PAINTS

DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

PAINTS PROCESS OF
Definition & Uses MAKING OF
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable or ANCIENT PAINT
mastic composition that, after
HISTORY OF PAINTS Paint was made with
applying a thin layer on to a
surface coverts to a solid film. The ancient Cave paintings drawn the yolk of eggs and
with red or yellow
ochre, hematite, manganese oxide, therefore, the
and charcoal may have been the
It is most commonly used to substance would
first pain works by early Homo
protect, prolong the life of natural sapiens as long as 40,000 years ago. harden and adhere to
and syntheric materials, acts as a
the surface it was
barrier against environmental
conditions. applied to. Pigment
It also provides color and was made from plants,
texture to objects.
sand, and different
soils. Most paints used
CLASSIFICATION OF either oil or water as a
PAINT ACCORDING TO
USE base (the diluent,
DECORATIVE PAINTS- applied on solvent or vehicle for the
site to decorate and protect
buildings pigment).
INDUSTRIAL COATINGS- applied
in factories to finish
manufactured goods such as
cars. COMPONENTS
OF PAINT
Every paint consists of
1. Pigments: Pigments can Be
Pigments are insoluble, fine-sized chemically inert, unchanged the following four
particles that give the paint its by changing temperature, components in varied
non-toxic and non-
color and opacity. corrosive, and low on oil ratios based on the
absorption
It should be able to resist desired requirements
Pigments should:-
deterioration by sunlight or such as:-
Provide color fumes.
Hide substrates and 1. Pigments
previous coloring 2. Binders
Improve strength of the 3. Solvents
paint film 4. Additives
Improve adhesion
Reduce gloss and cost 5. Extender

6. extender - larger pigment

[Pick the date] [Edition 1, Volume 1]
particles added to improve
adhesion, strengthen the
film and save binder
7.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

Uses:
VARNISH,
2. Binders: Latex paints used in Exterior of
SHELLAC,
These substances bind the STAIN houses, walls and trims, concrete,
ACRYLIC, OIL,
pigment particles together and ALKYD & wood, aluminum siding, and stucco.
EPOXY ALUMINIUM
hold them onto the surface. They PAINTS PAINTS ETC

can be in the form of alkyds, TYPES OF III. ALKYD PAINT

PAINTS
polyester, acrylics, vinyls, natural These are the most
commonly used
resins, or oil. ALKYD ENAMEL solvent-soluble resins
that are used in
Solvents: surface coating.
LATEX
It has a low molecular
Binders are used alone or weight and oil-modified
undergo binding with alcohol or polyesters.
ether alcohol to form water- It is durable, can withstand
varying temperatures, and is
soluble resins. less toxic, slow-drying, but
Either an organic solvent or water is more flexible.
used to reduce the viscosity of the Types of paints:-
I. Acrylic Paint ALKYD PAINTS COME IN 5
paint for better application.
DIFFERENT SHEENS WHICH IN
Solvents are available at:-
It has suspended pigments TURN GIVE THEM VARIED
a low cost in a polymerized acrylic
Odorless emulsion. PROPERTIES AND, THUS, ARE
Non-toxic It is soluble in water but USED ACCORDINGLY.
Non-flammable becomes water-resistant
upon drying.
It has superior chemical and (a) Flat sheen:-
stain resistance and is Gives a velvety texture and
immune to chipping, produces a rich, slightly reflective
Additives: scratches, and scarring. surface.
Substances that are added in Uses:
small quantities to modify or Based on the type of acrylic paint, it
Uses:-
improve the properties of finished can be used :-
Flat sheen is used to paint walls,
paint are called additives. on wood,
for fine arts, ceilings, metal, fully-cured plaster,
on walls, ceilings, wall work and non-primed
Glaze is a form of additive used to woodwork, woodwork.
increase translucency. primed steel, and
masonry.
Extender:
Larger pigment particles added to
II . Latex Paint
improve adhesion, strengthen the
These are water-based paints that
film and save binder,
don't generally require a primer
(b) Eggshell:
(except over metal or wood and
highly alkaline surfaces). It has sheen like that of an
They are fast-drying, eggshell, highly washable, but
cost-efficient,
less effective at covering
easy to apply and
clean, durable, flexible, imperfections.
and Uses:-
give a defined gloss
It is used on exterior or interior walls
finish.
and on doors and trims.

