SIMULATION DIAGRAM FROM CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEM

Example of Differential equation

1 Ω

+  1
   
‐

‐ 

Here input is voltage and output is loop current and capacitor voltage . Writing
loop equation for the above circuit we get.

1 now writing in
terms of Differential operator we get

1 ,

This is the differential equation of the given circuit. This equation can be written
in more two forms:
or
/

Note: D means differentiation and means integration

Any linear, time invariant, continuous time differential equation can be realized or simulated
using adders, subtractors, scalar multipliers and integrators. These components can be
implemented using resistors, capacitors and op-amp. However, we will consider here only the
building blocks such as adders, subtractros, integrators etc.

Adder +
∑

Subtractro
∑

Scalar Multiplier

‐3 3  

Integrators
 
∫ /
∫ 
//

Types of Simulation Diagram

1. Canonical form 1
2. Canonical form 2
Example 2.5.3 , Srinath and Soliman P-71
Obtain a simulation diagram for the LTI system describe by the linear-constant-coefficient
differential equation:

// / // /
3 4 2 3
Rule: First Canonical Form
1. Identify the input and output.
2. Keep the highest derivative of output term in the left side.
3. Integrate number of times to make left side differentiation free.
4. Draw the diagram relating input and output from last equation.
Solution:
Let us re-arrange the equation.
// // / /
2 3 3 4
2 3 3 4
Now integrating both side twice we get

2 3 3 4

‐3 2 

+  ∫  + ∫ + 

‐4  ‐3

 
Rule: Second Canonical Form
1. Identify the input and output sides.
2. Introduce a new variable say
3. Write down input side equation in terms of and make it equal to
Input side equation:
// /
2 3
// /
2 3 1
4. Write down output side equation in terms of and make it equal to
output side equation:
// /
3 4
// /
3 4 2
Re-arranging equation 2 which will help us to understand diagram better
/ //
3 4 2.
5. Draw the diagram based on eqn 1 and eqn 2.
6. Remember, integrating any second order derivative results first order derivative.

+ + 
2 
‐3
 

+  ∫  /
∫
//
 
‐3
‐4 

+
Exercise 2.25, Srinath & Soliman P-103-104(value slightly modified)
Consider the series RLC circuit shown below:
(1) Derive the second order differential equation that describes the system.
(2) Determine first and second canonical form simulation diagrams.

6Ω 2

+ 

+  1
   
4
‐

‐ 

Solution (1):

Inductor voltage:

Current through the capacitor:

Writing KVL we get

1


1
6 1
4 , ,
1 1 1
2 2 2
4 4 4
/ //
2 3 2
Solution (2):
First Canonical Simulation Diagram
/ //
2 3 2
Re-arranging equation and writing it in terms of differential operator we get
// /
2 3 2

By keenly observing above equation we can see that to realize it we require:

a. two integrators for
b. One integrator for
Let us draw the first canonical simulation diagram step by step

As we are sure that we require two integrators and both

So let us first draw the integrators and relate it with

+  ∫  ∫

‐3 
But we see that there is another term which needs to pass through integrator once

∫  ∫  
+  +
 
  ‐3  ‐3
 
This is the final diagram of first canonical form 
Solution: Second Canonical Form 
/ //
2 3 2
Writing the input and output equation in terms of new variable   
// /
3 2 1 and
2 2
We re-write equation (1) which will aid us to draw the diagram more clearly,
// /
3 2 1.
//
So we see that, to make into we require two integrators
  2 

 
+  //
∫ /
∫
 

‐3 ‐2 

+
This the final diagram of second canonical form
Home Work Exercise 2.26, page 104 Srinath and Soliman