Objectives of the Study

The design project aims to propose a structural design of the Student Activity Center using
Plaswall Building System as exterior walls in Lyceum of the Philippines University - Laguna.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. design the complete structural and architectural design of the Student

Activity Center with emphasis on the design of the following parameters:

1.1 footing

1.2 column

1.3 beam

1.4 slab

1.5 wall

1.6 roofing

2. determine the cost-benefit analysis of using Plaswall Building System as

exterior walls.

3. estimate the material, labor, and other cost to be incurred in the completion

of the design project.

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

University is an educational institution intended for teaching and examination of students of

advanced learning, consulting degrees in various faculties, and often embodying colleges and
similar institutions. The goal of universities is to educate and to enhance the knowledge of all
the students to prepare them on the challenges they will meet in the future. Universities put
the students to a higher degree of learning by providing a full freedom to develop the
students' capabilities in handling activities and also to have the opportunity to conduct
seminars and events.

With the growth of achievement and learning of students, school facilities such as libraries,
audio visual rooms, multimedia rooms, laboratories, and so on have a great impact on student
outcomes. One of the facilities that a university needs is the student activity center. A student
activity center can play a vital role in the university to widen on-campus learning. It is an
establishment mostly founded in universities where students gather for their activities like
school events, organizational meetings, student gathering, leisure time, and other school
activities.

Lyceum of the Philippines University — Laguna (LPU-L) is a university of higher education

located in Km. 54, Brgy. Makiling, Calamba City, Laguna. It was formerly known as Lyceum
Institute of Technology and was established in January 18, 2000. The university consist of
three buildings which is the Jose P. Laurel (JPL) Building, Paciencia H. Laurel (PHL)
Building, and Culinary Building (CB) and a Gymnasium. As of 2017, LPU-L community is
continuously increasing due to the implementation of K to 12 program. Every year there is an
increase of enrollees especially high school students which results to the lack of rooms and
other facilities.

Student organizations are conducting their seminars in the library due to the lack of Audio
Visual Room. College events are held in school lobby that sometimes causes distraction on
classes.
The researchers propose a student activity center in Lyceum of the Philippines

University— Laguna due to the need of such facility and this could serve as the campus

living room for students. The student's gathering or school events will no longer be held in
the lobby that distracts classes during class hours. The student activity center will not only
help the university where the events can be held but also the student councils in different
colleges will have their respective offices for their organizational meetings and activities.
They can also develop their leadership abilities by joining in student organizations. Also, it
can provide an atmosphere for a common life and cultivated social program for the students,
faculty, and alumni of the university.

The researchers think of the alternative materials that can be used in the construction of the
student activity center. This alternative could provide a cost-effective and durable
construction at the same time. In the construction industry, there are many modernizations
developed by many engineers. In building construction's modernization, many contractors
developed a sustainable, cost-effective, and faster method of construction. This
modernization is usually cast off in wall panels. One of the examples is the Plaswall Building
System, which is commonly used in residential houses and commercial buildings.

There are many construction companies in the Philippines that are using Plaswall building
system. Plaswall is an exclusive fibrocement that requires a substitute to

concrete hollow blocks usually used in the construction industry. It makes a complete load-
bearing wall with a complete concentrated surface. It also needs lower experienced
manpower to construct high-class concrete structure. This kind of system is applicable to
apply in constructing residential houses, schools, high-rise buildings, and countryside
structures. The application of this material is a new system of developed performance, cost-
effective, faster construction, and lessening of wastes. It is also made to be eco¬friendly and
as time passes by, these old materials, manpower, and energy rates in our time stands to rise.

Furthermore, the researchers proposed a design project that will be using Plaswall Building
System to lessen the time of construction, the number of manpower, and the project to be
cost-effective. It is a newly developed material that is now widely used in some parts of the
country which is an alternative to Concrete Hollow Block
(CHB). Also, this kind of building system has many advantages. It is also applicable for

any constructions like residential houses and commercial buildings.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter will provide an overview of previous research about the design and construction
of a structure from substructure to superstructure that can be used in this design project. It
will introduce some of the design project details from the parameters namely: foundation,
column, beams/girders, slab, roofing, and the loads and codes to be used in constructing a
tvvo-storey building.

This two-storey building is a proposal of Student Activity Center (SAC) which is an

established student enterprise. The main purpose is to serve the university students and to
provide an extra and alternate place for the events, activities, meetings, dining, and other
gathering spaces. This type of establishment performs its community in different ways. This
is a building of students, by the students, and for the students. E21

The first in the design consideration is the foundation. It holds the loads from different
structures to the earth. It is built and designed for various sizes of structures such as high-rise
buildings, commercial buildings, and residential buildings to oppose bending, settlement,
shear, bearing, and axial force. The types of foundation to be used depends on the bearing
capacity of the soil, the depth of the foundation, and the column to column distances. The
analysis of foundation of the structure is inadequate, wind loads also need to be considered in
the over-all design of loads carried by the structure. This will affect the results of the amount
of lateral forces experienced by the building in general.

In building construction, the first task is to test the bearing capacity of the soil

and then, when the result is good, it is ready for excavation. The location of the building

must be excavated first. The depth of the excavation should be 3.00 meters considering
some factors. It is supported by placing sheet piles, bored piles or grouting to the

breakdown of the soil. There are two categories of foundations which are the shallow
foundations and the deep foundations. The examples of shallow foundation are spread
footings where if the soil has a low bearing capacity, its size is impracticably large, and mat
foundations where it is more economical to construct. The example of deep foundations is the
pile and drilled drafts. These structural members are usually used in heavy structure and the
depth requirement is large to support the given loads.

Foundations must meet certain requirements when it comes to the design. The requirements
are based on the loads applied to the foundation. First, the structure of the foundation must be
accurately placed with regard to any future impact that could badly affect its performance.
Second, the foundation including the earth underneath must be constant or safe from failure.
Lastly, the foundation must not settle or bend necessarily to damage the structure or weaken
its effectiveness.

In shallow foundation, the minimum base area of the foundation shall be computed by
foundation to soil or rock and allowable bearing pressure preferred through principles of soil
of rock mechanics from the unfactored forces and moments transferred. The total depth of
foundation shall be preferred such that the efficient depth of bottom reinforcement is at least
150 mm. [81

The different types of shallow foundation are strip footing, spread or isolated footing,
combined footing, strap or cantilever footing, and mat or raft foundation. A strip footing also
known as continuous footing is for a load bearing wall and for rows of column which closely
spaced. It is economical to use strip footing than a number of spread footing. Next is the
spread or isolated footing is to support an individual column. It is stepped to spread the load
over the large area. The third type is the combined footing. It supports two columns. When
the two column is closed to each other, combined footing is used. By combining the footing,
the load is still distributed uniformly. Next, strap or cantilever footing which consists of two
isolated footings connected with a structural strap.
This strap that connects behave as one unit. It is provided for rigid beam. It is more
economical than the combined footing when the allowable pressure is high and the distance is
large between the two columns. The last type is the mat or raft foundations which is a large
supporting a number of columns and walls below the large part or the whole structure. This is
required when the allowable pressure is low and when the columns and walls are so close that
overlapping might happen.

On the other hand, in deep foundation, the number and the design of piles, drilled piers, and
caissons shall be resolved from unfactored forces and moments transferred to the members
and allowable member capacity preferred through the principles of soil or rock mechanics.
The total depth of pile cap shall be preferred such that the efficient depth of bottom
reinforcement is at least 300 mm.

Then, together with the footing tie beam which is a structural member that holds other
members in place and literally ties together the members, shallow combined footings
established within 3.0 meters depth has given consideration to use for a two-storey building.
An acceptable soil bearing capacity value of 100 kPa may be used to establish on the depth
mentioned earlier.

The use of footing tie beam is advantageous because it decreases the settlement of the
structure. It also allows all the footing to adjust once a certain portion of the lot settles thus
damage to the structure is lessened.