(C)Low-Luster:
It is moisture-resistant, highly
washable, and protects walls from
staining and dirt accumulation.
It is less effective at hiding
imperfections.
It gives a good sheen to the
surface.
Uses:-
It is used in kitchens, bathrooms,
nurseries, and schools.
(d)Semi-Gloss:-
It is used to emphasize
detail (especially
woodwork), creates a shiny
surface, provides moisture
and stain protection, and is
easy to clean.
Uses:-
It is used in kitchens, interior doors
and trims, and exterior sidings and
trims.
(e) High-Gloss:
It is highly washable, gives
a great sheen and high-
quality appearance, and is
durable and provides a
slight glare.
Uses:-
It is used on walls, woodwork, trims,
furniture, toys, and ceilings
DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION
Usesof oil paints:
IV. Emulsion paints
Interior and exterior painting, fine
arts, bare wood, drywalls, iron work,
Emulsions are water-based paints in furniture, paint-on-glass animation.
which the paint material is dispersed
in a liquid that consists mainly of
water. For suitable purposes this has
VII. Enamel Paint
advantages in fast drying, low
It is a form of varnish with added
toxicity, low cost, easier application,
pigments.
and easier cleaning of equipment,
It gives a hard, glossy
among other factors. finish.
There are three main types of
enamel paint.
V. Varnish Uses:
It is a solution of resins
in drying oil.
i. Floor enamel: For
It hardens on evaporation of
concrete, stairs, porches,
its volatile solvents, through
patios, basements.
oxidation or both.
It gives a varied gloss on
ii. Fast-dry enamel: For
the surface . fridge, countertops,
It is impervious to moisture.
industrial purposes.
High-temperature enamel:
Lacquer is a form of varnish, For engines, exhaust,
which gives a hard, durable finish. brakes, barbecue machines.
Uses: Indoor and outdoor use,
furniture, wood finishing, pianos, iii. Painted enamel is different
bathtubs, sinks, ships, and boats. from this form and used in
nail decoration.
VI. Oil Paint
VIII. Primer
This consists of :-
pigments suspended in Primer is a preparatory coating put on
linseed oil, which act as the
binder, materials before applying the paint
then a drier which controls
itself. The primed surface ensures
its drying time, and then
mineral spirits or other better adhesion of the paint, thereby
thinners to adjust its fluidity.
It is slow-drying, increasing the durability of the paint
has a strong odor, and
and providing improved protection for
comes in flat to high-gloss
range. the painted surface. Suitable primers
also may block and seal stains, or
As the thinner evaporates, the
pigment and oil dry to form an elastic hide a color that is to be painted over.
skin.
The oil absorbs oxygen from the air
(called curing) and bonds the paint
film to the substrate.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

Primers seal the surface off and
provide a "tooth" for the finish paint,
they are used on bare wood and
metal, previously painted surfaces
that have been repaired or are in poor
condition, ( flaking, peeling), or if the
existing surface is to be painted with
a new color that is much darker or
lighter than the existing.
Primers/Sealers are also used block is eliminated and this is by far the
out stains like water stains, crayon, most important part in getting a long
smoke, soot, ink and on woods that lasting, durable finish.
will bleed through a paint coating,
e.g., cedar or redwood.
Primers/Sealers insure longer lasting
paint work as the resins in the finish
paints stay on the surface creating
the "wear layer" as they are designed
to do. Peeling and premature failure

OTHER VARIETIES OF PAINTS:-

1. Fire Proof Paints:

Fire resisting solution coating of sodium tungstate and asbestos paints retard the action of fire. As such wherever
timber work is introduced to e fire resistance, it may be coated with either of these solutions.

2. Cellulose Paints:

Natural cellulose is chemical treated and converted to nitrate or acetate or to methyl of ethyl cellulose. The
resultant derivative of cellulose is dissolved in petroleum or in coaltar hydrocarbon. Plasticiser which is an organic
compound of low volatility is added to cellulose paints to improve adherence, toughness, smoothness and
elasticity of the paint film.

