A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
PAINTS AS A BUILDING MATERIAL

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Mr. Pawan Gupta Mr. Mohd Asim
(1773700905) (Asst. Professor of Civil Department)
Final Year

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAJKIYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

AMBEDKAR NAGAR
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that “PAWAN GUPTA” has carried out the seminar work presented in this report

entitled “PAINTS AS A BUILDING MATERIAL” in Partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor

of Technology, Degree in civil engineering from Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,

Lucknow under our/ my supervision during the academic session 2019- 2020. It has been found to

be satisfactory and hereby approved for the submission.

Mr. Mohd. Asim Dr. Ayush Mittal

(Assistant Professor) (Head of Department)
(Seminar Guide) (Department of Civil Engineering)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and prompting that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible.

We would also like to express our deepest sense of gratitude towards Seminar Coordinator, Mr.
Mohd. Asim, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for helping us to complete
our seminar successfully.

We would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Ayush Mittal, Head of the
Department, Civil engineering for providing much needed facility and support.

We express a whole hearted gratitude to Prof. J.P. Pandey, (Director of REC, Ambedkar Nagar),
for providing us the conductive environment and facilities for carrying through our academic
schedules and seminar with ease.

We are grateful to the staff of our college for their cooperation and support. We acknowledge the
help of all those who had given encouragement and associate themselves in one way or the other in
completion of the work.

Date: 29/04/2020 Pawan Gupta (1773700905)

Place: Ambedkar Nagar
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 01. INTRODUCTION 3

1.1 GENERAL 3
1.2 PURPOSE 3
1.3PROPERTIES OF IDEAL PAINTS 3
1.4COMMON CONSTITUENTS 4
1.4.1 BASE 5

CHAPTER 02. TYPE OF PAINTS 9

2.1 TYPE OF PAINTS 9

14

CHAPTER 03. DEFECT OF PAINTS 15

3.1 GENERAL 15
3.2 DEFECT OF PAINTS 18
19

CHAPTER 04. PAINT APPLICATION TECHNIQUES 20

4.1 GENERAL 20
4.2 TECHNIQUES 20

CHAPTER 05 CONCLUSION 23

CHAPTER 06 REFERENCE 24
 CHAPTER 01. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Paint is any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or solid mastic composition that, after application to
a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, colour,
or provide texture to objects. Most paints are either oil-based or water-based and each have
distinct characteristics.
Paint is used to protect all sorts of buildings and structures from the effects of water and sun.
Wooden buildings such as houses are usually painted because a coat of paint prevents water
seeping into the wood and making it rot. The paint also helps to prevent the wood from drying
out in the hot sun.

1.2 Purpose
1. Certain paints adhere to a given surface better than others and therefore furnish a better
protective coating. The first and base coat should penetrate into the minute depressions or
pits in the material and should adhere well enough to form a good bond for any additional
coats.
2. The Primary function of paints is to protect metal, wood and other material against
corrosion and decay.
3. Increase visual appeal of the building surface.
4. Protect surface against weathering impact.
5. Make the surface water proof.
6. Increase surface durability.
7. Protect surface from termite attack.
8. The success of painting depends on the selection of suitable paints and also upon the care
used in preparing the surface. Which should be thoroughly cleaned, dry and smooth. Other
factors include the method of application and weather condition.

1.3 Properties of Ideal Paints

1. Must be able to withstand change in temperature.
2. No marks should be visible.
3. It should not have any joints visible in between.
4. It should have a smooth surface after drying up.
5. No dust particles should be there and no drop off of final coat should be visible.
6. The colour of the strainer should withstand for a long time. §It should have an attractive
and pleasuring appearance.

7. Paint should form hard and durable surface.

8. It should give attractive appearance.
9. It should be cheap and readily available.
10. It can be applied easily to the surfaces.
11. It should have good spreading quality, so as to cover maximum area in minimum quantity.
12. It should dry in reasonable time.
13. It should not show hair cracks on drying.
14. It should form film of uniform colour, on drying.
15. It should be stable for a longer period.
16. It should not be affected by atmospheric agencies.