For the two-storey structure the minimum requirements supported by the foundations are
given. The thickness of foundation wall of concrete is 200 mm. The width of the footing is
375 mm. The thickness of footing is 175 mm. The depth below undisturbed ground surface is
450 mm. A particular case of a compression member of a structure that is vertical is the
column. It supports axial compressive loads whether there is no moment or with moment.
The column is generally less than its height. It supports the vertical loads coming from the
floors and roofs and transfer all the loads to the foundation.

Furthermore, there are two types of column, the tied column and the spiral column. It is a tied
column if a column has a chain of closed ties. It is applicable in increasing the strength of the
column. It is typically a square or rectangular shape, but it
can also be octagonal, round L shaped and many more. It is a spiral column if the continuous
helical spiral made from dense wire is enclosed around the longitudinal bars. It is more
applicable than ties in increasing a column's strength. It is normally round in shape and can
also be rectangular octagonal and many more.

The types of column based on shapes are circular for the good architectural view if UB<=12
and square or rectangular traditional for any structure. Based on length, short column and
long column if L/13>12. Where the L is the length of the footing and B is the width of the
footing. In long column, there are more forces along the structural member so it should be
designed carefully.

For the design limits of columns with a square, octagonal, or other shaped cross section, it
shall be permitted so base gross area considered, required reinforcement, and design strength
on a circular section with a diameter equal to the least lateral dimension of the actual shape.

For non-prestressed columns and for prestressed columns with average fpe < 1.6 MPa, the
minimum number of longitudinal bars shall be three within triangular ties, four within
rectangular or circular ties and six enclosed by spirals of for columns of special moment
frames enclosed by circular hoops.

The minimum cross-sectional dimension for a column is 9" x 9" (225mm x 225mm). A
recommended column design of 9" x 12" (225mm x 30(?mm) which is safer is used to avoid
slenderness ratio. The minimum steel in a 9"x9" column is 4 bars of 12mm with stirrups of
8mm steel rings at a distance of 150 mm center to center. In 9"x12" column is 6 bars of
12mm diameter.

Another parameter is the beams and girders. They are used extensively in structures,
primarily in flooring systems for buildings and bridges. They belong to the line element
category, for example: their longitudinal dimension is large in comparison to their cross-
sectional dimensions. A beam or a girder is a one dimensional line element that carries
transverse loads in bending and shear (with or without torsion). t15-1 Beams are horizontal
load bearing members that are classified as either main beams that transmit floor and
secondary beam loads to the columns or secondary beams that transmit floor loads to the
main beams.
There are various types of beams and the commonly used beam in the construction is the
simply supported or simple beam and cantilever beam. The simply supported beam or simple
beam is a beam that has supports near its ends, which restrain it against vertical and
horizontal movement. The cantilever is a beam that has only one support, which restrains it
from rotating or moving horizontally and vertically at the end. The distance between the
supports is called span and the load carried by each support is called reaction. The beams
should be correctly restrained and appropriate analysis should be done to surpass and resist
the moments and deformations resulted upon loading.

The minimum depth of beams varies from the following support condition. For simply
supported must not be less than the span of the beam over 16 (t/16), one end continuous must
not be less than the span of the beam over 18.5 (t /18.5), both end continuous must not be less
than the span of the beam over 21 (f, /21), cantilever must not be less than the span of the
beam over 8 (f, /8).

Beam has a minimum size of not less than 9” x 9" (225mm x 225mm) and with an additional
thickness of the slab of 125mm. It generally uses a minimum of 4 bars, with 2 bars of 12mm
thickness in the bottom of the beam, and 2 bars of lOmm at the top of the beam. It has a
concrete cover of 40mm.

In flooring system, slab is the main structural member used. It is the most time-consuming
phase of the construction, therefore, it largely affects the cycle because of the large area to be
enclosed and it is difficult to construct. There are different methodologies of installing the
slab which are the cast-in place method also known as the conventional slabs and the precast
method where the slabs are fabricated outside the construction site and delivered by large
trucks.

Moreover, reinforced concrete slab has two different designs. First, the one-way slabs where
the support is on the two opposite sides only because the yielding is in one direction only. It
is perpendicular to the building supported boundaries. It has a large ratio of width to depth.
There are loads to be considered carried along one direction containing its own weig-at that
are supported by the one-way slab which is transmitted to the boundaries of the slab.
Reinforcing bars are also placed in another direction to oppose the shrinkage and temperature
stresses. The ratio of the longer span (L) to the
shorter span (S) is equal or greater than 2. P°1 In one-way slab, for the solid non-prestressed
slab which is mounting or inclined to sections or other construction probable to be damaged
by large deflections, total slab thickness h shall not be smaller than the limits except
computed deflection limits. In simply supported, the minimum thickness is t120. In one end
continuous, the minimum thickness is €124. In both end continuous, the minimum thickness
is t/28. And in the cantilever, the minimum thickness is MO.

Second, the two-way slab is supported by beams on all four boundaries. Loads are carried
along both the directions. Reinforcing bars are provided along both the directions. The
bending of this slab is in both directions. The ratio of the longer span (L) to the shorter span
(S) is less than 2. These types of slab design are widely used for structural system because it
is more efficient and more economical.

In two-way slab, the non-prestressed slab drop panel shall design below the slab at least i/t of
the adjacent slab thickness and the drop panel shall stretch in each direction from the center
line of the support with a spacing not smaller than 1/6 the span length considered from the
center-to-center of supports in that direction. The maximum spacing s of malformed
longitudinal reinforcement shall be the smaller of 2h and 450 mm at critical sections, and the
smaller of 3h and 450 mm at other sections.

The minimum thickness of reinforced concrete slab recommended is 5" or 125 mm because
of the electrical pipes and internal wiring. It must be considered because it can cause cracking
and water leakage from the pipes during rains which can reduce the slab depth at certain
places. When it comes to reinforcing bar details, in one-way slab, the main steel is 8mm bars
@ 6" C/C and distribution steel of 6mm bars @ 6" C/C. In two-way slab the main steel is 8
mm bars @ 5" C/C and distribution steel of 8 mm bars @7" C/C.

The other one that is also a main component that carries both the vertical loads and a lateral
load of the structure is the wall. Walls consist of planar elements, usually in a vertical plane,
and resist both in plane and transverse forces. [181 The walls are one of the most important
elements required to resist the forces from earthquakes and typhoons. However, masonry
walls are heavy and can fall easily if not configured and built correctly.
Buildings must have walls to support the other elements of the building. These carries the
vertical loads i.e., the roof that can be supported by an internal wall and the wall above if
there is one that sits above from it. It also carries the horizontal loads to counter the effect the
load that acts on a structure, significantly, the earthquake and wind loads. 120J

For the minimum wall thickness, bearing wall must be greater of 100mm and 1/25 the lesser
of =supported length and unsupported height. Non - bearing wall must be greater of 100mm
and 1/30 the lesser of unsupported length and unsupported height. Exterior basement and
foundation wall shall not be less than 190mm.

There are many alternatives of concrete hollow blocks (CHB) in the construction industry.
The Plaswall Panel is one of the alternatives of CHB. It is the main element of the system
contribution a concrete occupied permanent formwork building system developing raft kind
foundations and full load bearing walls to yield a new clean building system applicable for
any kind of architecture. It is basically a permanent formwork that is manufactured by
connecting recycled polystyrene pullouts between 6mm fiber cement sheets. The fiber cement
sheets function as wall surfaces set for finishing. When established, it is reinforced with steel
rebar, and occupied with structural concrete developing a uniform load bearing and shear
wall structure.