Compared with ordinary oil paints, this paint can be easily washed, cleaned as it has greater hardness, elasticity and
smoothness and withstand temperature changes and hot water better.

It produces more glossy and durable decorative coat than oil paints with metallic oxide bases. Compared with oil
paints, it costs more. Spray paint or duce is the trade name given to this type of paint. These are used for painting
automobiles, aircrafts and other costly things.

3. Aluminium paints:

It consists of aluminium powder suspended in varnish.

The very finely ground aluminium is suspended in either quick-drying spirit varnish or slow-
drying oil varnish as per requirement. The spirit or oil evaporates and a thin metallic film of
aluminium is formed on the surface. The advantages of an aluminium paint are as follows:

1. It is visible in darkness.
2. It resists heat to a certain degree.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

3. The surfaces of iron and steel are better protected from corrosion by this paint than any other paint.
4. It possesses a high covering capacity. A liter of paint can cover an area of about 200 m2.
5. It gives good appearance to the surface.
6. It is impervious to the moisture.
7. It possesses high electrical resistance.

It has got very good covering power and gives nice protection to iron and steel against corrosion due to sea water and
acid fumes. Its resists heat. It does not oxidize and fade. It is visible in the dark.

It is economically used for painting electric and telegraph poles, hot water pipes, marine piers and oil storage
tanks etc.

4. Anticorrosive Paint

This paint essentially consists of oil and a strong drier. A pigment such as chromium oxide or lead or red lead or zinc
chrome is taken and after mixing it with some quantity of very fine sand, it is added to the paint. The advantages of as
anticorrosive paint are as follows:

1. It is cheap.
2. It lasts for a long duration.
3. The appearance of the paint is black.

5. Asbestos Paint

This is a peculiar type of paint and it is applied on the surfaces which are exposed to the
acidic gases and steam.
6. Bituminous Paint

This paint is prepared by dissolving asphalt or mineral pitches or vegetable bitumen I any type of oil or
petroleum. A variety of bituminous paints is available. The paint presents a black appearance and it is used for
painting iron.

7. Cement Paints

Following are the advantages of cement paints:

1. It requires less skill and time for applying cement water paints and the applying implements can be cleaned with
water only.
2. The preparation of surfaces is easier in a cement paint system as it is not necessary to remove the previous coats
of cement paints.
3. They are suitable for painting fresh plasters having high alkalinity because cement paints are not likely to be
attacked by the alkalinity of masonry surfaces.
4. They become an integral part of the substrata and add to its strength.
5. They can be applied over new and damp walls which cannot be painted over with oil paints until they are sufficiently
dried.
6. They prove to be economical as compared to the oil paints and they dry more rapidly than the oil paints.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

8. Zinc Paint

It is now being extensively used for indoor and outdoor use for white paints especially on metallic surfaces.

Zinc oxide has a great weathering power. Zinc sulphate gives luminous and fluorescent paints that are used to
illuminate maps and aircraft instruments at night. The paint is sometimes known as luminous paint.

9. Water-reducible Paint
These are water-based paints, which include latex products as well as new synthetic polymers. They are scratch
and stain resistant, washable, fast-drying, less susceptible to fires, give full gloss, have low odor, and are less
toxic.

Uses: Interior, external vaults, steel, iron, aluminum, and masonry.

10. Urethane-modified Paint

It is a one-component finishing material used for abrasion resistance, especially on household materials.

Uses: Wood floors, furniture, and paneling.

11. Wood Stain

It consists of a coloring pigment either dissolved or suspended in a solvent or finishing agent. It has low viscosity
and soaks into the surface without forming a film over it.

Uses: It is primarily used to color wood, while keeping its natural look intact.

12. Anti-Graffiti Paint

It is a coating that prevents the graffiti paint from bonding with the surface.

