Surgical Technology Principles And

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Sample Questions
 

Fuller: Surgical Technology, 5th Edition

Chapter 4: Law and Ethics

Test Bank

TRUE/FALSE

1. All health care professionals must be familiar with the laws that pertain to their practice.

ANS:   T
 Particular professions have legal standards that are easily accessed and apply to circumstances that
are encountered in their work.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 32-33

2. Accredited hospitals and other health care facilities are not required to make available to
employees printed documents that detail the policies and procedures required for the facility.

ANS:   F

Accredited hospitals and other health care facilities are required to provide orientation training for
their employees and to supply printed documents that detail the required policies and procedures.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 33-34

3. Retained objects, burns, falls, improper positioning, of the patient, and wrong-site surgery
are not common areas of negligence but are considered normal, daily occurrences in the
operating room.

ANS:   F

Negligence is an unintentional tort, or civil wrong. Negligence torts are the most common example of
tort liability in the health care setting. Negligence is defined as “the commission of an act that a
prudent person would not have done or the omission of a duty that a prudent person would have
fulfilled, resulting in injury or harm to another person.” Acts of negligence are not common, and can
include Retained objects, burns, falls, improper positioning, of the patient, and wrong-site surgery.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 35

4. In an emergency situation when the patient is incompetent or unconscious and has no

representative, the decision act in beneficence may override other ethical considerations.

ANS:   T
 In an emergency situation when the patient is incompetent or unconscious and has no
representative, the decision act in beneficence may override other ethical considerations. This is a
decision taken by the physicians on duty along with others involved in the case.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 43

5. An incident report is a document submitted to the operating room supervisor or other

designated individual whenever an event occurs that is unusual or dangerous and may require
further action.

ANS:   T

An incident report is a document submitted to the operating room supervisor or other designated
individual whenever an event occurs that is unusual or dangerous or that requires further action. The
purpose of the report is not to make a judgment about an event—only to report it.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 43

6. A patient’s operative consent form or informed consent form describing the risks, possible
complications, benefits, and nature of the surgery is not considered a legal document.

ANS:   F

A patient operative consent form or informed consent is a legal document that the patient must sign
before surgery.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 39

7. An advance directive is a document in which patients give instructions about medical care in
the event that they cannot speak for themselves because of a serious illness or incapacity.

ANS:   T
 An advance directive is a document in which patients give instructions about their medical care in
the event they cannot speak for themselves because of incapacity. If the patient is incompetent or a
minor, a guardian or family member may sign the advance directive.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 44

8. Legal boundaries for the surgical technologist are defined by what is not permitted rather
than by what is permitted.

ANS:   T

Legal boundaries for the surgical technologist are defined by what is not permitted rather than
by what is permitted. For example, a surgical technologist is not a doctor and therefore cannot
practice medicine as defined by the law. A surgical technologist is not a licensed nurse and therefore
cannot practice nursing.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 33

9. A bioethical dilemma is a situation in which a person must choose an action when a conflict
of ethics exists. These situations may involve such issues as abortion, organ transplantation, and
the right to die.

ANS:   T

Many bioethical dilemmas have arisen in our society, such as abortion, stem cell research, savior
siblings, and organ donation.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 51

10. The Association of Surgical Technologists, the professional organization for surgical
technologists, has created a code of ethics that reflects expectations of professional surgical
technologists as they make decisions involving ethical issues.

ANS:   T
 Professional organizations such as the Association of Surgical Technologists (AST), the American
Nurses Association, the American Hospital Association, and the American Medical Association have
created codes of ethics that reflect expectations of those professionals as they make decisions
involving ethical issues.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 48

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. _____________ is the transfer of responsibility for a task from one person to another.

a. Compensation

b. Delegation

c. Regulation

d. Segregation

ANS:   B

Delegation is the transfer of responsibility for a task from one person to another. This is a frequent
occurrence in all healthcare settings, especially where licensed personnel work directly with allied
health professionals.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 34

2. A set of rules or regulations that hospital employees are required to follow, created to protect
patients and employees from harm and to ensure the smooth operation of the hospital, is called
________.

a. code of ethics
 b. operative consents

c. hospital policy

d. medical practice acts

ANS:   C

The hospital policy manual describes general administrative and logistical operations of the hospital.
It includes an organizational chart that clarifies the chain of command and information on other
topics such as the rules about employee identification, privileges, and salary procedures.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 34

