Contents

Internal to Witwatersrand goldfields

1. Metamorphism of Witwatersrand goldfields
2. Fluids in the Witwatersrand goldfields
3. Alteration in Witwatersrand goldfields
4. Sedimentology of Witwatersrand goldfields
5. Paleosols in the Witwatersrand goldfields
6. Archean atmosphere
7. Sulfidation
8. Witwatersrand reefs
9. Hydrothermal model for Witwatersrand gold

External information for comparison and contrast

10. Metamorphic fluids and gold
11. Archean gold
12. Gold in metasedimentary rock sequences
13. Modern gold placers

1. Metamorphism of Witwatersrand goldfields

Metamorphism of the Witwatersrand - fact or fiction?. Geocongress 86, Johannesburg,

Proceedings, 329-334. Phillips, G N, 1986.

Metamorphism of shales in the Witwatersrand goldfields. Economic Geology Research

Unit, Information circular, University of the Witwatersrand, 192, 25p. Phillips, G N, 1986.

Metamorphism of the upper Witwatersrand succession in the Welkom goldfield, South

Africa. In Recent advances in understanding Precambrian gold deposits, (Ho, S E and Groves
D I, eds), 321-325, Geology Department & Extension, University of Western Australia, Publ
11. Borrego, P M D A and Phillips, G N, 1987.

Metamorphism of the Witwatersrand goldfields: Conditions during peak

metamorphism. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 5, 307-322. Phillips, G N, 1987.

Metamorphic petrology of the Witwatersrand Supergroup. Economic Geology Research

Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Contribution 248, 43p. Phillips, G N, and Law, J D M,
1992.

Sudoite in the Archaean Witwatersrand Basin. Contributions Mineralogy Petrology, 116,

352-359. Zhou, T and Phillips, G N, 1994.

Chemographic analysis of assemblages involving pyrophyllite, chloritoid, chlorite,

kaolinite, kyanite, quartz: and application to metapelites in the Witwatersrand
goldfields. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 12, 655-666. Zhou, T, Dong, G and Phillips, G

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N, 1994.

Metamorphism of the Witwatersrand goldfields: a review. Ore Geology Reviews, 9, 1-31.

Phillips, N G and Law, J D M. 1994.

Pyrrhotite in the Witwatersrand goldfields. Economic Geology, 90, 2361-2369. Zhou, T,

Dong, G, Phillips, G N and Myers, R E, 1995.

Metamorphic temperature variations among Witwatersrand goldfields: evidence from

the pyrophyllite - chloritoid – chlorite mineral assemblage. South African Journal
Geology, 100, 393-404. Phillips, G N, Zhou, T and Powell, R 1997.

2. Fluids in the Witwatersrand goldfields

Fluids in the Witwatersrand basin. Geological Society of South Africa, Tectonics Division
Meeting, Johannesburg, Abstract, 1. Phillips, G N, 1986.

Evidence for fluid migration in the Witwatersrand Basin. In Tectonic evolution of

greenstone belts with emphasis on gold and platinum mineralization and modern tectonic
environments, short-course notes, de Wit, M.J. (ed.), Basilis, Perth, 42. Phillips, G N, 1987.

Summary of some fluid inclusion data from the Witwatersrand Basin and surrounding
granitoids. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, 11, 59-65. Phillips, G N, Klemd, R
and Robertson, N S, 1988.

The role of fluids in the evolution of the Witwatersrand Basin. South African Journal of
Geology, 93, 54-69. Phillips, G N, Law, J D M and Myers, R E, 1990.

3. Alteration in Witwatersrand goldfields

Widespread fluid infiltration during metamorphism of the Witwatersrand goldfields:

Generation of chloritoid and pyrophyllite. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 6, 311-332.
Phillips, G N, 1988.

Sedimentary variability versus post-burial alteration in metasedimentary successions:

the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. Low temperature metamorphic processes in
contrasting geodynamic settings, IGCP 294 project, abst., 41. Phillips, G N, 1991.