Plaswall is not a precast system. It is a permanent concrete formwork, which replaces costly
steel aluminum and plywood formworks. It yields a complete loadbearing wall with a
complete rendered finish. The minimum compressive strength for all the reinforced concrete
is 21 MPa and the minimum yield strength for all reinforcing bars is 248 MPa. This kind of
building system needs significantly lower skilled labor to construct high quality concrete
homes and other structures. It is a prefabricated fibrocement formwork that is light, simple,
and easy to install wall braces that is only required for support in concreting behind
concreting walls prepare to have jointing and final paint, the spacers hold rebar in right
position requiring no rebar tie wires, the plumbing and electrical completed prior to pour
concrete. It is also applicable for all kinds of construction from small housing to commercial
buildings. Probably the fastest and cleanest concrete walling system on the market, ideal for
hot climates because of the zero rendering needed.
Unlike the Plaswall formworks, plywood formworks are expensive, time consuming, needing
highly skilled carpenters, and huge number of materials to construct structure, even after the
removal of the formworks, it needs a full repair and many of the materials are not usable.
Also, the steel formwork needs a very large capital outlay, heavy to install, requires cranes,
huge number of scaffold and manpower to install.

The Sterling Construction & Development Corporation is an innovative building system

technology inventor, designer, and apparent holder for a range of manufactured concrete
form system for all kinds of structures. It was demonstrated in 2001 opened with the vision of
making fast affordable building system for the construction industry. This company has spent
almost 10 years designing and innovating building system. 2'11 There are many advantages
of using Plaswall. In the commercial buildings, Plaswall allows an easy installation up to
three times faster than any form of conventional construction. It also has a complete scale in
case of deploying many sets of equipment. It is quick to install and has a lower cost assure
and higher comeback on capital investment. It has a minimal maintenance so there is no
problem of cracking. It has a latex paint, which has five times more life span when compared
to normal paint, and also adds a life to the construction. The bill of quantities outlined before
the construction, the result is in a predictable cost and inventory control. Also, it minimized
the use of manpower and no requirement of heavy equipment on the construction site because
of this, it can save construction time and labor cost.

In terms of green advantages, there is no Cold Formed Steel (CFS) in the polystyrene and
forestry product can be completely avoided. Plaswall building system is built with
exceptional standards, which enhance a lifestyle of the citizen. Also, in the technical aspect,
the advantages are: Plaswall is fire resistant and non-combustible for one hour based on
ASTM E119 tests. It has an excellent thermal insulation that acts as a thermal protection. It
has also an acoustic insulation, which is inbuilt sound reduction properties produce it
excellent for the sound immersion and noise isolation. Because concrete walls carry sounds,
thus impede privacy. Traditional buildings are quite vulnerable to such pest because Plaswall
is termite free. It is also rustproof.

To finish a structure to protect from environmental activities such as rains, strong winds,
sunlight, etc. is the roof. One of the most vulnerable parts of a building in a
typhoon is the roof. The strong winds create a strong upward suction force on the roof, which
can easily tear apart a poorly constructed roof. The types of the roofs are flat roof, gable roof,
green roof, monoslope roof, hip roof, and mansard roof. Flat roof is a type of roof that is
almost level compared to other sloped roofs because the slope of this roof is approximately
10 degrees. Gable roof which has two sloping sides. A green roof or rooftop garden is an
ecofriendly type of roofing. It is for the shade and eliminate heat form the atmosphere and
eliminates the temperature of the roof surface. It can be installed in a large rage of building.
The onoslope roof is a roof with a constant slope direction. The last type is the hip roof hich
has slopes on all four sides. All sides are equal in length and come from the top o produce a
ridge.

The minimum roof live loads (kPa) of flat or rise roof that are less than 1-unit ertical in 3-unit
horizontal (33.3% slope) varies from its Tributary Area (m2). Minimum niform live load of 0
to 10m2 must not be less than 1.001cPa, 20m2 to 60m2 must not be ess than 0.751(Pa, and
over 60m 2 must not be less than 0.601(Pa.

Loads are the interaction of the structure with the natural environment, it carries out the
function they are expected to perform and it is also the construction of the structure. Loads
applied to civil structures are categorized according to its direction; vertical loads and
horizontal loads. Loads that are caused by gravitational forces and are defined as the weight
of objects are the vertical loads; for example: live loads and dead loads. While the loads that
are produced natural events are the horizontal loads; for example; wind loads and earthquake
loads. The relative importance of these loads depends on the nature of the structure and the
geographical location of the site.

There are four types of loads that need to consider in building a structure. Loads whose
magnitude or location changes are called live loads. Typical live loads are produced by
vehicles crossing bridges, and people occupying buildings. 24l Live loads, also called
imposed actions, are loads that are attributed to the intended use or purpose of the structure. It
is also generally specified by regional or national codes and specifications.

The minimum uniform live load requirements for the activity hail, assembly areas, or
auditoriums must not be less than 2.9kPa for fixed seats. For movable seats
must not be less than 4.8kPa, lobbies and platforms must not be less than 4.8kPa, and the
stage areas must not be less than 7.2kPa. Dead loads, also referred to as permanent actions,
are loads that are imposed by both the structural and non-structural components. It includes
the self-weight of the structure and the forces imposed by all walls, floors, roofs, ceilings,
permanent artitions, service machinery, and other permanent construction.

The effect of wind acting on a building is represented by a pressure loading distributed over
the exterior surface. This pressure loading depends on the geometry of the structure and the
geographic location of the site. The magnitude of wind load that structure has to bear
correlates with windward area, speed of wind, air density (varies with height and
temperature), configuration, and surface roughness of structure, as well as factors concerning
surrounding environment of the structure.

When determining wind pressures on a structure, the designer must calculate the pressures
that apply forces to the MWFRS such as frames, shear walls, and diaphragms and to the C&C
of the structure. The minimum wind loads for designing a building have lists two methods in
accordance to ASCE/SEI 7-10, the Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS) and
Components and Cladding (C&C). [27]

Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS) is a collection of structural elements assigned
to provide support and stability for the overall structure. It can consist of a structural frame or
an assemblage of structural elements that work together to transfer wind loads acting on the
entire structure to the ground. Structural elements such as cross bracing, shear walls, roof
trusses, and roof diaphragms are part of the Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS)
when they assist in transferring overall loads.

Components and Cladding (C&C) is an element of the building envelope that do not qualify
as part of the MWFRS. According to the commentary for the C&C definition, components
receive wind loads directly or from cladding and transfer the load to the MWFRS, while
cladding receives wind loads directly. Roof covering would be an example of cladding. The
negative pressures on the roof covering and its fasteners would be calculated according to
C&C level loads.
The structural engineer designs the structures so that they can resist earthquake the ground
shaking associated with an earthquake without collapsing. Earthquake ground motion is site
specific in that it depends on the location and soil conditions for the site. Sites near known
faults and sites on soft soils such as soft clay experience more intense ground motion. The
factors are importance of the building and the geographic location of the site.

Seismic analysis is a branch of structural analysis that defines relating to earthquakes or other
vibrations of the earth and its crust. This is also the calculation of the reaction of the building
structure to earthquake. The seismic analysis of a structure evaluates the earthquake forces
acting at various level of the structure during an earthquake and the effect of such forces on
the behavior of the overall structure. The results of the analysis can be determined if it is
static or dynamic in approach as per the code provisions.

The Big One is a hypothetical earthquake that might happen years from now with a
magnitude 8 or greater which is no one wants to happen this kind of calamity. This can
greatly damage all the lives of the people who will be affected or near the area of the west
valley fault. The final extension of the west valley fault line is in Laguna particularly in
Calise in Canlubang, north of Canlubang Golf & Country Club. It passes along the left side of
the parks and ends at Mabato near Riomonte in the west side of Calamba. The distance of the
west valley fault line in Canlubang in Makiling, Calamba City, Laguna is 21 km. Then,
because of that fault line, structures must consider the seismic load to have an assurance of
the structure to be design and build.