3. Negligence committed by a professional who deliberately acts outside of her or his scope of
practice, or while impaired, is known as ________.

a. damages

b. malpractice

c. a sentinel event

d. complaints

 
 ANS:   B

Malpractice is negligence committed by a professional. Malpractice may also be committed if a

person deliberately acts outside of his or her scope of practice or while impaired.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 32

4. The circulator has transported the patient to the operating room but has forgotten the
patient’s chart. The circulator leaves the patient alone and returns to the preoperative area to get
the chart. Upon returning, the circulator finds the patient lying on the floor. The circulator may be
charged with ________.

a. abandonment

b. improper ethical choices

c. sexual harassment

d. forgetting the patient’s chart

ANS:   A

Another situation of abandonment exists when one of the team members leaves the room for an
extended period before or during surgery. An emergency can occur at any time and all team
members must be present when the patient is in the room. Leaving a patient alone in a hallway or in
the operating room suite constitutes abandonment.

DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 37-38

5. A derogatory statement concerning other co-workers’ skills, character, or reputation is

unprofessional and known as a/an ________.

a. ethical dilemma
 b. tort

c. sentinel event

d. defamation

ANS:   D

Defamation is a derogatory statement made by one person about another.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 38-39

6. Intentionally lying or falsifying information given during a court testimony after being sworn to
tell the truth is known as ________.

a. a tort

b. perjury

c. libel

d. a complaint

ANS:   B

When testifying, it is imperative to tell the truth because the practitioner is under oath. To lie under
oath is called perjury, which is a punishable crime.
  

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 45

7. A legal document stating the patient’s wishes for refusing or limiting care if the patient
becomes incompetent is known as a/an ________.

a. nurse practice act

b. advance directive

c. living will

d. code of ethics

ANS:   C

A living will is a legal document that specifically states the type of medical intervention or treatment
the patient wants. Possible interventions included are artificial feeding, transfusions, specific
diagnostic tests, pulmonary maintenance on a ventilator, and the use of medications.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 45

8. A(An) ________ is an unexpected occurrence involving death or serious psychological

injury, or risk thereof. It is titled as such because it signals the need for immediate investigation
and response.

a. sentinel event

b. medical practice act

c. ethical dilemma
 d. recommended practice

ANS:   A

Surgeries on a wrong level, wrong site, wrong side, and wrong patient are considered sentinel
events.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 37

9. A wrong, independent of contract law violations, perpetrated by one person against another
person or person’s property that can be compensable by money damages is known as ________.

a. a tort

b. slander

c. damages

d. negligence

ANS:   A

A tort is a civil wrong—an act committed against a person or a person’s property.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 35

  

10. Described as personal standards, ________ are adopted by persons to govern their
personal conduct.

a. policies and procedures

b. morals

c. laws

d. ethics

ANS:   B

Morality or morals may be described as personal standards that are often influenced by culture,
religion, and other traditions. Morality usually attempts to define what is “right” or “wrong” behavior.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 45

11. ________ are defined as rules that regulate the conduct of specific groups of people.

a. Societal standards

b. Laws

c. Ethics

d. Guidelines

 
  

ANS:   C

Ethics refers to a standard of behavior created by specific groups of people in order to establish the
conduct of its own members.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 45

12. Because of their unlicensed status, surgical technologists work under the direct supervision
of a licensed person. However, STs remain directly responsible and may be held ________ for
any acts of ________ or criminal wrong-doing.

a. liable, negligence

b. unaccountable, defamation

c. responsible, mischief

d. incompetent, others

ANS:   A

Because the ST is not mandated to be licensed, he or she performs some duties under the direct
supervision of a licensed person. However, the ST remains directly responsible and may be held
liable for any act of negligence or criminal wrong-doing.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 33

13. Under the U.S. Constitution, each state has the power to regulate businesses and
professions, including the practice of medicine and nursing. The laws differ from state to state and
are called ________ and ________.

a. medical, surgical laws

 b. policies, procedures

c. hospital policy, operating room policy

d. medical practice acts, nurse practice acts

ANS:   D

Under the U.S. Constitution, each state has the power to regulate the practice of medicine and
professional nursing. The laws differ from state to state and are called medical practice acts and
nurse practice acts. These laws require that a person obtain a license before practicing medicine or
nursing.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 33

14. ________ are performed by two people during any surgery in which an item can be lost
inside of the patient.

a. X-rays

b. Extra precautions

c. Negligent acts

d. Surgical counts

 
  