Chlorite-rich nodules in the Beatrix Reef, Witwatersrand Goldfields. Economic Geology,

89, 909-918. Phillips, G N and Dong, G, 1994.

Alteration, heat and Witwatersrand gold: 111 years after Harrison and Langlaagte.
South African Journal Geology, 100, 377-392. Phillips, G N, Law, J D M and Stevens, G,
1997.

4. Sedimentology of Witwatersrand goldfields

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Problems with the placer model for Witwatersrand gold. Geology, 15, 1027-1030.
Phillips, G N, Myers, R E and Palmer, J A, 1987.

Problems with the placer model for Witwatersrand gold - Reply to Comment by Minter.
Geology, 16, 1154-1155. Phillips, G N, Myers, R E and Palmer, J A, 1988.

Problems with the placer model for Witwatersrand gold - Reply to Comment by Smith.
Geology, 17, 92-93. Phillips, G N, Myers, R E and Palmer, J A, 1989.

How valid is the fluvial model for the Witwatersrand Basin? Society of Economic
Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Midyear meeting, Austin, Texas, abstract, 4, 11. Cadle, A,
Bailey, A, Law, J and Phillips, G N, 1987.

The distribution of carbon, gold and uranium in dark grey/green Witwatersrand shales.
Geocongress 88 Conf., Durban, South Africa, abstract, 355-358. Law, J D M, Bailey, A C,
Phillips, G N and Cadle, A B, 1988.

The Zandfontein Quartzite Formation, a marine deposit in the Central Rand Group,
Witwatersrand Supergroup. Economic Geology Research Unit, Information circular,
University of the Witwatersrand, 212, 18p. Bailey, A C, Law, J D M, Cadle, A B and Phillips,
G N, 1989.

Classification of Witwatersrand quartzites. Economic Geology Research Unit, Information

circular, University of the Witwatersrand, 211, 16p. Law, J D M, Bailey, A C, Cadle, A B,
Phillips, G N and Stanistreet, I G, 1989.

Reconstructive approach to the classification of Witwatersrand "quartzites". South

African Journal of Geology, 93, 83-92. Law, J D M, Bailey, A C, Cadle, A B, Phillips, G N
and Stanistreet, I G, 1990.

The Zandfontein Quartzite Formation, a marine deposit in the Central Rand Group,
Witwatersrand Supergroup. South African Journal of Geology, 93, 135-146. Bailey, A C,
Law, J D M, Cadle, A B and Phillips, G N, 1990.

Element mobility and reduced carbon distribution in a stratiform alteration zone in the
Booysens Shale of the Evander Goldfield: implications for mineralisation in the
Zandfontein Reef. Carbon In Witwatersrand Reefs Symposium, Carletonville, May, 1991,
107-109. Law, J D M, Bailey, A C, Phillips, G N and Cadle, A B, 1991.

5. Paleosols in the Witwatersrand goldfields

Do palaeosols constrain the oxygen levels during Witwatersrand deposition?.

Geocongress 86, Johannesburg, Proceedings, 167-170. Palmer, J A, Phillips, G N and
McCarthy, T S, 1986.

Paleosols and their relevance to Precambrian atmospheric composition. Journal of

Geology, 97, 77-92. Palmer, J A, Phillips, G N and McCarthy, T S, 1989.

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Paleosols and their relevance to Precambrian atmospheric conditions - Reply, Journal of
Geology, 1989, 97, 764-766. Palmer, J A, Phillips, G N and McCarthy, T S, 1989.

6. Archean atmosphere

The nature of the Precambrian atmosphere and its relevance to Archaean gold
mineralization. In Recent advances in understanding Precambrian gold deposits, (Ho, S E
and Groves D I, eds), 327-339, Geology Department & Extension, University of Western
Australia, Publ 11. Palmer, J A, Phillips, G N and McCarthy, T S, 1987.