Figure A. Research Paradigm

Figure A shows the conceptual framework of the project design. The data needs to be
gathered are based on the design parameters such as footing, column, beam, slab, wall, and
roofing. Also, the design needs soil investigation report, loads, and codes to be used, and
material specifications. The project design will use AutoCAD and Revit for the architectural
and structural plan, STAAD Pro and STAAD RCDC for the design analysis, Microsoft Excel
for the estimation of material and labor cost, and MS Project
2016 for the project schedule. The output will be the design of the Student Activity Center
using Plaswall as exterior walls in Lyceum of the Philippines University – Laguna that
includes the architectural plan, structural plan, and the perspective of the design. There will
be a feedback from the output that reflects from the input that the researchers used in the
process.
List of Tables

Table I Footing Schedule 37

Table 2. Column Schedule 38

Table 3. Beam Schedule 41

Table 4. Slab Schedule 43

Table 5. Rigid Floor Diagphram Check 44

Table 6. Soft Storey Check 45

Table 7. Storey Drift Check 46

Table 8. Center of Rigidity 48

Table 9. Budget Estimation When Using Class C Concrete 49

Table 10. Budget Estimation When Using Class C Concrete with T102 50
Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Following the rise of industrialization, the field of construction became the largest industry
around the world. Since then, construction techniques and methodologies undergo continuous
improvement as machineries play an important role in building our civilization.

As earth's population exponentially increases, there is now a high demand for building
structures for human settlement for both commercial and private use. Trade and commerce
occur in a very populated area such as urban cities, where massive population of working
professionals and labor force requires a residential space. Serious problem arises since
owning house and lot in urban areas requires a

considerable financial capability that not everyone can afford. It is due to urban land cost
several times more expensive in terms of cost per square meter compared to their rural
counterparts.

It then gives rise for a demand of multiple high-rise condominiums and apartments for lease
or rent for both family and individual consumers. These high- rise structures use its height
advantage to house multiple families and individuals by saving a lot of space that can be
used for both parking area and commercial infrastructures.

High-rise structures are created for the purpose of human residential area arid business firm
offices. Call centers, finance firms, and foreign companies manpower to sustain their day to
day operations in a place where trade and commerces occurs. Real estate companies on the
other hand, generate asset by leasing or renting rooms for apartment or condominiums to
different individuals or family. apartments in both urban and rural areas. Apartments are
specialized for residential
In the Philippines, there is a growing demand for dormitories and purposes. Each floor
contains several units that has its own bathroom, kitchen, living room, and bedroom.
Dormitory on the otherhand usually containes multiple single or double-deck bed to
accommodate several individuals for bedspacing. These dormitories are often occupied by
university students, factory workers, and even professionals who requires greater accessibility
to schools and workplaces.

Thus, the researchers propose a project study that focuses on the design of a four-storey
multipurpose building for partial fulfilment of the requirement of BS in Civil Engineeunits,
eight residential dormitory units, and a penthouse. It is designed using

Engineering program. The structure contains five customizable commercial materials that
comply or even exceed the standard set by the National Structural Code of the Philippines
(NSCP 2015) and National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP) using STAAD Pro v8i
software to run simulations and computer analysis to enhance structural computations.
Moreover, the proponents used concrete additive titanium dioxide(T102) as concrete additive
to increase the strength of concrete and to lower the cost of the material. 1161 Concrete
stamps and floor hardener are also considered as alternative to tiles for flooring to reduce the
sost of material. The researchers aimed to design a structure that highly emphasizes the
quality of the structure while using value engineering to ensure that the cost is not being
compromised.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

Concrete is the mixture of Portland cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water.
Admixtures are sometimes used to increase or decrease the durability, workability, and curing
time. Concrete is known for its high compressive strength while its tensile strength is lacking.
To make up with this deficit, steel bars that have high tensile strength and low compressive
strength are being used in tandem with concrete to produce reinforced concrete. Reinforced
concrete (RC) is a material suitable for any structural member that includes: footing, column,
beam, and slabs.
Reinforced concrete has several advantages. First, it is the best material that can be used for
structural members that are exposed on water. Second, it is a very rigid material for structural
elements. Lastly, it has low maintenance and long service life.

Although disadvantages it is highly dependent on formworks and requires Jong curing time,
reinforced concrete is still the most widely used construction material in the world today.
Concrete admixtures or concrete additives are substances that are added or !Id into concrete
together with cement., water, and aggregates., It. is classified depending on its use or
properties it possess that makes the concrete construction cost lesser, to achieve certain
properties that gives more effectivity to the concrete rather than the conventional mix or a
concrete mix without admixtures, to maintain the quality of concrete in case of transporting
it from one place to another, and to give options in case of certain emergencies during
concreting operations.

Admixtures are classified as air-retaining admixtures; water-reducing admixtures;

plasticizers; accelerating admixtures; retarding admixtures; hydration-control admixtures;
corrosion inhibitors; shrinkage reducers; alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors; coloring
admixtures; and miscellaneous admixtures such as workability, bonding, damp-proofing,
permeability, reducing, grouting, gas forming, anti-washout, foaming, and pumping
admixtures.

Titanium dioxide is a compound element that does not have the capability to react with other
compound elements, and under room temperature conditions.

TIO2 is not soluble with water but it melts with alkali metals. Titanium dioxide often gains
an oxygen particle when exposed to high temperatures. Titanium dioxide is also used in
cosmetics, it is not soluble with water that makes a waterproof material and an ideal
substance for cleansing creams and sunblocks.

In the world of construction, the most common used material for the process of photo-
catalysis is titanium dioxide (Ti02). It gives white pigment for building materials such as
tiles, mortars, pavement, and concrete. But studies have shown that another benefit from this
concrete additive is TiO2 acts as an effective and self-disinfecting concrete, reflecting sun's
heat and for reduction of heat gain due to its light color.
Titanium Dioxide is not consumed in the reaction of photo-catalysis therefore can be used
indefinitely. Aside from being a tool in the reduction of air pollution, nano-Ti02 particles also
contribute in the appreciably increase in compressive strength of concrete when added
comparable to that of the normal concrete. An optimal level of increase in compressive
strength is found by adding a maximum limit of 1.0% in the concrete mix. "81

In the study the after adding T102 of 0.5% of cement weight on concrete mixture, the
strength of concrete increases to 65%. Adding T102 of 0.75% of cement weight on concrete
mixture increase in compression strength of concrete by 79%. While the most optimum
amount of TIO2 is said to be 1.0% of cement weight will yield 85% increase in compressive
strength of concrete. " Titanium dioxide is available commercially on chemical laboratory
suppliers in the form of fine powder. Its commercial price ranges from Php.250.00

— Php.275.00 It is usually available on chemical laboratory suppliers. The concrete cost

mixed with TiO2 depends in the concentration of the titanium dioxide in the

mix.

A common structural system for construction of buildings is building frames. Horizontal

elements produced by external loads and even building's weight are carried by beams made
up from different materials such as steel and reinforced concrete. This component provides
horizontal rigidity of the structure of the building itself

Footing

To begin with, in a systematic structural element layout, footing is the most important part of
the structure. They are structural members used to support columns, walls and slabs above
that transmit their load to the underlying soils. Reinforced concrete is the most suited material
for footing for structural steel buildings, wall, towers, bridges, and other structures.
Due to the low bearing capacity of soil while the load coming from beams and walls are
larger, footings spreads wall and column pressure to a larger soil area thus negating the
bearing pressure.

Footings can be classified in to several types. The common types are wall footing, isolated
footing, combined footing, mat or raft foundation, and pile caps. Wall or strip footing is a
continuous concrete wall that acts on load bearings. They are commonly related to retaining
walls since the function of this type of substructure is to resist the axial and lateral forces
exerted by the soil and the loadings. Isolated footing is also known as single-column footing
and is square or rectangular in shape. Due to their design that extend to an individual column,
they are widely used for columns that carry light loads.