ANS:   D

The scrub and the circulator are responsible for the surgical counts; however, the physician is the
one who actually places items inside the patient, so he or she may also be legally responsible for an
item being left in the patient.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 36

15. A summons differs from a subpoena in that a summons makes its recipient a party to the
lawsuit. If a person receives a summons, he or she is being ________.

a. sued

b. fired

c. punished

d. threatened

ANS:   A

A summons differs from a subpoena in that a summons makes its recipient a party to the lawsuit. If a
person receives a summons, he or she is being sued. The person who was injured and is suing is
called the plaintiff. The person being sued is the defendant.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 45

16. Because of the legal implications of this document, it must be signed by the physician, the
patient, and a witness. This document is called a/an __________________. Without this signed
document, surgery cannot proceed.

a. surgical count sheet

 b. informed consent

c. advance directive

d. operative record

ANS:   B

A patient operative consent form or informed consent is a legal document that the patient must sign
before surgery.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 39-43

17. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), created by the U.S.
Department of Human Services, outlines federal standards for the protection of ________.

a. criminal actions

b. licensed personnel

c. operating room personnel

d. a patient’s privacy

 
 ANS:   D

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), created by the Department
of Health and Human Services (HHS), protects patients’ medical records and other health
information through its Privacy Rule.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 38

18. ________ have the right to equal treatment, regardless of age, physical attributes, mental
state, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.

a. Members of certain cultures and societies

b. An employee’s family members

c. All patients with medical insurance

d. All patients

ANS:   D

All patients have the right to equal treatment regardless of age, physical attributes, mental state,
ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 46

19. Aeger primo is defined as ________.

a. death of a patient

b. the patient first

 c. suspected malpractice

d. first do no harm

ANS:   B

The AST has adapted a Latin phrase to describe its ethos: Aeger primo, which means “the patient
first.”

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 48

20. A mandated procedure for ensuring that surgery is performed on the correct patient, site,
and side is called __________________.

a. time out

b. pause time

c. recheck time

d. time check

ANS:   A

Perioperative nurses and other regulating agencies now require a “time out” immediately before the
start of the procedure or incision for a final verification of the surgical procedure and location of the
proper surgical incision site.

 
 DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 37

21. ________ issues and enforces standards for the protection of employees and patients
against risks in the environment.

a. DHHS

b. OSHA

ANS:   B

OSHA issues and enforces standards for the protection of employees and patients against risks in
the environment. These include hazards such as those caused by noxious chemicals and electrical
devices, and risks associated with blood-borne diseases.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 33

22. A party who proves negligence was committed may be awarded compensation, also referred
to as ________.

a. damages

b. insurance

ANS:   A

A person who proves that negligence was committed may be awarded compensation, also called
damages.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 35-36

  

23. When a health care employee intentionally lies about information given during a testimony,
he or she is guilty of ________.

a. perjury

b. negligence

ANS:   A

When testifying, it is imperative to tell the truth because the practitioner is under oath. To lie under
oath is called perjury, which is a punishable crime.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 45

24. ________ may be committed when a surgical technologist deliberately acts outside of her or
his scope of practice, or while impaired.

a. Breach of duty

b. Malpractice

ANS:   B

Malpractice is defined as negligence committed by a professional. Malpractice also may be

committed if a person deliberately acts outside of his or her scope of practice or while impaired.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 32

 
25. “Omission to do something that a reasonable person, guided by those ordinary
considerations which ordinarily regulate human affairs would do, or doing something which a
reasonable and prudent person would not do” is considered ________.

a. negligence

b. unconscious decision

ANS:   A

Negligence is defined as “the commission of an act that a prudent person would not have done or
the omission of a duty that a prudent person would have fulfilled, resulting in injury or harm to
another person.”

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 35-36

26. The ________________________ describes safe practices and policies such as infection

control, aseptic technique, disinfection and sterilization methods, procedure for room turnover,
equipment data, chemical information and others.

a. operation room procedure manual

b. operating room surgical checklist

ANS:   A

The operating room procedure manual and other protocol manuals describe safe practices and
policies such as infection control, aseptic technique, disinfection and sterilization methods,
procedure for room turnover, equipment data, chemical information, and others.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 34

  

27. The surgical technologist is trained to make assessments or medical evaluations of the
patient. Failure to report a patient’s complaint is considered ________.

