Introduction To Electronics

Lec 4

Dr. M. Hebaishy

Digital Logic Design Ch1-1

 KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

 In 1847 Kirchhoff extended Ohm’s law with two important Kirchhoff’s laws. The
Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage law

 Kirchhoff’s current law is:

• The total current flowing into a junction is equal to the sum of the current
flowing out of that junction.
 In Figure, point A is one junction and point B is the second junction.
 The current in the circuit, IT flows from the voltage source into the junction at point A
 There the current splits among the three branches as shown. Each of the three branch
currents (I1, I2, and I3) flows out of junction A.
 According to Kirchhoff’s current law: IT = I 1 + I 2 + I 3
 Following the current through each of the three branches finds them coming back together
at point B. Currents I1, I2, and I3 flow into junction B, and IT flows out.
I1 + I2 + I 3 = IT Digital Logic Design Ch1-2
 Quiz
 In a parallel circuit with two branches, one branch has 2 mA of
current flowing through it. The total current is 5 mA. What is the
current through the other branch?
 In Fig.

What are the values of I2 and I3?

Digital Logic Design Ch1-3

 KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

 Kirchhoff’s second law is Kirchhoff’s voltage law, it states:

 The algebraic sum of all the voltages around a closed circuit equals zero.

 OR , The sum of all the voltage drops in a closed circuit will equal the voltage
source.

 In the circuit. If the voltages are summed around the circuit as shown, they equal
zero.
ET - E1 - E2 - E3 = 0
Notice that the voltage source (ET) has a sign opposite that of the voltage drops.
Therefore the algebraic sum equals zero.
 The sum of all the voltage drops will equal the voltage source.
ET = E1 + E2 + E3

Digital Logic Design Ch1-4

 Quiz
 A series circuit has two identical resistors connected in series with a 9-volt
battery. What is the voltage drop across each resistor?
 A series circuit is connected to a 12-volt voltage source with three resistors. One
resistor drops 3 V and another resistor drops 5 V. What is the voltage drop across
the third resistor?
 Refer to Figure What is the total voltage applied to the circuit?

Digital Logic Design Ch1-5

 SELF-TEST

 Using Ohm’s law, find the unknown value for the following:
 1. I= ? , E= 9 V, R = 4500 ohms
 2. I = 250 mA, E= ? , R = 470 ohms
 3. I = 10 A , E = 240 V, R= ?
 Find the current and voltage drop through each component for the circuits shown
below.
 Use Kirchhoff’s laws to verify answers for the circuits shown below.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-6

 POWER
 Power can be defined at the rate which energy is dissipated in a circuit.
 As mentioned, the basic unit of power is the watt.
 A watt is equal to the voltage across a circuit multiplied by the current through
the circuit.
 The symbol P represents electrical power.
 The relationship of power, current, and voltage may be expressed as follows:
P= I X E
 Example: What voltage is required to deliver 2 amperes of current at 200 watts?

 How much current does a 100-watt, 120-volt light bulb use?

Digital Logic Design Ch1-7

 POWER APPLICATION (CIRCUIT ANALYSIS)

 Resistive components in a circuit consume power. To determine the power

dissipated by a component, multiply the voltage drop across the component by the
current flowing through the component.

P = IE

 The total power dissipated in a series or parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the

power dissipated by the individual components. This can be expressed as:

PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 . . . +PRn

 The power dissipated in a circuit is often less than 1 watt.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-8

 Example
 How much power is consumed in the circuit ?
- First determine the total resistance
for the circuit.

 Now determine the total current flowing in the circuit, using Ohm’s law.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-9

 The total power consumption can now be determined using the power formula.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-10

 Example 2
 What is the value of resistor R2 in the circuit ?

 First determine the voltage drop across resistor R1.

 In a parallel circuit the voltage is the same in all branches.

 Now the current through resistor R2 can be determined.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-11

 The resistance value of R2 can now be determined using Ohm’s law.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-12

 Example 3
 If a current of 0.05 ampere flows through a 22-ohm resistor, how much power is
dissipated by the resistor?
 The voltage drop across the resistor must first be determined using Ohm’s
law.

 The power consumed by the resistor can now be determined using the power
formula.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-13

 Quiz
 What is the power consumed
by each resistor in the circuit .

 What is the power consumed by

each resistor in the circuit.

 What is the power consumed

by each resistor in the circuit.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-14

 The source voltage is divided on 5 lamps by eqaul.
Elamp=220/5=44 v (each lamp consume 44 v compared Max
v =220 v ) the result is light strength is low.

Digital Logic Design Ch1-15

 Electrical Energy

 E = P(kw) x Time (hour)= kwh

Digital Logic Design Ch1-16

 Example
 The heater power is 2 kw works 8 hours calculate the total energy
consumption , calculate the total cost if kwh=0.3 Pounds
 E=P x T =2 * 8 = 16 kwh
Total cost = Total power x price(kwh)=16 x 0.3 = 4.8 pounds

Digital Logic Design Ch1-17

 KVL Example
 Calculate the Current at each
resistance
Apply KCL at point A

Apply KVL left and whole loop:

Digital Logic Design Ch1-18

 SELF-TEST

Digital Logic Design Ch1-19



END

Digital Logic Design Ch1-20