1.4 Common Constituents

Paints are manufactured using six different components, each rendering a specific quality
to the paint.

Base

Filler Pigment

Constituents

Vehicle Thinner

Additive
1.4.1 Base:
Base is one of the major components of paint. Base is a solid substance in a fine state that forms
the body of paint. It forms the bulk of paint. It conveys the character of the paint. Base makes
the film of the paint, opaque, harder, and elastic & prevents formation of shrinkage cracks.

1.4.1.1 Types of Base: Base usually consists of white lead, red lead, zinc oxide (zinc
white), iron oxide, titanium white, aluminium powder, lithopone.
White Lead: It is largely used for all ordinary building painting works and available in the
market perhaps very cheap. It is available in market in both in powder & stiff-paste form. Stiff-
paste is made by mixing it with linseed oil. It can be easily applied, possesses good bulk, and
has a greater covering power. It is dense, waterproof, permanent and has good body to obscure
the surface.

It is not suitable for metal work, however, most suitable on wood surfaces. White lead
possesses the poisonous substances. It gets discoloured on exposure to the air; therefore, it
should always be kept covered. Consequently, white lead often gets used an as an undercoat.

Fig.o1 White Lead

https://smhttp-ssl-60380.nexcesscdn.net/600x/6dcdb3bec3b7d3d8fa2d31ce95a0090
Red Lead: Read lead is an oxide of lead usually bright red in colour. It is available in market
in either powder or paste form made by grinding with linseed oil. It is considered as most
suitable for painting iron surfaces and also as a priming coat on wooden surfaces. It solidifies
very quickly when mixed with linseed oil; therefore, it can also be used as a drier.

Lead paint is paint that contains lead. Lead is used for quick drying, increasing durability, a
maintaining a fresh appearance and resisting moisture that causes corrosion. Lead paint is
poisonous and should not be used fresh. Precautions should be taken while scrapping old dry
painted surfaces or while painting with spray machines.

Fig.02 Red Lead

https://gharpedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/0308050002-02-Red-Lead-Powder

Titanium White: This material possesses intense opacity. It is non-poisonous &provides a

thin transparent film. This pigment is chemically inert and it is not affected by heat, light and
acids and it also has very high covering power. Due to its high refractive index titanium white
possesses excellent hiding power and hence it is generally used an undercoat in all sorts of
exterior and interior organic coating.
Zinc Oxide or Zinc White: It is an oxide of zinc and forms the base for almost all the zinc
paints. It is a fine white zinc powder which is available in both in dry as well as paste form by
mixing with linseed oil. It is smooth, transparent, unaffected by weathering, not affected by
sulphur compounds, and not poisonous. However, it is costly, less workable and less durable
than paints containing white led. When it gets hard, it forms the paint film very brittle and
develops tendency of surface cracks.

Fig.03 Zinc Oxide

https://gharpedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/0308050002-03-Zinc-Oxide

Iron Oxide: It is an oxide of iron and forms the base of all iron paints. It is a pigment produced
from haematite ore. The pigment is obtained by grinding & levitating the red or brown
haematite. It is effective in preventing rusting of iron surface when mixed with vehicle oil. It
is cheap & durable paint, which is exclusively used for the priming coat on iron surface i.e.
structural steel or iron.

Fig.04 Iron
Aluminum Powder: Aluminum powder forms the bulk of aluminium paints. It keeps moisture
content of wood surface practically the same & also prevents cracking and warping of wood.
It is generally used as priming coat to new wood work.

Lithopone: This pigment is obtained from the precipitate formed by mixing equal quantities
of the solutions of barium sulphate and zinc sulphate under carefully controlled conditions. It
is a dense white pigment, having a good covering power, and it tends to turn yellow when
exposed to sunlight. The paint made with lithopone as its base is generally used as under coat.
It is also used in cheap enamels. It should not be allowed to come in contact with water.