a. a standard of care

b. negligence

ANS:   B

Failure of a medical staff member to communicate a patient’s complaint to the appropriate person
(either because of forgetfulness or because the patient’s communication is ignored) is considered
negligence.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 38

28. A patient who is ________ who is wrongfully restrained is a victim of false imprisonment,
which may result in harm to the patient and/or a lawsuit.

a. not in danger to herself or himself or others

b. not medicated

ANS:   A

False imprisonment is the act of depriving a person of freedom of movement by holding him or her in
a confined space or by physical restraint. A patient not in danger to himself or herself or to others
who is wrongfully restrained may therefore be a victim of false imprisonment.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 39

  

29. The ________ includes the consequences of not having the surgical procedure along with
the risks and possible complications of having the procedure.

a. informed consent

b. preoperative checklist

ANS:   A

The informed consent includes the following: The name and type of surgery communicated using
words and language the patient understands; the risks, benefits, and possible outcomes; alternatives
to the procedure; an assessment of the patient’s understanding; and the patient’s acceptance of the
procedure.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 39

30. The scrub should always state the medication ________________when passing drugs or
solutions to the surgeon.

a. name and expiration

b. name and strength

ANS:   B

Accepting and passing the wrong medication to the surgeon can injure the patient and constitutes
serious negligence. The scrub should always state the medication name and strength when passing
drugs or solutions to the surgeon.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 37

  

MATCHING

Choose from the terms listed and match them with their most correct description. You will use the
same answer more than once.

a. constitutional law

b. statutes

c. administrative law

d. judicial or common law

1. The rulings issued by courts have the effect of law and are binding within the jurisdiction of
the particular court.

2. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme source of law in the United States.

3. Laws that are passed by legislative bodies

4. In situations in which there is conflict between two parties, the courts may become involved
to resolve the dispute.

5. Regulations passed by agencies and departments of the government

6. Signed into law by its governor

  

7. No other law may violate its provisions

8. Signed into law by its governor

9. Based on precedence from previous cases

10. Rules established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the handling of medical
waste

1. ANS:   D                     DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 31-32

2. ANS:   A                     DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 31-32

3. ANS:   B                     DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 31-32

4. ANS:   D                     DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 31-32

5. ANS:   C                     DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 31-32

6. ANS:   B                     DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 31-32

7. ANS:   A                     DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 31-32

8. ANS:   B                     DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 31-32

9. ANS:   D                     DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 31-32

  

10. ANS:   C                     DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 31-32

Choose from the terms listed and match them with their most correct description. You will use the
same answer more than once.

a. Intentional tort

b. Unintentional tort

c. Criminal liability

11. Injury as a result of improper positioning

12. Invasion of privacy

13. A derogatory statement made by one person about another

14. Exceeding his or her scope of practice

15. Failure to complete an operative report

16. Negligence

17. Fraudulently poses as a nurse or physician

 
18. Theft of hospital policy

19. HIPAA violation

20. Committed inadvertently, without intent to harm

20. Fuller: Surgical Technology, 5th Edition

Chapter 7: Microbes and the Process of Infection

Test Bank

TRUE/FALSE

a. A chronic infection is an infection that is unusually prolonged—usually months

beyond the normal healing period.

ANS:   T

Not all diseases resolve. A chronic infection may develop in some individuals. Weeks or months
may be required for resolution when all the disease organisms are eliminated from the body.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 109

a. Infection usually results in the breakdown of the surgical repair that was the focus of
the surgery.

ANS:   T

Infection can result in the breakdown of the surgical repair that was the focus of the surgery. As
suture materials degrade in the presence of bacteria, the wound may dehisce (split open).
  

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 110

a. Surgical wounds are classified according to the risk of contamination and infection in
the postoperative period.

ANS:   F

Surgical wounds are classified according to risk of contamination and infection at the time of the
surgery.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 110

a. Organisms such as plants and animals and many types of single-celled organisms
are composed of only one type of cells that are basic in structure but have variations.

ANS:   F

Organisms such as plants and animals and many types of single-celled organisms are composed
of many types of cells that are basic in structure but have variations.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 87

a. The four classic signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, and pain.

ANS:   T

The four classic signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, and pain.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 112

a. An alternate term for Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) is a nosocomial infection.

  

ANS:   T

A nosocomial infection is defined as an alternative term for Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI), or
an infection that is acquired as a result of being in a health care facility.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 109

a. All strains of pathogens can be controlled by antibiotics.