Is the redox state of the Archean atmosphere constrained? SEG Newsletter, 47: 1, 9-18.
Phillips, G N, Law, J D M and Myers, R E, 2001.

Relevance of the Archaean atmosphere to the genesis of banded iron formations.

Australasian Institute Mining Metallurgy, Proceedings Iron Ore 2002, Perth, 33-40. Law J D
M, Phillips, G N and Myers R E, 2002.

Witwatersrand gold-pyrite-uraninite deposits do not support a reducing Archaean

atmosphere. Geological Society of America, Special Publication. Law J D M and Phillips G
N in press.

7. Sulfidation

Sulphidation in the Witwatersrand Goldfields, evidence from the Middelvlei Reef.

Mineralogical Magazine, 57, 395-405. Myers, R E, Zhou, T, Phillips, G N, 1993.

Chert - plus - pyrite pebbles in the Witwatersrand Goldfields. Econ. Geol. Res. Unit,
James Cook Univ., Contrib. 47, 15 pp. Phillips, G N and Dong, G, 1993.

Chert-plus-pyrite pebbles in Witwatersrand Goldfields. International Geology Reviews,

36, 65-71. Phillips, G N and Dong, G, 1993. Phillips G N and Dong, G, 1994,

8. Witwatersrand reefs

Anomalous gold in Witwatersrand shales. Economic Geology, 82, 2179-2186. Phillips, G

N, 1987.

Mineralogy of the Witwatersrand reef components. In Recent advances in understanding

Precambrian gold deposits, (Ho, S E and Groves D I, eds), 341-354, Geology Department &
Extension, University of Western Australia, Publ 11. Phillips, G N and Myers, R E, 1987.

Refuting the irrefutable – a new look at a well-known sample of Witwatersrand gold

mineralisation. Hydrothermal Odyssey Conference, Townsville. Barnicoat, A C, Phillips, G
M, Law, J D M, Walshe, J L, Phillips, G N and Fox N P C, 2001.

9. Hydrothermal model for Witwatersrand gold

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Recent advances in the geology of the Witwatersrand gold fields, including the
importance of post-depositional processes. Bicentennial Gold 88, extended abstract,
319-324. Phillips, G N, Myers, R E, Law, J D M, Bailey, A C, Cadle, A B, Beneke, D,
Borrego, P M D A, Giusti, L, Ingle, L, Kerr, S J, Palmer, J A, Ramos, Z C D N and
Robertson, N S, 1988.

The Witwatersrand goldfields. I: Post-depositional history, syn-sedimentary processes,

and gold distribution. Economic Geology Monograph, 6, 585-597. Phillips, G.N., Myers,
R.E., Law, J.D.M., Bailey, A.C., Cadle, A.B., Beneke, S.D., and Giusti, L., 1989.

The Witwatersrand goldfields. II: An origin for Witwatersrand gold during

metamorphism and associated alteration. Economic Geology Monograph, 6, 598-608.
Phillips, G N and Myers, R E, 1989.

Hydrothermal origin for Witwatersrand gold. Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter,

31, 26-33. Phillips, G N and Law, J D M, 1997.

Witwatersrand goldfields: geology, genesis and exploration. SEG Reviews, 13, 439-500.
Phillips G N and Law J D M 2000

The Witwatersrand Basin: a window to processes in the Archaean. 4th International

Archaean Symposium, Perth, Abstract , AGSO Geosciences Australia, 443-445. Law J D M
and Phillips G N, 2001.

Basin evolution and hydrothermal gold mineralization in the Witwatersrand:

Implications for exploration in other basins. GacMac 2000, Calgary, Abstract 616-619.
Law J D M and Phillips G N, 2001.

Potential for 'Witwatersrand-style' gold in Phanerozoic sedimentary basins: 17th

Australian Geological Convention Abstracts v. 73, p. 92. Law, J.D.M., 2004.

Orogenic foreland gold: linking orogenic and 'Witwatersrand-style' mineralisation:

Geoscience Africa 2004, Abstracts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, p. 374 -
375. Law, J.D.M., 2004.