-It comes in two forms:

Sacrificial Coating: It is a washable coating where it removes both the graffiti and the coating when a high-
pressure washer is used. It is called sacrificial since the coating itself gets removed upon washing and has to be
reapplied.
Non-bonding (Permanent) Coating: It only removes the artwork, while the coating remains intact.
Uses: It is used primarily on walls to avoid graffiti artwork from becoming permanent.

9 . Anti-climb Paint
It is a non-drying, slippery type of paint that has an oil coating, and is used on surfaces that are used in burglary and
vandalism attempts. It makes the surfaces inaccessible.

Uses: On lampposts, walls, and fences.

10. Anti-fouling Paint

These are made with organotin compounds, biocides, or poisonous copper, which prevent growth of marine
organisms like algae and barnacles from sticking to the ship. It can be of two forms:

Hard-bottom Paint: It maybe made with silicon or Teflon, which makes the surface sticky and prevents
organisms from adhering.

Contact-leaching paint: It forms a surface film that is porous and hold biocides or toxic chemicals that are
released slowly.

Uses: On ship or boat hulls.

 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

11. Insulative paint or insulating paint, reduces the rate of thermal transfer through a surface it's applied to. One
type of formulation is based on the addition of hollow microspheres to any suitable type of paint.

Figure 1 Contents of a white gloss (alkyd) paint and a white matt emulsion (acrylic) paint.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

VARIOUS TYPES OF PAINTS USED ON SURFACES

INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING EXTERIOR WOOD METAL

Traditional paint for Enamel paint is commonly used for

To increase the visual appeal Exterior paint must have weather wood is varnish. But metal. This is oil based paint.
and smoothness of wall surface resisting capability. It can be oil now a days many Following types of enamel paints is used on
and ceiling interior paint is done. based or water based. But oil people choose metal surface in building construction -
Following types of paints can be based paint is not modern version of
used as interior paint – generally recommended for varnish 1. General purpose enamel paint
exterior painting. Following types "polyurethane and 2. Synthetic enamel paint
1. DISTEMPER of exterior paint are available in melamine" for wood 3. Premium enamel paint
2. PLASTIC PAINTS market – finishes. It allows
wood grains to see
1.CEMENT PAINTS through it unlike
2. ACRYLIC PAINTS varnish.
TEXTURES PLASTER
1.VARNISHES

Distemper: Distemper is a) General purpose enamel paint - This

common type paint used in Cement paint- It is water based type of enamel paint's protecting
interior wall and ceiling for paint. It gives nice finish to newly capability is lower than other two. But
protecting and decorating brick constructed building. using two coat of this paint can give
wall, concrete and plastered long protection to metal surface.
surface. Acrylic emulsion- It has high
capability to withstand against
Variety of distemper are weathering impact. It gives b) Synthetic enamel paint - This type of
available in the market. Such surface a nice and durable finish. paint gives metal surface a good finish
as :-- with atmospheric protection. Synthetic
Textured plaster- It is also enamel paint can also be used on
- acrylic emulsion based paint. But the wooden surface.
distemper, surface protection capability of
textured plaster is much better c) Premium enamel paint - It has
- synthetic than other emulsion paint. excellent protective capability against
distemper, atmospheric attack on metal. It also
gives glossy effect with nice surface
- dry distemper finish.
etc.
There are also some other places in
Acrylic distemper is washable building construction where special
and can be applied on plaster, painting is needed. Such as water
wall and asbestos. proofing paint, anti-termite paint etc.

Synthetic and dry distemper are

not washable.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

Plastic paint: It is also called

plastic emulsion paint or interior
emulsion paint. It is water base
paint. This paint is durable and
can be washed. They are
available in three categories -

Regular emulsion
Economy emulsion and
Premium emulsion

DEFECTS OF PAINT

The main reasons of paint failure after application on surface are the applicator and improper
treatment of surface.