Fig.05 Lithopone

https://gharpedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/0308050002-05-Lithopone-
 CHAPTER 02. TYPE OF PAINTS

2.1 Type of paints: These are several type of paints

2.1.1 Whitewash or Lime wash: Whitewash is a low-cost paint that can be made by adding
water to the mixture of slaked lime or powdered chalk. Generally, we use it for whitening walls
and ceilings which can easily resist the lime and water. To make the wall colourful and stable,
a colouring pigment and vehicle or binder like Fevicol are added in the required proportion. If
you want a white coloured wall, apply two coats of lime paint. But if you want colourful walls,
it is better to apply three coats of lime paint on the wall. Apply the first coat of lime paint (lime
+ water + Fevicol) on the wall and later apply two coats of lime paint containing the colouring
pigment and vehicle or binder.
Ingredients of Whitewash:
Ø Base – Fat lime (Class C) or Magnesium/dolomitic lime (Class D) or Siliceous dolomitic
lime (Class F) or Powdered chalk.
Ø Colouring Pigment – You can add pigments that are separately available in the market.
Ø Inert Filler or Extender Pigments – Not Needed
Ø Vehicle or Binder or Resin – Adhesive like Fevicol.
Ø Solvent or Thinner – Water
Ø Additive – Driers

2.1.2 Distemper Paint:

Distemper paints are water-based paints. They are also known as cement paint as they can be
applied directly on walls with plaster finish without using the primer. Distemper paints are a
cheaper option, and they last for more than 4 years. The major constituents of distemper are
chalk, lime, water, and some colouring pigments if necessary. Distemper paints are available
in powder and paste form. Distemper paints can be classified as a better version of whitewash.
Uses: Distemper paints can be used for both interior and exterior walls of your home.

Ingredients of Distemper Paint:

Ø Base – Chalk or Lime
Ø Colouring Pigment – Finely-powdered particles of mineral colour
Ø Inert Filler or Extender – Colour particles that are larger than secondary fine particle
Ø Vehicle or Binder or Resin – Alkyd resins, or acrylic resin, or epoxy
Ø Solvent or Thinner – Water
Ø Additive – Alkali Resistance Pigment

2.1.3 Cement-Based Paint

Cement-based paints are water-based paints wherein the cement acts as the base. Cement is
the main constituent in this type of paint and it is responsible for the hardness and durability of
the painted surface. Cement paints do not require oil or any other organic matter.
Uses: Cement paints can be applied on the exterior as well as interior walls. It is essentially
painted on the exterior wall surface for preventing water penetration and reducing the dirt
collection. It is suitable for coating concrete as well as decorating indoor and outdoor walls.

Composition of Cement-Based Paints:

Ø Base – Portland Cement, White cement, Lime, chalk, Calcite, and Titanium Dioxide
Ø Note: Percentage of base or principle pigments are changed based on the intended use of
that particular paint.
Ø Colouring Pigment – Fine particles of mineral colour
Ø Inert Filler or Extender – Not Added
Ø Vehicle or Binder or Resin – Alkyd resins, or acrylic resin, or epoxy
Ø Solvent or Thinner – Water
Ø Additive – Alkali Resistance Pigment, Calcium Chloride as a solidifying agent, Calcium /
Aluminium stearate.

