Project Report of MES on

SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER FOR HARMONIC

ANDREACTIVE

POWER COMPENSATION USING P-Q THEORY

GROUP MEMBER:VANSHIKA JINDAL (2K20/PES/23)

PRAJEET SHUKLA(2K20/PES/13)

INDEX

1. Introduction

2. Power filters- Types

3. Reference Current Generation Technique

4. Various techniques are used by the researchers for reference current

generation including PQ theory

5. Instantaneous Power Calculation

6. Reference Current Calculation

7. Control Strategy

8. Simulation Result

9. Conclusion
 10. References

1) INTRODUCTION

1) With the increase of non linear load in the existing power system network has majorly
affected the current and voltage profile as the harmonics are distorting this profile.
2) With this non sinusoidal impacting the various electrical machine performance from
de-rating the machine to affecting the torque-speed characteristics are some of the
issues being faced today.

2) POWER FILTERS:

Various filtering technique is used to eliminate this Harmonic injection in the power system.
Basically, filters are classified into active and passive filters.

Passive filters are of basically L and C type or their hybrid. These are designed for a specific
load and can’t adjust its compensating powers with the changes in the load. They are
basically installed at load side. Also, this filter are large in size requiring large space area
which is growing concern in today’s world where unavailability of this space area is of
growing concern.

Figure 1: Passive Filtering Techniques

More accurate filtering technique to this increasing non-linear load is one that can adjust
itself to load and doesn’t require large components requiring large spaces.
Active power filters (APF) have been used for harmonics suppression and reactive power
compensation in order to enhance the power quality. Due to significant growth in power
electronics, the use of APF has become the dynamic solution for reduction of harmonics
because of having unique advantages as compared to passive filter devices.

Figure 2: Active Power Filter block diagram

The Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) connected in parallel with the load is used for
mitigation of current harmonics. The process involves detection of harmonic component,
generation of reference current and generation of the gate pulses for the power circuit to
inject the reference current.

Figure 3: shunt active power filter block diagram

 Figure 4: Detailed diagram of SAPF

Working:

1. An active power filter cancels out the current harmonics introduced by the nonlinear
load by injecting reference current in parallel to the load, thus making the waveform of
the current supplied through the source, sinusoidal
2. The source voltage Vs is assumed pure sinusoidal. The load current is represented by IL.
The reference current generation block detects the harmonic current waveform and
generates the reference current IR, which is anti-phase to the harmonic current. The
switching pulses for voltage source inverter are generated by the current injection
controller in order to inject IR at the point of common coupling (PCC). The injected
current with addition to load current will make the source current very near to pure
sinusoid.

The parameter used to evaluate the performance of APF is Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). A
THD value close to zero proves a very good performance of APF in terms of harmonics
mitigation.

Reference current can be extracted using approaches both in frequency-domain and

time-domain. In Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) which is a frequency domain technique,
the reference current is extracted from the load current waveform by Fourier analysis. In the
time domain techniques like Instantaneous Reactive Power (p-q) theory and Synchronous
Reference Frame (d-q) theory, coordinate transformation is used to extract the reference
 Figure 5: Schematic Representation of Shunt Active Power Filter

3) REFERENCE CURRENT GENERATION TECHNIQUES

The extraction of reference current is the important part of APF. The exact measurement of
the load current ensures accurate generation of the reference current. The reference current
generation should be done properly in order to achieve good performance of the filter.

4) VARIOUS TECHNIQUES ARE USED BY THE RESEARCHERS FOR

REFERENCE CURRENT GENERATION.

i) Instantaneous Reactive Power (p-q) Theory

This theory is very likely used for reference current generation in active power filters. In this
theory variable transformation is used to transform the co-ordinates from the a, b, c, reference
frame to the α, β reference frame. In this theory, instantaneous three phase current and
voltages are used as input for doing the transformations as shown in equation (1) and (2).

[ 𝑣α 𝑣β ] = 2
3
⎡⎢1 0
⎣
−1
2 2
3 −1
2
− 3
2 [
⎤⎥ 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
⎦ 𝑅 𝑌 𝐵
] (1)

[ 𝑖α 𝑖 β ] = 2
3
⎡⎢1 0
⎣
−1
2 2
3 −1
2
− 3
2 [
⎤⎥ 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
⎦ 𝑅 𝑌 𝐵
] (2)
The source currents and phase neutral voltage are used to derive the instantaneous real and
imaginary power components as given in equation (3).