Combined footing is a continuous rectangular slab strip that supports two or more individual
columns. They are considered economical in a scenario that there is a need to two columns
that supports large amount of loadings.

Mat or raft footing is a single slab footing that supports the entire structure. They are
connected to several columns and are usually carries the load transmited not only by these
columns but as well as grade beams and retaining walls.

Pile caps are slabs of reinforced concrete footing that are attached to several piles that
transmit the loadings to the soil below.

Footings which depths are limited to a minimum of 2.40 meters below the grade along public
highway or national roads, may project the property line but not more than 300 millimeters
beyond it.

Foundations with a minimum depth of 600 millimeters below the established grade are
allowed to be extended into public sidewalk areas with a width not exceeding 500
millimeters, provided that it will not obstruct any existing utility such as water, gas,
communication, water, or sewer lines, unless the corresponding cost for rerouting the affected
utilities will be paid by the owner of the property.
Column

Reinforce concrete column is considered as a compressive member of a structure that is a

very important component of a structure. They are connected to the fooling and can be part of
foundation or even planted to beams. The main purpose of columns is to support the loadings
coming from the beams, slab and all loadings above them and direct the force to the footing
below the ground. They are made from combination of steel and concrete which are arranged
in accordance to provision stated on the structural code. It should be considered, giving
importance in designing a column to ensure the stability of the structure.

Columns are classified into short and long columns. Furthermore, they are categorized based
on the orientation of horizontal reinforcing bars they have, they are tied and spiral columns.

Tied columns may be rectangular or cylindrical shape. They have a vertical bar that supports
the axial loading together with concrete as well as ties also known as stirrups that are spaced
in accordance to structural design. Spiral columns are required if there is a large axial load
applied to the column.

Helixical or spiral pattern of reinforcement is used due to its higher strength and ductility
compared to tied column.

Beam

Connected perpendicular to the column, beams are a flexural member of a building system.
Types of beam based on type of support includes, simply supported beam, cantilever beam,
overhanging beam, continuous beam and fixed beam.

Beams are further classified based on their shapes. The most common shapes for reinforced
concrete beams are rectangular and T-beams. The strength of beams comes from the type of
material being used and numbers and placement of reinforcing bars, common design involves
putting reinforcing bars on tension area of the titrikit bottom section. it is due to bending are
likely to occur in the said area.
Bin in most cases. beams are designed in doubly reinforced due to aesthetics MIL lafery
concerns. Reinforcements are added to the compression area of the rXEL/11 thus caned
compression reinforcement. ratio of its tension reinforcement p shall not be more than 75% of
the %Ilan= steel ratio pb in strain conditions. Yielding of the steel reinforcement is
1171111r.e it) this ratio to ensure ductile failure. Home_ when analysis is required in any part
of a flexural member, the enforcement p shall not be less than the quotient of 1.4 divided by
the Iwzified yield strength of the steel. This provision is mainly for the structural le the
building system.

Regarding the geometric profile of the beam, they are characterized as =wed. While
considering the cross section of the beam, whether it is a constant cross section. Beams can
also be classified according to supported, namely as cantilever, simply supported,
overhanging, -ed ended, cantilever-simply supported. together with beam to carry loadings
above, slab is defined and be a wide, shallow rectangular beam. It is a common structural
led=The most used sizes of horizontal slabs ot steel conative ranges between 4 to 20 inches
(100 to 500 millimeters) thick., and are most often used in construction of floors and ceilings,
while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving. in construction of flooring, beams are
usually created together with slabs. The process of monolithic concrete pouring is required to
make sure that there is perpendicularly on the beam will also be part of the said unit making a
continuous result, the entire oor will act as continuous unit. The column places no gap
between the flooring in which water leakage would likely occur. As a fl frame.

Wall

Walls provide the primary resistance to lateral forces due to wind and earthquake loads.
Exterior walls in frame type buildings provide most of the lateral stability, while interior
walls act as partition for rooms and dividers. "
In general, a unit or bricks are assembled for wall masonry. These bricks are usually in form
of rectangular prism that has holes to be filled with mortar mixture. Mortar is a plastic
material made from the mixture of sand and cement that binds the bricks together.
Additionally, additives such as retarders and accelerators are added to the mixture to control
the hardening time of the mortar mixture.

The material used extensively in the Philippines for exterior and interior walls is concrete
hollow block (CHB) because of its low cost and easy installation_ Concrete hollow block
walls are structurally weak in lateral loads but adding steel reinforcement, both vertically and
horizontally, can increase the resistance against lateral loads. Load bearing walls typically use
6" CHB, and interior walls use 4

CHB.

Building Provisions in Accordance with NBCP

Buildings and structures that are constructed must all undergo policies and regulations
provided by the national government. With this rules and regulations.principles of safe
construction are expected and all structures that will be erected under these provisions are
suited for their designated usage for which they are designed. Aside from the construction,
the usage of this buildings and structures including all the facilities must be used and
maintained in safe, sanitary and good working condition.

Building Site Provisions

Regarding the site or land that the building or structure will he constructed. or any facilities
that will provide usage for human activities or as human shelter thereto, shall also respect the
policies provided that it is be safe, hygienic of sanitary. Potential hazards for human life must
also he considered that the site must be at a safe distance from bodies of water, sources of air
considered to be polluted or any potential source of tire and explosion.based on its purpose or
occupancy, the type of its construction and the materials used.
Materials of construction are assessed with fire-resistive rating; it is determined as the degree
to which a material can withstand fire. Recognized and acceptable testing methods are used
to identify the fire-retardant or flame-spread ratings of materials that can be very essential
information for the safety of a building or structure erected. Local governments prescribe
these standards and implement these rules also covering several building components such as
door and window assemblies, fire-resistive structural members, fire-resistive walls and
partitions, fire-resistive floor or roof ceiling, fire-resistive assemblies for protection of
openings and fire-retardant roof coverings, and some safety factors such as fire exits, and
smoke and fire detectors.

With the provisions and standards for materials of construction, buildings or structures
proposed for erection are classified into five (5) types. Type I buildings are constructed with
wood, but unlike Type I, protective fire-resistant, one-hour fire-resistive materials are added
to wood in construction of Type II buildings. Type III buildings shall be of masonry and
wood construction and shall be one-hour fire-resistive throughout, it has incombustible fire-
resistive exterior walls constructed. Steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction defines
Type IV buildings, its walls, ceilings and permanent partitions shall be incombustible and
fire-resistive, and non-bearing partitions such as treated wood shall be of one-hour fire-
resistive construction. Lastly, Type V buildings shall be fire-resistive and steel, iron, concrete
or masonry construction is used for its structural elements, its walls, and ivimaucni p.iittitions
!UV 01' incombustible lire-resistive construction.

With the right quality of materials, the construction of buildings and structturs can locus on
its height. its maximum height and number of storeys shall be.- based on ‘N hat character of
occupancy and the type of construction a building or a structure will go through. Several
factors will also be considered such as population density, building bulk, width of streets and
car parking requirements. The maximum height shall not exceed by 3.00 meters given that it
is measured from the lowest surface of the building adjacent to the highest sidewalk or
ground surface.
Towers, spires, and steeples and other erected parts of the building and not used as storage or
habitation may not exceed a maximum height of 6.00 meters above the height limits for each
occupancy group. It is limited only if made of incombustible materials and if it is designed
structurally. Dwellings Provisions

Buildings and structure are commonly used as dwelling place. Minimum requirements for
dwellings are also given to provide safety to the inhabitants of these dwelling places. The
dwelling shall not cover a maximum of ninety percent of a corner lot and eighty percent for
an inside lot. These dwelling buildings and structures must also at least 2 meters measuring
from the property line based on the provision given regarding Easements on Light and View
of the Civil Code of the Philippines.

