Innovative Project Proposal

On
‘‘LLC resonant converter for EV charging application’’

Submitted by:

Prajeet Shukla
2K20/PES/13

Submitted under MTE to Dr. Mayank Kumar

for
Energy Storage Systems (ESS)

Even Semester 2020-21

Department of Electrical Engineering

Delhi Technological University (formerly Delhi College of Engg.)
Delhi-110042, India.
 State of the Art

LLC resonant converter are known for quite a long time but its applications were limited.
With the advent of new age technology like EV charging/discharging (1), mobile chargers (3),
Energy Storage Systems (4) and with the advancement in the semiconductor devices like SiC,
GaN devices working at higher frequency, the resonant converters have gained much traction.
With the LLC half bridge configuration higher switching frequency and low switching losses
are achieved, the problem with LLC converter is that it requires frequency modulation control
instead of PWM control requiring a different design approach.

Importance of the Proposed Project in the Context of Current Status

Electric Vehicle and Energy storage are the two application under which huge research is going
on in the current scenario. With the Electric vehicle, majorly the problem associated
is the robust charging which can be supplied through LLC resonant converter providing both
load and line regulation over a wide input range apart from giving high efficiency and low
losses.
Through LLC resonant converter we can also supply power in bi-direction by replacing the
diode with MOSFET (Synchronous Rectification) for Vehicle to Grid (Energy Storage)
application which can basically make the grid more stable in operation.

Gain equation:
Based on Fundamental Harmonic Analysis we have derived the gain equation for our
converter. With the help of FHA method, the circuit shown in Figure 1 can be approximated
into an equivalent sinusoidal ac circuit. Circuit in Figure 2 represents the LLC resonant half
bridge converter in Figure 1 where,
a) The resonant circuit composed of Lm, Lr, and Cr, receives a square voltage ;
b) The transformer, functioned as element for electrical insulation and the turns ratio, n, to
deliver the required voltage level to the output, its primary winding receives a bipolar square
wave voltage ,and

c) The load is referred to the primary from the secondary including the load in Figure 1
together with the losses from the transformer and output rectifiers.

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Relationship of Electrical Variables
The both square voltage and can be expanded in Fourier series.
On the input side,

……equation (1)

On the output side,

……equation (2)

where is the phase angle between and of its k- th order of harmonic

frequency component, and ω is switching frequency of its angular form,

……equation (3)

Figure 3 shows the resulted equivalent ac circuit with consideration of the transformer leakage
inductances while Figure 4 shows the ac equivalent circuit with the leakage inductance
ignored. In Figures 3 and 4, the total ac components of is represented by .

Based on FHA-method, only fundamental component is used for the ac equivalent circuit.
Then the input voltage may be approximated by its fundamental component in
Figures 3 and 4,

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 ……equation (4)

On the output voltage , its fundamental component is

…… equation (5)

For Figure 4 where the transformer winding leakage inductances are ignored, the load ac
voltage fundamental component equals ,

…… equation (6)

For Figure 3 where the leakage inductances are under consideration, the corresponding load
voltage is obtained with through an impedance divider.

The rms voltage of and then is expressed in the below,

…… equation (7)

……. Equation (8)

As is a square voltage applied across resistive load, its corresponding current is

reasonably taken as the same square wave shape. Then, the equivalent load resistance Re is
obtained as,

..….. equation (9)

The series resonant frequency of is,

…….. equation (10)

Voltage Gain Function

The input to output voltage gain function is defined as,

…… equation (11)

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Based on the FHA method, the gain function is approximated by their fundamental voltages,

.……equation (12)

Using the approximation stated above equation (12) becomes (11) and when fsw = f0
with L’r2 = 0 which makes φv1 = 0 in (5) and equation (11) can be written as,

, ……. equation (13)

For the circuit of Figure 4, its FHA-based gain function can be expressed with circuit
parameters as,

……. equation (14)

Normalized Format of Voltage-Gain Function

Equation (14) can be expressed in a normalized format.

To do this, we define a normalized switching frequency,

…….. equation (15)

and normalized inductance ratio,

…….. equation (16)

Also, quality factor of the series resonant circuit is defined as,

…….. equation (17)

Then, the normalized gain function is obtained,

……… equation (18)

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MATLAB Code:

Fig.5 Gain Curve Plot for different quality factor

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TABLE I Resonant Tank Design Parameters
Parameters Designed Value/ Actual value
Vin (Input Voltage) 400
Vo (Output voltage) 12
Ln (Inductance Ratio) 11
Qe (Quality factor) 0.5
fr (resonant frequency) 150 kHz
n (turns ratio) 16
Lr (Resonant Inductance) 17 µH
Cr (Resonant Capacitance) 66 nF
Lm (Magnetizing Inductance) 195 µH

MATLAB SIMULINK:

Fig.6 Matlab Schematic for LLC Half Bridge Resonant Converter.

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Fig.7 Input Voltage across the resoant tank

Fig.8 Voltage and current across the switch

Fig.9 Voltage across Resonant Capacitor

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Fig.10 Current through resoant tank

Fig.11 Output SOC, Current and Voltage across Battery

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References
1. G. Pledl, M. Tauer and D. Buecherl, "Theory of operation, design procedure and simulation of
a bidirectional LLC resonant converter for vehicular applications," 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power
and Propulsion Conference, 2010, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/VPPC.2010.5728978.
2. Y. Wei, Q. Luo, X. Du, N. Altin, A. Nasiri and J. M. Alonso, "A Dual Half-Bridge LLC
Resonant Converter With Magnetic Control for Battery Charger Application," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 2196-2207, Feb. 2020, doi:
10.1109/TPEL.2019.2922991.
3. J. Baek, J. Kim, J. Lee, H. Youn and G. Moon, "A Boost PFC Stage Utilized as Half-Bridge
Converter for High-Efficiency DC–DC Stage in Power Supply Unit," in IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 7449-7457, Oct. 2017, doi:
10.1109/TPEL.2016.2631626.
4. S. Milad Tayebi, X. Chen, A. Bhattacharjee and I. Batarseh, "Design and Implementation of a
Dual-Input LLC Converter for PV-Battery Applications," 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion
Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2018, pp. 5934-5940, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2018.8557910.

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