[𝑝𝑜 𝑝 𝑞 ] = [𝑣𝑜 0 0 0 𝑣α 𝑣β 0 − 𝑣β 𝑣α ][𝑖𝑜 𝑖α 𝑖β ] (3)

The zero-sequence power only exists in three phase systems with a neutral wire. In this paper
three phase three wire system is considered, so the zero-sequence power and current are
ignored.

[
[𝑝 𝑞 ] = 0 𝑣α 𝑣β 0 − 𝑣β 𝑣α 𝑖α 𝑖β ][ ] (4)

This active and reactive power can be expressed in two parts i.e. AC and DC as given by
equations (5) and (6)

~
𝑝 =𝑝+𝑝 (5)

~
𝑞 =𝑞+𝑞 (6)

In order to get DC part of active and reactive power p and q signal need to be passed through
low pass filter. Low pass filter will filter out high frequency component and will give
expected signal i.e. Fundamental part.

In the next step the reference current in α- β co-ordinates is calculated by equation (7)

⎡⎢𝑖 * 𝑖 * ⎤⎥ = 2
1
2 [𝑣α 𝑣β 𝑣β ]
− 𝑣α [𝑝 𝑞 ] (7)
⎣α β ⎦ 𝑣α +𝑣β

In the final step the reference current in a-b-c coordinates is calculated by using equation (8).

⎡⎢ 𝐼 * 𝐼 * 𝐼 * ⎤⎥ = 2 ⎡⎢1 − 1/2 − 1/2 0 3 − 3 1 1 1 ⎤⎥⎡⎢𝑖 * 𝑖 * 𝑖 * ⎤⎥ (8)

⎣ 𝑅 𝑌 𝐵 ⎦ 3 ⎣ 2 2 2 2 2 ⎦⎣ 𝑜 α β ⎦

ii) Synchronous Reference Frame Theory

In this case, the real currents are transformed into a synchronous reference frame [11].The
reference frame is synchronized with the ac mains voltage, and is rotating at the same
frequency. This technique is also known as d-q theory. The currents are transformed first
from a-b-c co-ordinates to α-β-0 co-ordinates and then to d-q-0 co-ordinates [12].

It is done using the following equations:

[ 𝑖α 𝑖 β ] = 2
3
⎡⎢1 0
⎣
−1
2 2
3 1
2
− 3
2 [
⎤⎥ 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
⎦ 𝑅 𝑌 𝐵
] (9)

* *
[ 𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑞 ] = [𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ ]⎡⎢ 𝑖α 𝑖β ⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦
(10)

The AC component or oscillating value and the DC component or average value, both are
present in the output of this equation. The AC component contains harmonic component and
is eliminated by using low pass filter so that the output of above equation which is the DC
component is harmonic free. This harmonic free signal in 0-d-q rotating frame is converted
back into a -b-c stationery frame as shown below.

⎡⎢ 𝑖 * 𝑖 * ⎤⎥ = [𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ ]−1 𝑖 𝑖 [ ] (11)

⎣ α β ⎦ 𝑑 𝑞

⎡⎢ 𝐼 * 𝐼 * 𝐼 * ⎤⎥ = 2 ⎡⎢1 − 1/2 1/2 0 3 − 3 ⎤⎥⎡⎢𝑖 * 𝑖 * ⎤⎥ (12)

⎣ 𝑅 𝑌 𝐵 ⎦ 3 ⎣ 2 2 ⎦⎣ α β ⎦

iii) Discrete Fourier Transform

In this method FFT algorithm is used to determine the harmonic components of the load
current [13].

The block diagram of this method is shown in Fig. 2.

. Figure 4: Block Diagram of DFT Technique.

The load currents for three phases are represented by ia, ib and ic and the reference currents
by ia*, ib* and ic* respectively In the Fourier analysis block frequency components of the
load current are detected.

