Summary of Line Follower Robot

It is a robot car which follows a path. The path is visible by black line on
surface. This design is integrated from the knowledge of Electrical,
Mechanical, Computer engineering. It presents a 700gm of 9W LDR
sensor (Light Dependent Resistor) which is based on line follower robot
and it always directs the black mark on white surface. The dimension of
robot is 7x5x2.5 cubic inches with cost of BDT 1150. In 1800’s first
robot was built in Europe which are mechanical puppets but these are
controlled by drum selectors then in 1801 Joseph Maria Jacquard
designed a automatic draw loom which are used for lifting the thread in
fabric industries. In 1954 George DevoIJr, developed the artificial arms
which are used in modern robots. Mobile Robotics introduced in 1983
when Odetics introduced the six-legged vehicle.
Line Follower is a machine which follows the path this path is visible by
black line on white surface. Line Follower Robot is used in different
areas with different purpose for example in office building it delivers the
mail, in hospitals it delivers the medicines, in restaurant it delivers the
order to the customer. A Microsoft Visio is used for drawing the block
diagram. Hardware, logic, motor control and many other components are
added. The basic principle of line follower robot is Line Sensing which
track the line for turn left or turn right. Line sensors are made using LDR
and white LED. 1K resistor across the LED. Series connection of 10K
resistor and 10K variable are with the LDR. A 9V battery is used in it.
The LM741 op-amps are used for compare the sensor signal with
supplied in pin no 3. In that way we get output signal is high or low. The
motors are controlled by small power transistor BD135 these are 4.7KΩ
and 1KΩ resistor divider which are base on transistor. When high signal
voltage from the op-amp is approximately 5.9V turns the base emitter
junction in forward bias and low signal voltage is approximately 1.8V
which known as offset voltage which are not enough so motor is off.
The robot is also follows the black line in different directions and carry
some load like 500gm.
1.Maximum power by the motors 300mA*12V*2 7.2W
2.Powe absorbed by LEDs 10mA*9V*4 0.36W
3.Power consumed by op-amps 100mA*9*2 1.8W
Maximum Power needed 9.36W
So, the maximum power needed for this robot is 9.36W

Equipments Quantity Cost

DC geared motor 2 700
Mechanical body 1 200
Vero Board 2 50
Led and resistors - 50
Op-amp LM741 2 20
Transistor 2 15
Others - 100
Total 1135
For the line follower robot the highest cost is about BDT 1135