2.1.4 Oil Paint

Paint manufacturers use a base like white lead or red lead, zinc oxide, iron oxide, titanium
white, aluminium powder, and lithophone among others to make the oil paint. Oil paints are
basically a slow-drying variety of paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in
drying oil. The paint forms a tough, coloured film on exposure to air. It consists of large
pigment particles as inert filler or extender. Paint manufacturers use drying oil or oil varnish
as the vehicle or binder. The most common types of drying oil or oil varnish are linseed oil,
tung oil, poppy oil, and nut oil. Oil paints contain solvent or mineral spirit as a thinner. Oil
paints are thicker and harder. They are glossy, smooth, and more durable and stain-resistant in
comparison to other types of wall paints. Nowadays, due to the availability of advanced types
of house paints in the market, oil paints are rarely used. Yet, some homeowners prefer oil paints
for coating the metal and wooden surfaces.
Uses: There are several uses of oil paints. They can be used to paint anything from painting
interior walls to hard metal surfaces like MS railing, MS door and window, and wooden
furniture.
Ingredients of Oil Paint:
Ø Base – Zinc oxide, and/or titanium white, or iron oxide, or red lead
Ø Colouring Pigment – Finely-powdered particles of earthy pigments or synthetic organic
pigments or metallic powder which imparts colour to the paint
Ø Inert Filler or Extender – Mineral colour particles that are larger than the secondary
pigment.
Ø Vehicle or Binder or Resin – Linseed oil, tung, or poppy
Ø Solvent or Thinner – Mineral spirit
Ø Additive – Driers

2.1.5 Enamel Paint

Enamel paints are oil-based paints that have an excellent glossy finish. They consist of white
lead, zinc white, resinous matter, and petroleum spirit. Enamel paints provide excellent
coverage and colour retention. They are hard and render the wall a glossy and opaque finish.
Enamel paints dry slowly or quickly depending on the thinner used. They are characterised by
their durability and stain-resistance.
Uses: It is excellent for concrete wall surfaces, doors, windows, staircases, kitchens,
bathrooms, basements, porches, patios, and home appliances that are placed outdoors or subject
to scratches or variations in temperature. Enamel paint is perfect for environmental factors
dealing with volatile temperatures, waterproofing, and rot proofing.
Ingredients of Enamel Paint:
Ø Base – White lead, or red lead, or zinc oxide, or iron oxide, or titanium white, or aluminium
powder, or lithophone
Ø Colouring Pigment – Finely-powdered particles of minerals pigments
Ø Inert Filler or Extender – Colour particles that are larger than secondary pigment
Ø Vehicle or Binder or Resin – Linseed oil, or alkyd resins, or acrylic resin, or epoxy
Ø Solvent or Thinner – White spirit, or varnish
Ø Additive – Drying pigments containing lead, copper and cobalt, leaded oil, manganese,
and zirconium
2.1.6 Emulsion Paint
Emulsions are defined as a mixture of two liquids that don’t blend well. Two non-blending
liquids can form different types of emulsions.
For example, oil and water can form two type of emulsions, namely oil-in-water emulsion and
water-in-oil emulsion.

§ Oil-in-water – where the oil is in the dispersed phase, and water is the dispersion medium.
§ Water-in-oil – where water is the dispersed phase and oil is the external phase.
Usually, in emulsion paints, water is available at around 50-60% by volume, rest are the oily
portions and the solids in the form of pigments. But it is to be remembered that the pigments
have a higher density than water; hence, water in terms of the ratio by weight is lesser. Water
is a medium where the binder, pigment, and additives are dispersed in molecular form.

Uses: Emulsion paint is used for internal as well as for external surface coating of a building
structure. They dry quickly and can be used for external and internal surfaces. In fact, after
cement-based paints, they are one of the most preferred types of exterior paints today.

Ingredients of Emulsion Paint:

Ø Base – Titanium oxide, or zinc oxide, or iron oxide
Ø Note: The choice of base in paint fully depends upon the colour of the paint. i.e. Paint
makers use titanium white to manufacture the white coloured emulsion paint
Ø Colouring Pigment – Calcium carbonate powder
Ø Inert Filler or Extender – Calcium carbonate powder, or Calcined kaolin clay
Ø Vehicle or Binder or Resin – Alkyd resins, or acrylic resin, or epoxy
Ø Solvent or Thinner – Water or white spirit
Ø Additive – Calgon as dispersing agent

2.1.7 Textured Paint

paints consist of coarse grains (such as gypsum or sand), metal, ribbon, lace, and leather. A
water-thinned binder is used for creating a rough effect on a wall. In recent times, textured
paint has become one of the most popular trends in the home decor segment as it renders an
attractive appeal to the wall. Such paint simulates two senses: sight and touch.
Uses: As it gives an artistic look to a wall, you can use textured paint as an alternative
for wallpaper. Also, it is a great solution to hide uneven and imperfect wall surfaces.