In the second stage fundamental component is separated and the remaining frequency
components are added to get the harmonics current waveform. In the final stage harmonics
current waveform is 180 degree phase shifted to get the reference.

iv) PQ-Theory:

Instantaneous PQ-Theory is based on power calculation based on time domain approach, it

can be applied for both steady state and transient state.

It uses Clarke transformation for transformation of three phase voltage (𝑉𝑅𝑌𝐵) into two phase

(𝑣αβ) stationary reference frame.

Clarke transformation is given as

[ 𝑣α 𝑣β ] = 2
3
⎡⎢1 0
⎣
−1
2 2
3 −1
2
− 3
2 [
⎤⎥ 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
⎦ 𝑅 𝑌 𝐵
]
Here, Similarly, Instantaneous three phase line current can be transformed into αβ reference
frame as,

[ 𝑖α 𝑖 β ] = 2
3
⎡⎢1 0
⎣
−1
2 2
3 −1
2
− 3
2 [
⎤⎥ 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
⎦ 𝑅 𝑌 𝐵
]
5) INSTANTANEOUS POWER CALCULATION

Instantaneous voltage vector is defined from the Instantaneous α and β voltage components as

e = 𝑣α + 𝑗 𝑣β

similarly, instantaneous current vector is defined as

i= 𝑖α + 𝑗 𝑖β

Three Phase voltage and line current of balanced system are given as

𝑣𝑎(𝑡) = 2𝑉𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡(ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑣)𝑖𝑎(𝑡) = 2𝐼𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡(ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑖)

2π 2π
𝑣𝑏(𝑡) = 2𝑉𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡(ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑣 − 3
)𝑖(𝑡) = 2𝐼𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡(ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑖 − 3
)

(
𝑣𝑐(𝑡) = 2𝑉𝑚 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑣 +
2π
3 ) 𝑖 (𝑡) =𝑐 (
2𝐼𝑚 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑖 +
2π
3 )
The above three phase voltage in α-β reference frame is

( )
𝑣α(𝑡) = 3𝑉𝑚 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑣 𝑖α(𝑡) = 3𝐼𝑚 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑖 ( )
𝑣β(𝑡) = 3𝑉𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛(ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑣)𝑖β(𝑡) = 3𝐼𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛(ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑖)

Instantaneous voltage vector is defined from the Instantaneous α and β voltage components as

e = 𝑣α + 𝑗 𝑣β e = 3𝑉𝑚 ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑣 ( ) ( )
+ 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑣 }

(
𝑗 ω𝑡+ϕ𝑣 )
= 3𝑉𝑚𝑒

Similarly, instantaneous current vector is defined as

i= 𝑖α + 𝑗 𝑖βi= (
3𝐼𝑚 ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑖 ) + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛(ω𝑡 + ϕ𝑖)}

(
𝑗 ω𝑡+ϕ𝐼 )
= 3𝐼𝑚𝑒

Therefore, in balanced 3 phase system current and voltage have constant amplitude and rotate
in clockwise direction or in α – β sequence at the angular frequency ‘ω’.
The instantaneous complex power‘s’ is given as product of voltage vector ‘e’ and conjugate
*
of current vector '𝑖 ’

(
𝑠 = (𝑣α + 𝑗 𝑣β) . 𝑖α − 𝑗 𝑖β )
= (𝑣α𝑖 + 𝑣β𝑖β) + 𝑗 (𝑣β𝑖 − 𝑣α𝑖β)
α α

= 𝑝 + 𝑗𝑞

Figure7: instantaneous power calculations & reference current calculations

PQ Block Function
Inverse PQ Block Function

LOW PASS FILTER

1. In order to get the DC part of the active and reactive power, the signals need to be
filtered using low pass filter.
2. The low-pass filter will remove the high frequency component and give the
fundamental part.