Lighting and Ventilation Provisions

Dwelling place is used for the convenience of human, so it shall provide the necessary factors
for ease of occupancy. Every dwelling place shall have adequate lighting and ventilation. For
air to rotate with ease, ceiling heights for habitable rooms with artificial ventilation are
limited with a minimum height of 2.40 meters when measured from the floor to the ceiling.
With buildings of more than one- torey, the first storey shall be 2.70 meters, 2.40 for the
second storey, and 2.10 meters for the succeeding storeys given that the rooms shall still have
an unobstructed typical head- room clearance above the finished floor. But in buildings with
natural ventilation, the previously stated rooms' height will be limited to a minimum of 2.70
meters.

Natural ventilation typically comes from openings; these openings may be windows and
doors. Window openings area shall have a minimum of ten percent of the total floor area of
the room given that the openings are directed to open spaces.

Rooms or spaces with industrial and heating equipment shall now have artificiai ventilation;
this is to prevent further accumulation of hot andior polluted air inside for the safety of the
occupants. Artificial ventilation provides required number c air changes based on the rooms'
usage.
Room Size and Dimension Provisions

Sizes and dimension of room gradually affect the air flow inside the rooms; provisions for
this factor are given. Human habitation rooms' least horizontal dimension is measured 2.00
meters and a minimum size of 6.00 square meters. A minimum size of 3.00 square meters for
rooms used as kitchens with a least horizontal dimension of 1.50 meters. Lastly for bath and
toilet, a minimum area of 1.20 square meters and a least dimension of 0.90 meters. 1161

Different types of occupancy require specific amount of air space needed. School rooms shall
be provided with a minimum volume of 3.00 cubic meters with 1.00 square meter of floor
area per person. For workshop, factories, and offices, 12.00 cubic meters is the least
minimum air space per person. And for habitable rooms, 14.00 cubic meters of air space is
required per person.1161

Structural Elements Provisions

Regarding the structural elements, these elements shall use the given provisions by the
building codes. Footings are limited to a minimum thickness of 250 millimeters and shall be
at least 600 millimeters below the ground surface. It shall have the adequate size and strength
to carry the load of the building or structure used as shelter. Like the footings, the slab or
floor also carry a range of live load. The first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms measured
per square meter and 150 kilograms per square meter for the second floor. The roofs wind
load shall be at least 120 kilograms measured per square meter for vertical projections. Stairs
shall have a clearance of 750 millimeters in width with a rise of 200 millimeters and a run of
at least 200 millimeters. The minimum number for entrance and exit is one.

For the electrical and mechanical requirements, all installation shall conform to Philippine
Electrical Code and Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code, respectively.

Sanitary Provisions

Given the right quality of light and ventilation and enough size and dimensions of spaces,
sanitation is also one of the important factors that need standards. Every dwelling place of
buildings used as shelter shall provide at least one sanitary toilet and sufficient washing and
drainage facilities. All buildings and
structures constructed or repaired for human shelter shall be provided with sufficient water
supply, plumbing installation, suitable wastewater treatment or disposal system, storm water
drainage, pest vermin control, noise abatement device, and such other measures required for
the protection and safety of human health occupying the said buildings and structures.

Water is the primary source of life. To get safe and sufficient potable water supply,
provisions for water supply system shall be promulgated. Water supply which will be used
for human habitation shall be supplied from the existing municipal or city waterworks system
whenever it is available. National Standards for Drinking Water provides the criteria for the
quality of drinking, water from meteoric, surface or underground water sources. If deep wells
will be constructed, the design, construction, and operation of this system for the catch of
groundwater supply shall be subjected to the provisions of the Water Code of the Philippines.
The design, construction, and operation of independent waterworks systems for private
housing subdivisions or industrial estates shall rely on the existing provisions relating to its
local waterworks system. Regarding the water piping installations inside the buildings and
premises, National Plumbing Code of the Philippines' provisions and regulations shall be
followed.

With the safe and adequate supply of water for the needs of human habitation, comes the
wastewater coming from these dwelling places. To maintain sanitary, sewage from buildings
and neutralized or pre-treated wastewater from industrial building systems shall be
discharged directly into the nearest street sanitary sewer main of existing municipal or city
sanitary sewage system following the requirements provided by the Code on Sanitation and
the National Pollution Control Commission. But if there are no available sanitary sewerage
systems, all erected buildings shall have septic tank constructed and subsurface absorption
field assembled for the disposal of wastewater.

However, the drainage of rainwater shall not be discharged to the sanitary sewer system. To
drain low area portions of the building or structure and all of its facilities and premises,
adequate provisions shall be followed.
Provisions for Building Projections Over Public Streets. With all the given provisions for the
elements of a building or structure, it projection over the public streets shall also be
considered with seiveral categories given by the National Building Code of the Philippines.
No part of any building or structure shall be constructed projecting beyond the property line
of the building area, except as provided in the code. Same with the alleys or streets, no part of
any structure shall project beyond streets and alleys, except as provided in the code.
Objectives of the Study

The design project aims to make a complete architectural and structural building design of a
four-storey multipurpose building to be built in Santiago, Malvar, Batangas.

Specifically, it aims to:

I. Design a complete architectural and structural plan for a four-storey

multipurpose building emphasizing the design of the following parameters:

1.1 Footing

1.2 Columns 1.3 Beams

1.4 Floor and Roof Slabs

1.5 Walls

2. Analyze the structural integrity of the four-storey multipurpose building based on the cited
parameters by using computer softwares and computational analysis to calculate for the load
capacities.

3. Estimate the materials, labor, and other cost to be incurred in the

ompletion of the design project.

4. Compare the cost benefit of the design using conventional and with

titanium dioxide as concrete additive.

NSCP 2015 is the primary reference book for all the design provision for structural members
of the building. Tools such as Autocad and Staad Pro v8i are primarily used for creating
computer designs and simulations. Meanwhile, simplified construction estimate was used as
reference for quantity takeoff.

Input box contains the necessary tools and building codes for structural and architectural
design. Process involves using STAAD Pro v8i software to analyze the structural integrity of
the structure with respect to provisions on NSCP 2015.

Output box contains both architectural and structural plan for the structure. Finally, a
feedback is needed to know if the output satisfies the condition stated in the input

ABSTRACT

This project is a design of a two- torey day-care center with Green Roof. It is addressed to
Barangay Bagbag, Tanauan City, 'Batangas in the fulfillment of the course-CE Project.

The green design in the structure must be contemplated completely to have the capacity to
utilize its proficiency. The principle reason for the green rooftop is to lessen the general effect
of the constructed condition on human well-being and common habitat, asset productive and
naturally dependable. The use of green roof will minimize a large amount of electric cost.
The study shows that this will reduce a large amount of money for electricity with -respect to
the service life of Ilie green roof

The whole structure was designed to sustain environmental factors such as wind and
earthquake based on the National Structural Code of the Philippines. STAAD Pro, RCDC,
and AutoCAD are the programs used to evaluate and draft the design and specifications of
the structure. REVIT was also used to give a more detailed conceptual design of the project
that shows life- scene images of the school building and its environment.
To be able to implement this design, the students must research on the most effective and
efficient designs for it. The researchers must be able to identify the most suitable system for
this situation without risking the design and the safety of the people. As a result, this study
aims to prove that the innovations given in this structure are effective and eco- friendly.

Keywords: Innovation, Green Roof, Project Cost, STAAD Pro, RCDC,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research study is made possible through the help and guidance of several people Who
extended their ii:44k1ttiiCe through the 'preparation and completion of this study:

First and loremost, the researchers would like to express their sincere gratitude to their
professor, Dr, Ricardo Bobadilia, for his noble and continuous support, and whose sincerity
and encouragement they will always be grateful of.

Dr. Bobadilla has been their inspiration as they snag all the hindrances in the t:ompletion of
this research study.