Controversies on the origin of world-class gold deposits, Part II: Witwatersrand gold
deposits. Hydrothermal origin for Witwatersrand gold deposits. SEG Newsletter 60, 14-19.
Phillips G N, Law, J D M and Myers, R E, 2005.

10. Metamorphic fluids and gold

The nature of Archaean gold-bearing fluids as deduced from gold deposits of Western
Australia. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 30, 25-40. Phillips, G N and
Groves, D I, 1983.

Fluid access and fluid-wallrock interaction in the genesis of the Archaean gold-quartz

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vein deposit at Hunt mine, Kambalda. Western Australia. In Gold 82 (Foster, R P, ed.),
Balkema, Rotterdam, 389-416. Phillips, G N and Groves, D I, 1984.

Fluid-wallrock interaction around Archean hydrothermal gold deposits: a

thermodynamic model. Economic Geology, 82, 1679-1694. Neall, F B and Phillips, G N,
1987.

Metamorphism of Archaean greenstone belts: calculated fluid compositions and

implications for gold mineralization. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 9, 141-150. Powell,
R, Will, T M and Phillips, G N, 1991.

Gold only provinces and their common features. Econ. Geol. Res. Unit, James Cook
Univ., Contrib. 43, 27p. Phillips, G N and Powell, R, 1992.

Metamorphic fluids and gold. Mineralogical Magazine, 57, 365-374. Phillips, G N, 1993.

Link between gold provinces. Economic Geology, 88, 1084-1098. Phillips, G N and Powell,
R, 1993.

Nature of metamorphic fluids and significance for metal exploration. Geological Society
Special Publications, 78, 55-68. Phillips, G N, Williams, P J and De Jong, G, 1994.

Fluids and gold deposits. Mesothermal gold conference, Geology Dept (Key Centre) &
Extension, Univ. West Aust., Publn 27, 104-108. Phillips, G N, 1996.

A mineral equilibria study of the hydrothermal alteration of mafic greenschist facies

rocks at Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Journal Metamorphic Geology, 21, 1-14. White R
W, Powell R and Phillips G N, 2003.

Role of CO2 in the formation of gold deposits. Nature 429: 860-863. Phillips G N and
Evans K E, 2004.

11. Archean gold

Controls on distribution of Archaean hydrothermal gold deposits in Western Australia.

In Gold 82 (Foster, R P, ed.), Balkema, Rotterdam, 689-712. Groves, D I, Phillips, G N, Ho,
S E, Henderson, C A, Clark, M E and Woad, G M, 1984.

The disseminated Archaean Big Bell gold deposit, Murchison Province, Western
Australia: an example of premetamorphic hydrothermal alteration. In Gold 82 (Foster, R
P, ed.), Balkema, Rotterdam, 305-324. Chown, E H, Hicks, J, Phillips, G N and Townend, R,
1984.

Sulphur isotope compositions and genesis of Archaean gold mineralization: Australia

and Zimbabwe. In Gold 82 (Foster, R P, ed.), Balkema, Rotterdam, 373-388. Lambert, I B,
Phillips, G N and Groves, D I, 1984.

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An epigenetic origin for Archean banded iron-formation-hosted gold deposits. Economic
Geology, 79, 162-171. Phillips, G N, Groves, D I and Martyn, J E, 1984.

Interpretation of Big Bell/Hemlo-type gold deposits: Precursors, metamorphism,

melting and genetic constraints. Geological Society of South Africa, Transactions, 88,
159-173. Phillips, G N, 1985.

Fluid inclusions as indicators of the nature and source of ore fluids and ore depositional
conditions for Archaean gold deposits of the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia.
Geological Society of South Africa, Transactions, 88, 149-158. Ho, S E, Groves, D I and
Phillips, G N, 1985.