Figure 6: LPW Parmenter setting

6) REFERENCE CURRENT CALCULATIONS

Instantaneous active and reactive power can be represented as

[
[𝑝 𝑞 ] = 𝑣α 𝑣β 𝑣β − 𝑣α 𝑖α 𝑖β ][ ]
From the above relationship current reference can be obtained as

[𝑖α 𝑖β ] = 2
1
𝑣α +𝑣β
2 [ 𝑣α 𝑣β 𝑣β ]
− 𝑣α [𝑝 𝑞 ]

The above equation can be written as

[𝑖α 𝑖β ] = 2
1
𝑣α +𝑣β
2 [ 𝑣α 𝑣β 𝑣β ]
− 𝑣α [𝑝 0 ] + 2
𝑣α +𝑣β
1
2 [𝑣α 𝑣β 𝑣β ] [
− 𝑣α [0 𝑞 ]≜ 𝑖α𝑝 𝑖β𝑝 + 𝑖α𝑞 𝑖β𝑞 ] [ ]
The above current component can be defined as

1) Instantaneous active current on the α axis as 𝑖α𝑝

𝑣α
𝑖α𝑝 = 𝑝
2 2
𝑣α + 𝑣β

− 𝑣β
2) Instantaneous reactive current on the α axis as 𝑖α𝑞 𝑖α𝑞 = 𝑞
2 2
𝑣α + 𝑣β

𝑣β
3) Instantaneous active current on the β axis as 𝑖β𝑝 𝑖β𝑝 = 𝑝
2 2
𝑣α + 𝑣β

4) Instantaneous reactive current on the β axis as

− 𝑣α
𝑖β𝑞 = 𝑞
2 2
𝑣α + 𝑣β
 Figure 7: Control Method of PQ theory

7) CONTROL STRATEGY:

Close loop control is implemented using PI controller to regulate the output voltage at 130V
and the corresponding Power lost is compared with Load power to produce gating pulses
using Hysteresis controller which is fed to inverter switches to generate compensating
current.
 Figure 9: Switching scheme controller for active filter

8. SIMULATION RESULTS &WAVEFORMS:

Figure 10: Reference Currents (Ir) in SAPF

 Figure 11: Instantaneous Powers (P0, p, q) with SAPF

Figure 12: Load current, Compensating current supplied to load; Source current; Source
Voltage with APF

COMPARISION WITH & WITHOUT SAPF

Figure 13: THD for Supply Current after applying active filter

8) CONCLUSIONS & OBSERVATIONS:

1. The Increasing usage of non-linear load in electrical power system which will
produce the current and voltage harmonics, and associate harmonics problem in
power system become more serious and directly affecting the power quality.
Therefore, 3 phase SAPF simulation is developed and study is being carried out
with and without SAPF to mitigate harmonics.
2. Conventional way of harmonics elimination by using passive filter might suffer
from parasitic problem. It has been shown that three phase active filter based on
p-q theory can be implemented for harmonic mitigation and power factor
correction.
COMPARISION WITH & WITHOUT SAPF:

⮚ As shown in figure (11) and figure (12) THD of source current is reduced from 42.17% to
34.63% which is significant improvement and shows shunt active power filter to be a
solution to reduce harmonic content from the power system network.
⮚ Moreover, theadditional advantage that active filter provides to the system isthe elimination
of the active power oscillations and henceproviding constant instantaneous active power
from the supply

9) REFERENCES

1.A. Panchbhai, S. Parmar and N. Prajapati, "Shunt active filter for harmonic and reactive
power compensation using p-q theory," 2017 International Conference on Power and
Embedded Drive Control (ICPEDC), Chennai, 2017, pp. 260-264, doi:
10.1109/ICPEDC.2017.8081097.

2.Y. S. Prabhu, A. A. Dharme and D. B. Talange, "A three phase shunt active power filter
based on instantaneous reactive power theory," 2014 Annual IEEE India Conference
(INDICON), Pune, 2014, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/INDICON.2014.7030398.

3.V. Mahajan, P. Agarwal and H. O. Gupta, "Simulation of shunt active power filter using
instantaneous power theory," 2012 IEEE Fifth Power India Conference, Murthal, 2012, pp.
1-5, doi: 10.1109/PowerI.2012.6479562.

4.B. UdayaSri, P. A. M. Rao, D. K. Mohanta and M. P. C. Varma, "Improvement of power

quality using PQ-theory shunt-active power filter," 2016 International Conference on Signal
Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded System (SCOPES), Paralakhemundi,
2016, pp. 2083-2088, doi: 10.1109/SCOPES.2016.7955815.