ANS:   F

Certain strains of pathogens have evolved to be partially or completely resistant to the most
powerful antimicrobial agents available. Certain strains of bacteria are of grave concern because
they are easily transmitted, colonize rapidly, and can be lethal.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 110

a. Natural selection of resistant strains has been hastened by a combination of microbe

strength and the indiscriminate and improper use of antibiotics.

ANS:   T

Natural selection of resistant strains has been hastened by a combination of microbe strength and
the indiscriminate and improper use of antibiotics. Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection is a
primary focus of public and clinical health researchers.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 111

a. Bacteria have many different mechanisms of evading the body’s immune system.

ANS:   T
 Bacteria have many different mechanisms for adhering to host cells and for evading the immune
system. They can overcome and destroy the body’s defensive white blood cells. Some are
capable of hemolysis or destruction of red blood cells. One of the most potent pathogenic
mechanisms of bacteria is the toxins released by the bacterial cell.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 98

a. An example of passive immunity would be an infant receiving antibodies from her or

his mother’s breast milk.

ANS:   T

Passive immunity develops when the body receives the specific disease antibodies from an
outside source, which eliminates the need for the body to synthesize them. Passive immunity is
temporary.

DIF:    3                      REF:    p. 114

MULTIPLE CHOICE

a. ___________ provide a form of acquired immunity

a. Antibiotics

b. Allergies

c. Vaccinations

d. Resident flora

 
 ANS:   C

Vaccination provides a form of acquired immunity. Vaccines are modified forms of disease
organisms that create immunological memory in the body.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 114

a. The human intestinal tract contains many different types of bacteria such as
__________ that are essential for metabolism.

a. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

b. Streptococcus pyogenes

c. Staphylococcus aureus

d. Escherichia coli

ANS:   D

For example, the human intestinal tract contains many different types of bacteria such
as Escherichia coli that are essential for metabolism. The bacteria survive in balance with the
body as long as they remain in the intestine.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 92

a. A/An ________ is the state or condition in which the body or body tissues are
invaded by pathogenic microorganisms that multiply and produce injurious effects.

a. infection
 b. disease

c. inflammation

d. exotoxin

ANS:   A

Infection is defined as the state or condition in which the body or body tissues are invaded by
pathogenic microorganisms that multiply and produce injurious effects.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 85

a. ____________ is the movement of liquid through a semipermeable membrane

according to differences in the concentration of substances on either side.

a. Mutualism

b. Comensualism

c. Diffusion

d. Osmosis

ANS:   D
 Osmosis is the movement of liquid through a semipermeable membrane according to differences
in the concentration of substances on either side. Because the membrane only allows certain
substances to cross, the osmotic pressure is dependent on the nondiffusible particles on each
side.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 89

a. Microbes enter the body through a location called the ________.

a. portal of entry

b. microbe host

c. vaginal lactobacilli

d. intestinal tract

ANS:   A

Infectious organisms must gain entry to the body in order to proliferate and cause disease.
Common portals of entry are urogenital infection, skin penetration, sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs), and mother to infant

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 92

a. A wound is described as _______________ when exudate (accumulation of pus,

drainage, dead cells, and serum) may appear around the incision.

a. suppurative

b. abscessed
 c. necrotic

d. dehisced

ANS:   A

Exudate (accumulation of pus, drainage, dead cells, and serum) may appear around the incision.
The wound is then described as suppurative. The site becomes extremely tender or painful. If the
infection is localized, antimicrobial therapy may be initiated and the infection eradicated.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 110

a. When organisms of two different species live together, this is called ________.

a. symbiosis

b. immunodeficiency

c. host

d. parasitism

ANS:   A

The process by which organisms of two different species live together is called symbiosis.
  

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 92

a. ______________________ is the most widespread cause of surgical site infections

a. Streptococcus pyogenes

b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

c. Staphylococcus aureus

d. Salmonella enterica

ANS:   C

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most widespread cause of surgical site infections. It
normally resides in healthy skin. However, when transmitted to the surgical wound by direct or
indirect contact, it can cause an infection.

DIF:    1                      REF:    p. 98

a. Bacteria and viruses cause most ________ that affect humans.

a. genetic materials

b. infectious diseases

c. physiological needs
 d. biological advances

ANS:   B

Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms. They represent a very large population of microbes in the
environment and affect animals, humans, and plants. A virus is a nonliving infectious agent that
ranges in size from 10 to 300 mm. These agents cause some of the most lethal infections known.

DIF:    2                      REF:    p. 86