The nature, genesis and regional controls of gold mineralization in Archaean greenstone
belts of the Western Australian shield: a brief review. Geological Society of South Africa,
Transactions, 88, 135-148. Groves, D I, Phillips, G N, Ho, S E and Houstoun, S M, 1985.

Geology and alteration in the Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie. Economic Geology, 81, 779-808.
Phillips, G N, 1986.

Anomalous sulfur isotopic compositions in the Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie. Economic

Geology, 81, 2008-2015. Phillips, G N, Groves, D I, Neall, F B, Donnelly, T H and Lambert,
I B, 1986.

The genesis and tectonic control on Archaean gold deposits of the Western Australian
Shield - A metamorphic replacement model. Ore Geology Reviews, 2, 287-322. Groves, D
I and Phillips, G N, 1987.

Source requirements for the Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie: significance to the metamorphic
replacement model for Archean gold deposits. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24,
1643-1651. Phillips, G N, Groves, D I and Brown, I J, 1987.

Fluid inclusions in quartz veins associated with Archaean gold mineralization: clues to
ore fluids and ore depositional conditions and significance to exploration. Stable isotopes
and fluid processes in mineralization. Geol. Dept and Extension, Univ. West. Aust., Publn 23,
35-50. Ho, S E, Groves, D I and Phillips, G N, 1990.

A century of gold mining at Kalgoorlie. Econ. Geol. Res. Unit, James Cook Univ., Contrib.
45, 68pp. Phillips, G N and Gibb, H C F, 1993.

Gold mineralization during progressive deformation at the Main Reef Complex, Sheba
Gold Mine, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Exploration Mining Geology, 3,
181-194. Robertson, M J, Charlesworth, E G and Phillips, G N, 1994.

Factors in the formation of the giant Kalgoorlie gold deposit. Ore Geology Reviews. 10,
295-317. Phillips, G N, Groves, D I and Kerrich, R, 1996.

Yandal greenstone belt, Western Australia: 12 million ounces of gold in the 1990s.

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Mineralium Deposita, 33, 310-316. Phillips, G N, Vearncombe, J R and Eshuys, E. 1998.

Golden controversies. Australian Geologist, Australian Geological Society, 121: 12. Phillips
G N, 2001.

Golden controversies III: Discontinuing the continuum model. Geological Society of

Australia Abstracts 73: 110. Phillips G N, Powell, R and Mavrogenes J, 2004.

12. Gold in metasedimentary rock sequences

Gold deposits of Victoria: a major province within a Palaeozoic metasedimentary

succession. World Gold 91, Aust. Inst. Min. Metal., Melbourne, 237-245. Phillips, G N,
1991.

The geology and gold deposits of the Victorian gold province. Ore Geology Reviews, 11,
255-302. Phillips, G N and Hughes, M J, 1996

Tectonic setting of synorogenic gold deposits of the Pacific Rim. Ore Geology Reviews,
13, 185- 218. Goldfarb, R J, Phillips, G N and Nokleberg, W J. 1997.

Victorian gold province. Australasian Institute Mining Metallurgy, Monograph 22, 493-504.
Phillips, G N and Hughes, M J, 1998.

Victorian gold deposits. AGSO Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 17, 213-216. Phillips,
G N and Hughes, M J, 1998.

Gold, in Geology of Victoria (ed. Birch W D), Geological Society Australia, (Victorian
Division), Melbourne, 377-432. Phillips, G N, Hughes, M J, 2003.

Golden controversies II: weathering of Phanerozoic sedimentary-hosted gold deposits.

Geological Society of Australia Abstracts 73: 109. Phillips G N, 2004.

13. Modern gold placers

Proterozoic gold deposits, the Witwatersrand basin, and the modern gold placers of
Nome (Alaska). Geol. Soc. Aust. Abst, 25, 148-149. Phillips, G N and Sumpter, D J, 1990.

Giant placers of the Victorian gold province. SEG Newsletter, 56: 1, 11-18. Hughes M J,
Phillips G N and Carey S P, 2004.