Ingredients of Textured Paint:

Ø Base – Gypsum and sand
Ø Colouring Pigment – Finely-powdered mineral particles
Ø Inert Filler or Extender – Colour particles that are larger than a fine particle
Ø Vehicle or Binder or Resin – Alkyd resins, or acrylic resin, or epoxy
Ø Solvent or Thinner – Water
Ø Additive – Alkali resistance pigment

2.1.8 Aluminium Paint

Aluminium paint is a coating material which is made by a mixture of oil varnish and aluminium
pigment in the form of thin flakes which overlap in the paint film. It reflects the sun’s radiation
well and retains the heat in hot-air or hot-water pipes or tanks. The resin helps the paint flow
and gives it strength and durability. On the other hand, the aluminium flakes give the paint a
shiny metallic finish. This type of paint generally has a silvery finish. Several manufacturers
only produce one shade of aluminium-based paint.
Uses of Aluminium Paint:
Aluminium paint can be used on a variety of materials, including metals, wood, and masonry
among others. Besides, aluminium paint is used for painting gas tanks, hot water pipes, marine
piers, oil storage tanks, and radiators.
Composition of Aluminium Paint:
Ø Base – Titanium dioxide
Ø Colouring Pigment – Fine powdered of mineral particles
Ø Inert Filler or Extender – Not Added
Ø Vehicle or Binder or Resin – Oil varnish
Ø Solvent or Thinner – Mineral spirit
Ø Additive – Driers
2.1.9 Lead Paint
The term applies to any paint, paste, stopping, filling, or other paint material containing more
than 5 percent lead as lead oxide (PbO) in its pigment.
Uses of Lead Paint:
Nowadays, lead paint has become unpopular as it causes many health hazards. Still, some
people use lead paint for painting the wooden surfaces at home. Lead pigments are highly
opaque; hence, even a relatively small amount of the compound can cover a large area.

White lead is completely insoluble in water, making the paint highly durable and water-
resistant with a washable finish.
Ingredients of Lead Paint:
Ø Base – Chrome yellow lead, or Red lead, or White lead
Ø Colouring Pigment – Finely-powdered of mineral particles
Ø Inert Filler or Extender – Limestone
Ø Vehicle or Binder or Resin – Vinyl acrylic, or Polyvinyl acrylic, or Styrene acrylic
Ø Solvent or Thinner – Water or white spirit
Ø Additive – Driers (lead naphthenate and lead octanoate), Corrosion resistance agents (lead
tetroxide)
2.1.10 Rubber Paint
Rubber paint is an emulsion paint having chlorinated rubber as its binder or non-volatile
vehicle. They withstand water and other tough conditions. Rubber paint is also a kind of latex
paint.
Uses of Rubber Paint:
Rubber paint is used to paint boats and swimming pools as it is a long-lasting alternative that
will not wear out over time. Rubber paint can also be applied to wood, metal, concrete,
fibreglass, and plastic surfaces.
Ingredients of Rubber Paint:
Ø Base – Titanium dioxide
Ø Colouring Pigment – Finely-powdered mineral particles
Ø Inert Filler or Extender – Not Added
Ø Vehicle or Binder or Resin – Chlorinated rubber
Ø Solvent or Thinner – Water
Ø Additive – Not Added
 CHAPTER 03. DEFECT OF PAINTS

3.1 General
Failure of the paint is defined as the loss or adhesion of bond between paint-primer coats and
the substrate or reduction of bond strength between paints' coats and the substrate. It is also a
deterioration, which reduces its rated life. This is the most common reason for the paint failure.
Poor surface preparation causes poor adhesion of the paint on the surface. Lack of proper
sticking of the paint to the surface results into paint film to come off early.