To the researchers' batch males, ,classmates and friends whom they seek help and wisdom;
thank you for your insights which indeed is a big help especially their technical adviser Engr.
Ralph Romero, CE, who is in fact a big help in their study. The researchers would also like to
thank Engr. Mark Anthony Ramos, CE, for teaching them how to use STAAD Pro.

To the dearest relatives of the researchers, especially to the parents who supported them not
only financiafly but also morally and to Arch. Jaycinth dela Cruz for teaching and helping the
researchers with their architectural ,plan using Revit.

Last but not the least, to the Almighty God who showered His protection and guidance
throughout the study and for giving them the strength and wisdom to persevere despite their
continuous wanting to surrender, thank You so much Lord.
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Day care centers first appeared in France about 1840 in the form of institution called
"creches". Mainly, it is a charitable means of caring for the infants of working class women.
The Societe des Creches was recognized by the French government in 1869. The first day
care center in Great Britain was started in 1860, and most European cities had established day
care centers by the second half of the nineteenth century. [11 In the Philippines, Early
Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) Law which was enacted in 2000, recognizes the
importance of early childhood and its special needs, affirms parent as primary caregivers and
the child's first teachers, and establishes parent effectiveness, seminars and nutrition
counseling for pregnant and lactating mothers.

From a charitable means of caring for infants, it became an opportunity for the infants to
safely learn, explore and develop life skills, social interaction, relationship building, positive
self-image and self-confidence. It became a growing need for almost every community in the
Philippines since both parents usually work now. Also, children who enter formal schooling
are already' expected to have some knowledge and so day care center has now become a
necessity. Day Care Center's purpose is to provide a healthy environment where children can
be supervised during the daytime and they may have the opportunity to explore and develop
their own unique individuality.

Under the Republic Act No. 6972 (Barangay-Level Total Development and Protection of
Children Act) Section 2, children have the right to assistance, including proper care and
nutrition and to provide them with special protection against all forms of neglect, abuse,
cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their development. Filipino children
up to six (6) years of age deserve the best care and attention at the family and community
levels. Towards this end, there is hereby established a day-care center in every barangay with
a total development and protection of children program as provided in this Act instituted in
every barangay day care center. [31 And under the Presidential Decree No. 1567 Section 2, in
every barangay with at least one hundred (100) family heads residing therein, there shall be
established a Day-Care Center.
Considering the Republic Act No. 6972 and Presidential Decree No. 1567, there are several
of day-care centers here in the Philippines and according to city government of Tanauan as of
2009, there are a total of fifty-six (56) day care services within the forty-eight (48) barangays
of Tanauan.

A good beginning never ends and day care center is where learning begins. Due to the
growing population of families especially children in Barangay Bagbag, Tanauan City, and
the need for a Day Care Center arises. And so the Municipality of Tanauan, following the
Republic Act No. 6972 and Presidential Decree No. 1567, has decided to construct a day-care
center in Barangay Bagbag, Tanauan City this coming 2018. With all the statements cited, the
proponents decided to conduct a developmental research and create the structural design for
the Day Care Center in

Barangay Bagbag, Tanauan City and have it implemented this coming 2018.

The design of a structure is usually done in two major phases: preliminary design and
detailed engineering design. The preliminary design stresses architectural concepts,
evaluation of design alternatives, size and capacity decisions, and comparative economic
studies. Detailed engineering design contains in-detail diagrams and drawings for
construction, civil works, instrumentation, control system, Ielectrical facilities, management
of suppliers, schedule of activities, costs,

1 procurement of equipment, economic evaluation and also environmental impacts before

starting the construction of a project. [51

The design of a center can either promote or discourage contact between child and caregiver.
It can create a pleasant environment to work on that ease the tasks of caregiving or it can add
to staff burdens and turnover. A well-planned environment will support the implementation
of a high quality program for young children.
The proponents also innovated the day care center by using green roof. improving city
environment and mitigating storm water problems are what green moos dos Modem green
roof technology started in the early seventies in Germany. It is when the first complete green
roof systems where developed and marketed on a bitver scale. The first approach was to
offer a technology that provides sophisticated irrigation and reliable information against root
ingress for rooftop gardens. The second big step was the development of extensive green
roofs in late eighties.

Review of Related Literature

Manual methods for the structural design of a building has been of great use until the day that
computer based programs are released. According to civil projects, the use of advance
structural design softwares such as ETabs or Staad Pro is highly recommendable. There are
so many variables in design of a structure that no minimum standards can be accurate. Thumb
rules is a guide that can be used of small structures maybe up to G+1 floor. Today manual
methods are only used for checking of the results acquired from the software.

The stages of the project are major consideration for the construction of the design project.
According to The Building Child Care Project, there are four stages for the entire process of
the building: Planning, Pre-development, Development and Start-Up and it can be used for
expanding, improving, or starting a child care facility like a dav care center.

One of the essential aspects that have to be considered in constructing a building or structure
is to know its structural components. According to Padhi, Suryakanta, the basic components
of a building are the foundation, plinth. damp proof course (DPC), plinth beam, floor, walls,
openings, stairs, roof, and surfaces or finishes. These components must be basic but they are
the most important components in building a structure.

According to the Builder's Engineer, there are two basic parts of a building; the substructure
or foundation and the super-structure. A substructure or foundation is the lower portion of the
building and usually located below the ground level. Basically, it transmits all the loadings
from the super-structure. A foundation is the part of the structure which in direct contact to
the ground which the loads are
transmitted while a super-structure is the part of the structure that is above the ground level.
[9J A building has the following components: foundation, masonry units: walls and
columns, floor and surface structures, doors, windows and other openings, vertical
transportation structures such as stairs, ramps, etc., and building finishes.

In the design of the structure, the design of foundation is critical because it transmits the load
of the entire structure to the soil. Basically, the primary concerns in the design of foundation
are settlements and load bearing capacity. There are also different types of foundation such as
shallow, semi-deep, and deep foundation.

Shallow foundations, which include strip foundation, pad foundation, grillage foundation, and
mat foundation, are applicable when the load-bearing layer is near to bottom floor level and
when the loads of the structure are light to medium only. On the other hand, semi-deep
foundations (caisson and cofferdam) are large, open ended 0 compartments, usually a shell or
box, with cutting edge at the bottom. It is sunk intodeep foundations, which include pile and
slurry wall foundation, are necessary when the ground by digging the soil out of the center
and loading the walls. Lastly, the the load-bearing layer is in deeper location, the loads of the
building are too heavy, and other special cases like when the soil is weak. Since there are
different types of foundation, the choice depends on the ground and underwater conditions,
the site, environment, buildings or households nearby, and the structural capacity of the
building itself

In construction sites where settlement is not a problem, shallow foundations provide the most
economical foundation systems. It is typically utilized for most residential and light
commercial raised floor building sites. Shallow foundations generally distribute structural
loads over large areas of near surface soil or rock to lower the intensity of the applied loads to
level tolerable for the foundation soils. This type of foundation is more simple and cost-
effective to construct compared to deep foundation since less soil is removed and distributed.
For economical design, it is preferred to have square footings for vertical loads and
rectangular footing for the columns carrying moment. Square isolated reinforced concrete
footings are designed to distribute the concentrated loads delivered by a single column to
prevent shear failure of bearing material beneath the footing and to minimize settlement by
reducing the applied bearing stress. The size of the footing is a function of the loads
distributed by the supported column and the strength and compressibility characteristics of
the bearing materials beneath the footing. The design of footing includes consideration for
moment resistance at the face of the column and in the short direction of the footing, as well a
shear and punching around the column.

Foundations will not collapse if they satisfy strength requirements but they still may not have
adequate performance. Therefore, serviceability requirements are needed. These are intended
to produce foundations that perform well when subjected to the service loads. These include
settlement, heave, tilt, lateral movement, vibration, and durability. Settlement is the most
important foundation serviceability requirement. Most foundations experience downward
movement as a result of the applied loads. It is important to keep the settlements within
tolerable limits. When upward movement of foundation occurs instead of downward, it is
called an upward movement heave. Swelling of expansive soil is the most common source of
heave. However, when settlement or heave occurs only on one side of the structure, it may
then begin to tilt.

