, the extant of claim will be calculated as follows.
In case of unvalued policy the amount of loss needs no adjustment. In that case, with the actual losses
will be added with the actual expenditure and that will be the actual amount of claim.
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Problem-4: X Enterprise shows the following information:
Prepare a special partial loss statement assuring goods can be sold at the rate of Tk. 500 per bag.
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Requirement solution (ii)
If the policy is unvalued of the above causes, the extant of claim will be calculated as follows.
In case of unvalued policy the amount of loss needs no adjustment. In that case, with the actual losses
will be added with the actual expenditure and that will be the actual amount of claim.
Problem-5: A ship is cullieded against hidden rock Under Sea Water. A part of cargo was dropped in the
Sea to set the ship. However, the ship was managed to drag to the safe zone. The ship was partially
damaged. Prepare a general average statement and show the adjustment of loss to various partners
involved. From the following information
Original value of Ship ---------- Tk. 1, 00, 00,000
Original value of Cargo ------- Tk. 60, 00,000
Original value of Freight ------ Tk. 10, 00,000
Partial loss and expenditures: Damage of Ship Tk. 40, 00,000; Cargo dropped Tk. 8, 00,000; Freight loss
Tk. 7, 00,000; Dragging expenses Tk. 6, 00,000.
Solution:
Total loss of expenditure= Tk. 40, 00,000 + Tk. 8, 00,000 + Tk. 7, 00,000 + Tk. 6, 00,000
= Tk. 61, 00,000
Items Original value Total loss Value after loss Calculation of loss
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Problem-6: A Ship was caught by a cyclone in the Sea. A part of the Cargo was dropped in the Sea and
the Ship was damaged manually to the safe zone. The Ship was however, partly damaged. The partial
loss and expenditures in this connection are given below. Prepare a statement showing general average
loss and its adjustments to various partners involved.
Solution:
Total loss of expenditure= Tk. 20,000 + Tk. 50,000 + Tk. 20,000 + Tk. 10,000
= Tk. 1, 00,000
Items Original value Total loss Value after loss Calculation of loss
1, 00,000 × 6, 30,000
Ship 6, 50,000 20,000 6, 30,000 10, 31,000 61,105.7226
1, 00,000 × 3, 80,000
Goods 4, 00,000 20,000 3, 80,000 10, 31,000 36,857.41998
1, 00,000 × 21,000
Freight 31,000 10,000 21,000 10, 31,000 2,036.85742
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