3.2 Failure of Paints: The failure which are commonly found in paint work are as follow.
3.2.1 Blistering:
Formation of bubbles like shapes on the painted surface is known as blistering. The primary
cause of this defect is water vapor. When water vapor trapped under the paint layer, it creates
bubbles under the film of paint.

Fig. 01 Blistering

https://i0.wp.com/civilblog.org/Blistering-Defect-of-Paint
3.2.2 Blooming:

Fig. 02 Blooming

https://i1.wp.com/civilblog.org/Blooming-Defects-of-Paint.jpg

3.2.3 Fading:
When there is a gradual loss of colour from the pained surface, it is known as fading. The main
cause of this defect is the reaction of sunlight on pigments of paint.

Fig.03 Fading
https://i0.wp.com/civilblog.orgFading-Defects-of-Paint.jpg
3.2.4 Flaking:
In this type of defect, some portion of the paint film is not sticked properly with the surface;
resulting flaking off of the paint layer. This is cause due to poor adhesion between paint and
the surface to be painted.

Fig.04 Flaking
https://i0.wp.com/civilblog.org/Flaking-Defects-of-Paint.jpg

3.2.5 Flashing:
Presence of glossy patches on the painted surface is known as flashing. The cause of this defect
is mainly due to poor workmanship, cheap paint or weather actions.

Fig.05 Flashing
https://i0.wp.com/civilblog.orgFlashing-Defects-of-Paint.jpg
3.2.6 Grinning:
If the thickness of the final coat of paint becomes very thin, the background can be seen clearly.
This is known as grinning. Poor workmanship is the main cause of this defect.
3.2.7 Running: This type of defect is seen when the surface to be painted is very smooth. In
case of smooth surface, the paint runs back and leaves small areas of surface uncovered.

Fig.06 Running

https://i0.wp.com/civilblog.org/Running-Defects-of-Paint.jpg

3.2.8 Sagging:
This type of defect is more prominent when a thick layer of paint is applied on a vertical or
inclined surface.

Fig. 07 Sagging

https://i0.wp.com/civilblog.org/Sagging-Defects-of-Paint.jpg
3.2.9 Saponification:
Formation of soap patches on the painted surface is termed as saponification. Chemical action
of alkalis is the cause of this defect.

Fig. 08 Saponification

3.2.10 Wrinkling:
This type of defect is more prominent when a thick layer of paint is applied on a horizontal
surface.

Fig. 09 Wrinkling
https://i0.wp.com/civilblog.org/Wrinkling-Defects-of-Paint.jpg
 CHAPTER 04. PAINT APPLICATION TECHNIQUES

4.1 General
Paint is applied onto a substrate surface which has been previously treated by the methods of
Enhancement of adhesion (surface preparation): Cleaning, Surface roughening, Primers,
Adhesion promoters, Plasma treatment.