Foundations that are subjected to lateral loads deform horizontally and it is necessary that the
lateral movement must remain within its acceptable limits to avoid structural distress such as
those supporting certain kinds of heavy machinery that are subjected to strong vibrations.
Such foundations need to accommodate these vibrations without experiencing resonance.
Foundations must resist various physical, chemical, and biological processes that cause
deterioration. Failure to satisfy these requirements may generally result in high maintenance
cost and other related problems. In order to design a footing, thetype of soil and the
allowable bearing value is greatly considered. Tanauan City is situated between two
volcanoes, Mt. Makiling and Mt. Taal, which is why its geological features is mostly
composed of Pilocene
and Quartenary volcanic rocks of agglomerate, tuffs, cinders, andeside, dacite, and
pyroclastic layers. There are four soil types that can be found in Tanauan City, namely Lipa
Loam, Lipa Loam (deep phase), Taal Fine Sandy Loam, Tagaytay Sandy Loam. Lipa Loam is
a residual soil representing the decomposition products of the underlying volcanic tuff
material. At depths 0 to 30 cm, the characteristics of Lipa Loam is very friable, mellow and
loose fine granular loam, usually brown to light brown in color. At depths 30 to 65, it is
friable fine granular tuffaceous material with concretions, heavier than the surface soil. At
depths 100 to 120, it is high weathered tuff with tuffaceous gravel and concretions. And lastly
at depths, 120 to 150, it is tuff, light brown in color, and fine textured to candy. This type of
soil can be found in the south eastern side of Tanauan City which is where Brgy. Bagbag is
located along with its neighbouring barangays. And the allowable soil bearing pressure is
between 200 to 600 kPa.

Mother study on column is about columns with dividing walls. There are three types of
dividing wall columns, the lower (DWCL), middle (DWCM), and the upper (DWCU). The
study showed that the relative gain array (RGA) and condition \ number (CN) for these three
column types are calculated, identified by Aspen Dynamics for two different multicomponent
systems. The results showed that DWCU has the worst control performance compared to
DWCL and DWCM.

On the other hand, another parameter to consider is the design of the beam. The beam is a
structural element that primarily transmits the floor and roof loads. Beam supports the
transverse load which usually rest on support at its end. Beams are classified as simple beam,
continuous beam, cantilever beam and semi- continuous beam. Simple beam is a single span
supported at its end without restraint at the support and sometimes called as simply
supported beam. Continuous beam rests on more than two supports. Semi-continuous beam
refers to a beam with two spans with or without restraint at two extreme ends. And cantilever
beam is supported at one end and the other end hanging or projecting beyond the support or
wall.
Another preferable type of beam is slotted beam. It is a beam that has a detail that protects the
integrity of the floor diaphragm, and respects the hierarchy of strength intended to sustain
less damage. A study showed that the design and construction of the reinforced concrete
structures using the slotted detail compared to using the tradition details can be manufactured
accurately and economically by reputable precast companies.

In terms of roof, a green roof is certainly a layer of vegetation grown on a rooftop. Also
called roof gardens, involve placing a large amount of weight on the roof. There are two
types of green roofs; intensive and extensive. Intensive green roofs have a thicker media and
can support a large variety of plants, small trees and other vegetation. Intensive green roofs
require a minimum of- 4-6 inches of media and can increase loads by as much as 200 pounds
per square foot but plans must be approved by a structural engineer. While extensive green
roof is a shallow and can host a limited variety of plants, it is lightweight and usually requires
less maintenance and water. Generally good for small type of structures and typically 2-6
inches in depth and can increase loads by between 14 and 35 pounds per square foot plus the
material used as a substrate has much to do with the final weight.

Green roofs have low maintenance plantings, on its first years, it requires watering and
weeding every few months. In its second year, it will only need to weed three to four times
and after that, just once a year. You also need to fertilize it once a year. Green roofs also had
been known to last 30 to 50 years. Green roofing system components consisting of root
barrier that acts as a protection obstruction and prevents the roofing system from being
damaged by the roots, protection layer that prevents the root barrier from being damaged
when the green roof is installed and can also absorb water and nutrients, a drainage layer that
is the primary function which allows the excess water to run off and is often constructed with
lightweight materials, a filter layer that segregates the plant and the media from the drainage
layer and prevents the drainage layer from becoming clogged as well as retaining important
organic materials in the media that are needed for plant growth. A growth media is a substrate
that sustains growth in the green roof. It is a mixture of inorganic (crushed clay, expanded
slate) and soil with organic and mineral additives (humus, sand, lava, peat). And lastly, the
plant level that
contains different varieties of vegetation that are dependent upon the specific green I roof
project and location. Knowing the green roof system and standardization and certification of
green roof products can help to minimize the material costs. Specialization and training can
reduce installation costs.

Green roofs can be replacement on open space because they can replicate open space
conditions during storm events. The effectiveness depends on the thickness and properties of
the green roof growing media. Shallow green roof which is below 4 inch in depth will be
effective in controlling small rainfall events. The studies show that a 4-5 inch deep green roof
offers best economic and environmental value.

The average monthly weather in Batangas, Philippines is always high. Rainy season falls in
the months of May, June, July, August, September, October, and November and dry season in
the months of January, February, March and April. On average, the warmest month is May
and the coolest is December. August is the wettest month and February is the driest month.
And through the dry season of every year, there will be an assurance that the effect of green
roof will be beneficial not only to the people living in the Daycare Center but also to the
people near it. And it is because of the advantages or benefits that the green roof can provide.

Some of the green roof's benefits are suitable heat isolation and cold insulation with right
storm control capabilities. According to Javellana, garden roofs are able to store water,
therefore, helping minimize flooding within the streets.

Garden roofs also help prevent "heat island effect". Conventional roofs generate or reflect
heat to neighboring buildings, thereby inducing the heat island effect. Traballo stated the
many benefits of having green roof and walls consist of the reduction of the overall
temperature of the location, as plants absorb heat, rather than the concrete surface; they also
enhance the air high-quality around the vicinity as plants filter air pollutants. Also, they are
conducive to health. Homeowners are now planting greens
vegetables, herbs and other flora for human consumption in their vertical gardens. They
provide habitats for flora and fauna and limit erosion damage to buildings. Javellana stated
that even if only 50 percentage of a roof deck is planted, one would get the benefits of heat
reduction. He delivered that during a few constructing score systems, a 60- to 70-percent
planted region of roof garden appears as an alternative to the habitat destroyed by
constructing the building. He delivered that if carried out efficiently, a green roof has to be
capable of saving as much as 55 liters of water per square meter, has a powerful drain
management system, be leak proof, light-weight and require low maintenance. Green roofs
and walls offer alternatives for special flora, making it feasible to create instant landscapes,
especially in urban, congested 11 regions without gardens.

Roof gardens must be leak-free, lightweight and occasional preservation. The primary trouble
that hounded the roof gardens of yesteryears was water leaks, dirt and dust, root attack and
root penetration into the structures, and flooding. Mud would commonly locate its way to the
drain structures and harden, thereby clogging the floor drains and stopping water from
draining out. Light-weight planting medium is also used to reduce the load of the planters.

That is no longer the case, Javellana said. He introduced that Daku and Bungkal 2 as
examples. Javellena stated that Bungkal 2 is more affordable which ranges from P2,900 to
P3,200 per sq m while Daku price range is from P3,800 to P4,000 per sq m. Bungkal 2 is
recommended for non-critical areas only meaning without floor slabs. Daku is already leak-
unfastened, light-weight or structurally friendly, and has low maintenance.The lightweight
engineering system of Daku only