Circuit Transformations: 2.1 Series Circuits

Electrical Circuit Analysis
1st class Chapter Two Asst. Lecturer Omar Nowfal
Circuit Transformations
2.1 Series Circuits
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
The summation of voltage rises and voltage drops around a closed loop is equal to zero.
An alternate way of stating Kirchhoff’s voltage law is as follows:

The summation of voltage rises is equal to the summation of voltage drops around a closed
loop.
Example 1: Verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law for the circuit of Figure:
Solution:
If we follow the direction of the current, we write the loop equation as
15V – 2V – 3V – 6V – 3V – 1V = 0
20

 Resistors in Series
Since the circuit is a closed loop, the voltage source will cause a current I in the circuit. This
current in turn produces a voltage drop across each resistor, where:
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the closed loop gives

⋯
⋯
⋯
Applying Ohm’s law to the circuit
E = IRT
RT = R1 + R2 + … + Rn [Ω]
Example 2: Determine the total resistance for each of the networks shown in Figure.
Solution:
A) RT = 5 + 10 + 20 + 15 = 50 Ω
B) RT = 4(10KΩ) = 40 KΩ
21

From Ohm’s law we get
The power dissipated by each resistor is determined as:

Since energy must be conserved, the power delivered by the voltage source is equal to the
total power dissipated by all the resistors. Hence:
⋯
22

Example 3: For the series circuit shown in Figure, find the following quantities:
a. Total resistance, RT.
b. Circuit current, I.
c. Voltage across each resistor.
d. Power dissipated by each resistor.
e. Power delivered to the circuit by the voltage source.
f. Verify that the power dissipated by the resistors is equal to the power delivered to the circuit
by the voltage source.
Solution:
a) RT = 2Ω + 6Ω + 4Ω = 12Ω
b) I = E/RT = 24/12 = 2 A
c) V1 = R1I = 2*2 = 4V; V2 = R2I = 6*2 = 12V; V3 = R3I = 4*2 = 8V
By using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 = E = 4 + 12 + 8 = 24V
d) P1 = I2R1 = 4*2 = 8W; P2 = I2R2 = 4*6 = 24W; P3 = I2R3 = 4*4 = 16W;
e) PT = EI = 24*2 = 24 W
f) PT = P1 + P2 + P3 = 8 + 24 + 16 = 48 W
23

2.2 Voltage Sources in Series

If a circuit has more than one voltage source in series, then the voltage sources may
effectively be replaced by a single source having a value that is the sum or difference of the
individual sources.
Since the sources may have different polarities, it is necessary to consider polarities in
determining the resulting magnitude and polarity of the equivalent voltage source.
Example 4: Calculate the magnitude and polarity of the voltage sources shown in Figure:
ET = 2 + 3 + 6 + 4 = 15 V
Example 5: Calculate the magnitude and polarity of the voltage sources shown in Figure:
V1 = E1 + E4 = 2 + 4 = 6V ↑; V2 = E2 + E3 = 3 + 6 = 9V ↓
ET = V2 – V1 = 9 – 6 = 3V ↓
24

2.3 The Voltage Divider Rule:

The voltage dropped across any series resistor is proportional to the magnitude of the resistor.
The total voltage dropped across all resistors must equal the applied voltage source(s) by
KVL.
Example 6: Use the voltage divider rule to determine the voltage across each of the resistors
in the circuit shown in Figure. Show that the summation of voltage drops is equal to the
applied voltage rise in the circuit.
Solution:
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 6 + 12 + 7 = 25 Ω
6
18 4.32
25
12
18 8.64
25
7
18 5.04
25
The total voltage drop is the summation
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 = 4.32 + 8.64 + 5.04 = 18V = E
Example 7: Using the voltage divider rule, determine the voltage across each of the resistors
of the circuit shown in Figure.
Solution:
2
20 ≅ 40
2 10
10
20 19.999 ≅ 20
2 10
25

2.4 Parallel Circuits

Elements or branches are said to be in a parallel connection when they have exactly two nodes
in common
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

The summation of currents entering a node is equal to the summation of currents leaving the
node.
For example:
IEntering node I1 I5 5 3 8V
∴∑ ∑
26

H.W Verify that Kirchhoff’s current law applies at the node shown in Figure
 Resistors in Parallel
E = VT = VR1 = VR2 = ... = VRN

I = IT = I1 + I2 + … + IN
GT = G1 + G2 + … + GN
∴ ⋯ ⇒
⋯
27

For the Figure shown: (Two Resistances)

1
1 1

For the Figure shown:

Example 8: Determine the magnitude and correct direction of the currents I3 and I5 for the
network of Figure
Solution:
I1 = I2 + I3
I3 = I1 – I2
I3 = 2 – 3 = -1 A
I3 = I4 + I5
I5 = I3 – I4
I5 = -1 – 6 = -7A
Therefore the correct direction of I3 and I5 are shown in Fig.
28

Example 9: Find the magnitudes of the unknown currents for the circuit of Figure
Solution:
If we consider point a, we see that there are two

unknown currents, I1 and I3. Since there is no
way to solve for these values, we examine the
currents at point b, where we again have two
unknown currents, I3 and I4. Finally we observe
that at point c there is only one unknown, I4.
Using Kirchhoff’s current law we solve for the
unknown current as follows:
I4 + 3 A + 2 A = 10 A
Therefore, I4 = 10 A - 3 A - 2 A = 5 A
Now we can see that at point b the current entering is
I3 = 5 A + 3 A + 2 A = 10 A
And finally, by applying Kirchhoff’s current law at point a, we determine that the current I1 is
I1 = 10 A - 3 A = 7 A
29

Example 10: For the networks of Figure, calculate the total resistance.
Solution:
Example 11: Determine the total resistance of the resistor combinations of Figure
Solution:
98 Ω 2 Ω
1.96 Ω
98 Ω 2 Ω
30

2.5 Current Divider Rule

In parallel networks, the voltage across all parallel elements is the same. However, the
currents through the various elements are typically different.
The current divider rule (CDR) is used to determine how current entering a node is split
between the various parallel resistors connected to the node.
31

Example 12: For the network of Figure, determine the currents I1, I2, and I3.
32

Example 13: For the network of Figure, determine the currents I1, I2, and I3.
Solution:
I1 = I2 = I3 = (12 mA / 3) = 4 mA.
Example 14: Determine the currents I1 and I2 in the network of Figure
Solution:
200
20 8
300 200
300
20 12
300 200
33

Example 15: For the circuit of Figure, determine the following quantities:
a. RT
b. IT
c. Power delivered by the voltage source
d. I1 and I2 using the current divider rule
e. Power dissipated by the resistors
34

Circuit Transformations: 2.1 Series Circuits

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Circuit Transformations: 2.1 Series Circuits

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Circuit Analysis

1st class Chapter Two Asst. Lecturer Omar Nowfal

An alternate way of stating Kirchhoff’s voltage law is as follows:

Example 1: Verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law for the circuit of Figure:

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the closed loop gives

From Ohm’s law we get

The power dissipated by each resistor is determined as:

2.2 Voltage Sources in Series

2.3 The Voltage Divider Rule:

2.4 Parallel Circuits

 Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

E = VT = VR1 = VR2 = ... = VRN

For the Figure shown: (Two Resistances)

If we consider point a, we see that there are two

2.5 Current Divider Rule

Example 14: Determine the currents I1 and I2 in the network of Figure

You might also like