4.2 Techniques
The following techniques are used for application of paints:
Ø Brush
Ø Roller
Ø Air spray
Ø Airless spray
Ø Electrostatic spray
Ø Rotating disc or bell
Brush
Ø Brush application is used for decorative coating of relatively small and complex areas.
Ø Brush painting is a slow application method but it provides good penetration of the paint.
Brush application prevents paint losses associated with the spray application method.
Roller
Ø Roller technique is applied for coating large flat surfaces.
Ø The method is faster than brush application.
Ø In contrast to the brush method roller painting is not suitable for applying high film build.
Air spray
Ø In the air spray application method, the paint in form of atomized droplets is delivered by
a stream of compressed air.
Ø The paint is pumped from the tank into the gun where it is atomized (broken into small
droplets) by the flowing compressed air. The typical air pressure in the air spray is 40-50
psi (0.28-0.34 MPa).
Ø Spray application is a simple and inexpensive method which is capable to coat objects of
various shapes and dimensions.
Ø High quality coatings are achieved if the paint composition (the content of Solvents)
provides the required levels of viscosity and the drying rate.
Ø The disadvantage of the air spray application is unavoidable overspray: losses of the paint
and expensive organic solvents and thinners.
Ø Besides the costly losses the method requires additional investment in safety equipment in
order to protect the workers exposed to the hazardous solvent vapours.
Airless spray
Ø In the airless spray (in contrast to the air spray) the paint is not mixed with air. The liquid
paint is delivered to the gun by a hydraulic pump producing a high pressure 300-7000 psi
(2-48 MPa).
Ø The pressurized paint is atomized in the gun nozzle. The nozzle is commonly made of
tungsten carbide. It has an orifice, diameter of which (together with the paint viscosity and
the pump pressure) determines the delivery rate and controls the coating thickness.
Ø Using high pressure pumps and preheated paints allows to apply high viscosity paints
having a decreased amount of solvents and thinners (e.g. High-solids paints). Lower solvent
content in the paints for airless application results in a reduced overspray.
Ø A combination of the airless and the airless application methods is used in the air assisted
airless spray application technique.
Ø The paint is supplied to the gun and atomized like in the airless method. However the paint
is additionally atomized by low pressure compressed air which also controls the fan pattern.

Electrostatic spray
Ø Electrostatic spray application is based on the electrostatic attraction of electrically charged
atomized particles (either dry powder or liquid paint droplets) to the grounded (having earth
potential) work piece.
Ø The charged particles coming out from the gun hit the whole surface of the object including
the back surface therefore the electrostatic spray technique is mainly used for inside coating
of tubular objects where the back surface painting (wraparound effect) is negligible.
Ø Due to electrostatic effects the coating is thicker on the surfaces of protruding corners and
thinner on inside corners and holes.
Ø Electrostatic spray is characterized by very low overspray. The method utilizes at least 95%
of the paint.

Rotating disc or bell

Ø In the rotating disc/bell application technique the liquid paint is pumped to the center of the
disc/bell rotating at high speed (at least 10,000 RPM).
Ø The centrifugal force drives the liquid to the edge where it is atomized and spun off.
Ø The rotating disc commonly has an electrical potential which provides an electrical charge
to the paint. The paint particles propelled by the centrifugal force are attracted by the
grounded work pieces located around the rotating disc.
Ø Rotating disc or bell method is used for automatic application of high viscosity paints(e.g.
High-solids paints) in conveyor lines.
 CHAPTER 05 CONCLUSION

The paints can be made cheaply and in large quantity. As listed above, there are many types of
paints and their applications vary greatly. The reasons to use paint in construction include
visual appeal, surface durability, chemical protection and pest protection. Each type of paint is
designed for specific applications - adequate paint selection can reduce project costs while
improving performance.
Painting is often regarded as an aesthetic improvement for buildings, but it brings many
technical advantages as well. These include chemical protection and easier maintenance.
 CHAPTER 06 REFERENCE

1) Gonçalves, Teresa Diaz, Leo Pel, and José Delgado Rodrigues. "Influence of paints on
drying and salt distribution processes in porous building materials." Construction and
Building Materials 23.5 (2009): 1751-1759.
2) Uemoto, Kai L., Neide MN Sato, and Vanderley M. John. "Estimating thermal
performance of cool colored paints." Energy and Buildings 42.1 (2010): 17-22.
3) Bilotta, Antonio, Donatella de Silva, and Emidio Nigro. "Tests on intumescent paints for
fire protection of existing steel structures." Construction and Building Materials 121
(2016): 410-422.
4) Morini, Elena, et al. "Optic-energy performance improvement of exterior paints for
buildings." Energy and Buildings 139 (2017): 690-701.