Note: Kindly write material on page one and half two and on page two slides for identification

are
given.

Kidney:

Nephron:

 Tubules in which urine is formed (functional unit of the kidney

 Form the most abundant tissue of renal parenchyma
 Consist of 5 parts;
o Renal corpuscle
 Produces glomerular ultrafiltrate
 Is a spherical structure comprising of;
 cluster of blood vessels= glomerulus
 Double walled envelope= glomerulus or Bowman’s capsule
 Efferent arterioles enter while the afferent arterioles leave the glomerulus at
vascular pole while ultrafiltrate leave corpuscle at renal pole
 Capillaries forming
glomerulus are fenestrated
and their endothelium rests
on a thick basal lamina
 Bowman’s capsule
comprises of inner visceral
and outer parietal layers
and Bowmans space in btw
the layers
 Parietal layer is formed by
simple squamous cells
while visceral is formed by
podocytes, whose foot
processes (pedicels) contact
glomerular blood capillaries

o Proximal convoluted tubule

 Reabsorption of water, nutrients
and solids
 Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium resting on a thin lamina
 Tubule cells have microvilli on their luminal surfaces (typical brush border)
 Tubule cells appear striated due to numerous basal infoldings & plenty of
mitochondria

o Medullary loop (loop of Henle)

 Functions as a counter-current multiplier system to determines osmolarity of urine;
blood flow in the loop is counter to that in medullary vasa recta.
 Extends from corticomedullary junction to medulla
 Consists of descending limb, a thin segment and ascending limb
 The thin part is lined by simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin BL; the sq cells
sq. cells bulge into the lumen of tubule
 o Distal convoluted tubule
 Reabsorbs most of substances contained in ultrafiltrate especially glucose and amino
acids (mainly facultative)
 Reabsorption regulated by ADH and aldosterone
 Continues from the m. loop and extends to collecting tubule within cortex
 Lined by low simple cuboidal epithelium resting on a thin BL
 The cells lack microvilli but are striated, with basal infoldings and but less
mitochondria
 Its epithelial cells stain less osmophilic compared to those of PCT

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