STUDENT KIT LAB MODULE

Program: CEEE222 Semester: 3

Ownership: Discipline of Electrical Power
Date
Version: 4.0 September 2023
Issued:
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III
Course Code: EEE430
Mode of Delivery: ✔ Face to Face Virtual

PO3:
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS AND
LOAD TEST

Authors

Prepared by: Pauziah Mohd Arsad Date : Oct 2008

1st Revision : Dr. Mohammad Nawawi Seroji Date : Nov 2008

2nd Revision : Dr. Muhamad Nabil bin Hidayat Date : March 2022

3rd Revision : Dr. Norziana Aminudin Date : Sept 2023

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 ASSESSMENT DETAILS
Field/Module: Electrical Power / PO3
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS AND
Experiment Title:
LOAD TEST

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

CLO1: Analyze experimental findings through result and

discussion (C4).
Course Learning CLO2: Display proficiency using laboratory tools in
Outcomes: conducting experiment (P4).
CLO3: Work in a team effectively to perform laboratory works.
(A3).
CLO4: Demonstrate discussion and conclusion clearly and
effectively through lab report (A3).

Upon completion of this experiment, students should have the:

MO1. Ability to perform test on single phase transformer.

Module Outcomes: MO2. Ability to evaluate the parameters of single-phase
transformer.
MO3. Ability to perform load test on single phase transformer and
to determine voltage regulation.

Perform the following tasks:

Instructions:
1. Perform the tasks as given/instructed in the lab module.
2. Submit the report in a group.

1. No food or drink is allowed in lab unless food or drinks are

provided as a part of the lab.
2. Shoes must be worn in lab.
Safety
3. Please avoid wearing any conductor during experiment.
Instructions:
4. Please ensure all the diagram connection is checked or
approved by instructor/ assistance engineer before running the
experiment.

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1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 Single Phase Transformer

In a transformer, source of alternating current is applied to the primary winding. Due to this,
the current in the primary winding (called as magnetizing current) produces alternating flux in
the core of transformer. This alternating flux gets linked with the secondary winding, and
because of the phenomenon of mutual induction an emf gets induced in the secondary winding.
Magnitude of this induced emf can be found by using the following EMF equation of the
transformer. The general formula for RMS value of induced emf in a single-phase transformer:

E = 4.44Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑁 …..1
Where
Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥
𝑓 = 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑁 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

From the induced emf in the primary and secondary can be written as;
𝐸1 = 4.44Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑁1 …..2
𝐸1 = 4.44Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑁2 …..3

From equation (2) and (3),

𝐸1 𝐸2 …..4
= = 4.44Φ𝑚 𝑓
𝑁1 𝑁2

This is called the emf equation of transformer, which shows, emf / number of turns is same for
both primary and secondary winding. In ideal condition the Apparent Power (kVA) for primary
and secondary is the same;

kV𝐴1 = kVA2 …..5

𝐸1 𝐼1 = 𝐸2 𝐼2 …..6
𝐸1 𝐼2 …..7
=
𝐸2 𝐼1

To substitute (2) into (6)

4.44Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑁1 𝐼1 = 4.44Φ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑁2 𝐼2 …..8

𝑁1 𝐼1 = 𝑁2 𝐼2 …..9

Thus;
𝑁1 𝐼2 𝐸1 …..10
= =𝑎=
𝑁2 𝐼1 𝐸2
𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

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1.2 Transformer equivalent circuit

Transformer equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 1.2.1

Figure 1.2.1: Equivalent Circuit

Where:
V1 : terminal voltage (voltage supply to primary)
R1 : Resistance of primary winding
X1 : Leakage reactance of primary winding
Rc : Core Resistance
Xm : Magnetising Reactance
R2 : Resistance of secondary winding
X2 : Leakage reactance of secondary winding

The equivalent circuit viewed at the primary winding terminal is shown in Figure 1.2.2

R01 X01

Figure 1.2.2 : Equivalent Circuit

Where:
𝑅01 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑎2
𝑋01 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 𝑎2

The equivalent circuit viewed at the secondary terminal is shown in Figure 1.2.3

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 R02 X02
I2 I1

Figure 1.2.3 : Equivalent Circuit

Where:
𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑐′ =
𝑎2
𝑋𝑚
𝑋𝑚′ = 2
𝑎
𝑅1
𝑅02 = 𝑅2 + ( )
𝑎2
𝑋1
𝑋02 = 𝑋2 + ( 2 )
𝑎

1.3 Transformer No Load Test (Open Circuit Test)

In the open circuit test, the terminal with high voltage winding is open circuited and the voltage
is supplied to the terminal of low voltage winding.

Figure 1.3.1 : Open Circuit Test on a Transformer

Where Woc = wattmeter reading for the open circuit test. It is approximately equals to the
power loss in the core and such loss is called core loss or iron loss and it is proportional to the
square of V1. Such loss is constant in the transformer.

𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝑗𝐼𝑚
𝐼𝑜 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐼𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑊𝑜𝑐 = 𝑉0 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠Φ0
𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠Φ0
𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛Φ0

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 𝑉0 𝑉𝑜
𝑅𝑐 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑚 =
𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑚

1.4 Transformer Short Circuit Test

In the short circuit test, the terminal of lower voltage winding is short circuited and the voltage
source connected to the terminal of high voltage is adjusted to provide rated current at the low
voltage winding.

Figure 1.4.1

The power measured by the Wattmeter is the power supplied to the transformer,
𝑊𝑠𝑐 = 𝑉𝑠𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠Φ𝑠𝑐
𝑉𝑠𝑐
𝑍𝑠𝑐 =
𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑊𝑠𝑐 = (𝐼𝑠𝑐 )2 𝑅𝑠𝑐
2 − 𝑅2 )
𝑋𝑠𝑐 = √(𝑍𝑠𝑐 𝑠𝑐

1.5 Transformer Load Test

In this experiment, the secondary is connected to a variable resistive load. A series of readings
are taken with load varies from the minimum to the maximum values. The voltage regulation
is as defined as:

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
=
(𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
=
(𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠

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2. PRE-LAB WORK

1. Derive the general formula for RMS value of induced emf in a single-phase transformer
(equation 1).
2. A single phase 50kVA , 2400:240-volt, 50Hz distribution transformer has these parameters:

Resistance of the 2400V winding R_1=0.75Ω

Resistance of the 240V winding R_2=0.0075Ω
Leakage Reactance of the 2400V winding X_1=1Ω
Leakage Reactance of the 240V winding X_2=0.01Ω
Exciting admittance on the 240V side y_0=(0.003-j0.02)S

Draw the equivalent circuit referred to the high-voltage side and referred to the low-voltage
side, label the impedances numerically.

3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

3.1 Open Circuit Test

300V

Figure 3.1: Open circuit Test

Procedures

1. Set-up the circuit as shown in Figure 3.1.

2. Make sure that the connections made are correct before switching-on the supply.

3. Make sure of the range value of meters used is as indicated in the circuit.

4. Increase the input voltage V1 gradually until the transformer reaches the rated voltage value
of 144V.

5. Record your data in Table 1.1 in the STUDENT LAB REPORT SECTION.

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3.2 Short Circuit Test

5A

5V

Figure 3.2: Short Circuit Test

Procedures

1. Set-up the circuit as shown in Figure 3.2.

2. Make sure that the connections made are correct before switching-on the supply. Make sure
the connection is inspected by the instructor.

3. Increase the supply voltage Vsc until the value of current I2 is at 80% of rated current 6A.

4. Increase I2 gradually until it reaches 7A (117% of rated current).

5. Record your data in Table 1.2 in the STUDENT LAB REPORT SECTION.

3.3 Load Test

25A/240V W1 25A/240V W2

150 V

Figure 3.3: Load Test

Procedures

1. Set-up the circuit as shown in Figure 3.3.

2. Make sure all load switches are in “OFF” state before the supply is switched on.

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3. Increase the supply voltage V1 gradually to its rated value (144V) and record all instrument
readings.

4. Increase the load in steps so that I2 reaches its rated value (6A). At the same time ensure
that V1 is maintained at 144V throughout the experiment.

5. Record your data in Table 1.3 in the STUDENT LAB REPORT SECTION.

4. RESULTS

Student should include the findings such as completed the tables and presented the graphs of
Experiment 3.1, Experiment 3.2 and Experiment 3.3 here.

Experiment 3.1

1. Tabulate the data obtained from the open circuit test in Table 1.1 below.

Table 1.1

V1 V2 I1 Woc

2. Tabulate the data obtained from the short circuit test in Table 1.2 below.

Table 1.2

Measurement 1 2 3 4 5 6
I2
I1
Vsc
Wsc

3. Tabulate the data obtained from the load test in Table 1.3 below.

Table 1.3

Measurement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V1
I1
W1
W2
V2
I2

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5. DISCUSSIONS

1. What is the value of core loss obtained from open circuit test?

2. Calculate the parameters of transformer obtained from this experiment.

3. Draw the equivalent circuit for this and sketch the phasor diagram for I0, Ic and Im.

4. From the short circuit test, determine the equivalent winding resistance and leakage
reactance referred to the high voltage terminal. Perform the calculation at rated current and
draw the equivalent circuit.

5. Plot the curve Wsc versus I22.

6. Draw the equivalent circuit for the rated current (equivalent circuit Rsc and Xsc)

7. Comment on the graphs obtained and find the relationship between Wsc and I22.

8. From the load test, calculate the percentage voltage regulation of this transformer.

9. Calculate the efficiency at full load, half load, and quarter load using the following
relations:
9.1. Ratio W2/W1
9.2. Ratio W2/(W2 + Total Losses)

6. QUIZ

Quiz will be given during lab session.

7. CONCLUSION

Conclude in detail the findings and the outcomes of this experiment. This should include the
summary of knowledge gained, comments and discussion of the results, errors and their
possible sources and how this experiment can be improved.

8. REFERENCES

1. P.C. Sen, “Principles of Electrical Machines & Power Electronics” 2nd Edition, John
Wiley.
2. Chapman,S.J, “Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals”, McGrawHill 2002

END

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