Application Defects can be attributed to:

1. Dilution
This usually occurs when the dilution of the paint is not done as per manufacturers
recommendation. There can be a case of over dilution and under dilution, as well as dilution with the
incorrect diluent.
2. Contamination
Foreign contaminants added without the manufacturers consent can cause various film defects.
3. Peeling/Blistering
Most commonly due to improper surface treatment before application and inherent
moisture/dampness being present in the substrate.
4. Chalking
Chalking is the progressive powdering of the paint film on the painted surface. The primary reason
for the problem is polymer degradation of the paint matrix due to exposure of UV radiation in
sunshine and condensation from dew.
5. Cracking
Cracking of paint film is due to the unequal expansion or contraction of paint coats. It usually
happens when the coats of the paint are not allowed to cure/dry completely before the next coat is
applied
6. Erosion
Erosion is very quick chalking. It occurs due to external agents like air,water etc.
7. Blistering
Blistering is due to improper surface exposure of paint to strong sunshine.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

8. Bloom:
In this defect, the formation of dull patches occurs on the finished polished surface. It is due to the defect I paint or
bad ventilation.

9. Fading:
The gradual loss of colour is known as the fading and it is mainly due to the effect of sunlight on pigments of paint.

10. Flaking:
A small portion of the painted surface is sometimes seen loose. It is known as the taking and is due to poor
adhesion.

11. Flashing:
Sometimes the glossy patches are seen on the painted surface. This is known as the flashing and it is mainly due to
poor workmanship, cheap paint or weather actions

12. Grinning:
When the final coat of paint has not sufficient opacity, the background is clearly seen. This is known as the grinning.

13. Running:
The paint runs back and leaves small areas of surface uncovered. This defect occurs when the surface to be painted
is too smooth.

14. Sagging:
when a vertical or inclined surface is too thickly painted, the defect of sagging occurs.

9. Degradation
Painted surface can get affected by fungus also. The fungus Aureobasidium pullulans is known for
damaging wall paints.

FINISH PAINTS:
There are two types of paints used today, latex and alkyd.

Alkyd paint is also known as oil-based paint.

Latex provides an excellent finish, while being an easier paint to use.

 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

Advantages of Latex paint are that it cleans up with soap and water, dries quickly, has less odor, is non-
flammable, easy to touch up, they remain more flexible and allow moisture to evaporate through the film thus
reducing blistering, cracking and peeling.

PAINT HIGH GLOSS SEMI-GLOSS SATIN EGGSHELL FLAT

FINISHES . OR MATTE

The most Good for rooms Has a yummy luster Between satin A friend
durable and easiest where moisture, that, despite the name, and flat on the to walls that
to clean of all paint drips, and grease is often described as sheen (and have
sheens, high-gloss stains challenge velvety. It’s easy to durability) scale is something to
paint is hard, ultra- walls. Also great clean, making it eggshell, so hide,
shiny, and light- for trim work that excellent for high-traffic named because flat/matte
reflecting. takes a lot of areas. it’s essentially a soaks up,
High gloss is a abuse. Its biggest flaw is it flat (no-shine) rather than
good choice for reveals application finish with little reflects, light.
area that sticky flaws, such as roller or luster, like a It has the
fingers touch — brush strokes. chicken’s egg. most
cabinets, trim, and pigment and
doors. Touch-ups later can be Eggshell will provide
tricky covers wall the most
High-gloss, , is imperfections well coverage,
too much shine for and is a great which
interior walls. finish for gathering translates to
spaces that don’t time and
And like a get a lot of bumps money
Spandex dress, and scuffs. savings.
high gloss shows
every bump and However,
roll, so don’t skimp it’s tough to
on prep work. clean without
taking paint
off with the
grime.

Practical kitchens, family rooms, foyers, : dining rooms, adults’

applicatio kitchens, door, and bathrooms, trim, hallways, kids’ living rooms bedrooms
n: window trim chair rails bedrooms and other
interior
rooms that
won’t be
roughed up
by kids

Durability: very high high high medium

medium-low

PAINTING
OBJECTIVES
Following are the objects of paintings a surface:
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

1. It protects the surface from weathering effects of the atmosphere and actions by other liquids, fumes and gases.
2. It prevents decay of wood an corrosion in metal.
3. It is used to give good appearance to the surface. The decorative effects may be created by painting and the
surface becomes hygienically good, clean, colorful and attractive.
4. It provides a smooth surface for easy cleaning.

PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL PAINT

These vary greatly according to the particular end use. The requirements for an automotive topcoat, for example, will
be very different to those for a decorative ceiling paint.
Some of the typical attributes required can include:

ease of application
good flow out of application marks (e.g. brush-marking)
forming a continuous protective film
high opacity
quick drying
corrosion resistance
water resistance
heat resistance
colour stability (i.e. against visible and ultraviolet radiation)
abrasion and scratch resistance
durability
flexibility & easily cleaned

PAINTING ON DIFFERENT SURFACES

The process of painting depends on the nature of the surface to be painted. A brief
description of painting on each of the various surfaces is given below:

The subsequent coats of paint, namely, under costs and finishing coats, are the applied on
the surface. The extreme care should be taken to see that the finishing coat presents
smooth and even surface and that no brush marks are seen on the finished work.
1. PROCESS OF APPLYING PAINT ON WALL SURFACES
Remove art work, wall lighting fixtures, electrical outlet covers, window coverings, and any other removable
items.
Clean the walls. Mix water and a few drops of dish washing liquid. Use a large cellulose sponge.
Patch cracks or holes using patching compound for plaster walls and joint compound for drywall surfaces.
Apply the compound with a putty knife, allowing it to dry according to the manufacturer's instructions.Sand
the patched surfaces smooth using 120-grit sandpaper. Wipe dust from the sanded surfaces with a clean,
damp sponge.
Tape any areas that you don't want to get pain on with blue painter's tape.
Cover the bottom portion of the paint tray with primer. Do not overfill the tray to the point that the angled
part of the tray with ridges is covered with primer.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

SURFACE PREPARATION ON EXTERIOR WALLS :

Surface preparation is important because it directly affects the surface finish of the paint. It is not only critical in
getting good results; it actually helps save time and makes the painting exercise economical. It is said that the most
expensive paint, the finest brush and best painting technique cannot compensate for a poor surface preparation.

During the surface preparation exercise it is recommended that you wear safety goggles and a mask to avoid being exposed to
unnecessary dust. Some items that you would require are Paint Scrapper, Putty knife, Sand paper, Sanding Block, Cloth, little
water and a stiff brush.

Use a paint scrapper, a putty knife or a sand paper to remove loose particles or flakes and ensure that the
surface is free from dust, dirt, grease etc. For lime wash coated walls it is suggested that you scrape it off using a
Paint Scrapper or even sand paper. For oil-base painted walls you can remove the gloss by sanding as well. Ensure
that all flaking paint is also removed and what paint is left adheres tightly to the wall.
Be careful on wood siding to avoid gouging the wood with a scrapper.
Patching cracks - Dig out the cracks with the help of a screw driver to remove all loose material and fill them with
plaster or putty mixture. When dry, smooth the surface with the help of a 220 grade sanding paper.
Patching Holes – Dig out the holes a little to remove loose material and patch up all the holes using plaster,
putty or lightweight spackle.
Remove patches, mildews - If painting over a previous coat of paint, one must remove any mildew with a mild
solution of bleach and water in a one-to-four ratio or with the help of a mildew cleaner.
After all scrapping and patching it is advisable to sand the entire surface. An 80 grit sandpaper would be ideal.
Take care to start sanding only when all the patching has dried.
First Primer Coat :
Primer coat is essential, especially when the walls to be painted are stained, porous, has water damage or mildew; or when
we are painting a light colour over a dark colour or vice versa. Primers help provide a smooth surface, making the surface less
absorbent, thus increasing the spreading capacity of the paint. Using primer on the kitchen, bathroom and exterior walls is
especially important to aid in the prevention of mildew.

Primer helps give uniform colour and texture to the finished paint, and provide better adhesion to the top coats. The type of
primer used is also dependent on the kind of surface to be painted, i.e. different primers exist for interior walls, exterior walls,
wood, metals etc.

Apply the first coat and allow it to dry before application of putty coat (if required) or paint coat.

Putty Coat :
Putties are generally used in the case of fresh painting or walls that require total overhauling just like fresh walls, they may
not be used for repainting or touch up exercises.

Wall putty should be applied to walls after first primer coat has dried. It will fill in minor cracks and surface imperfections, and
provide a protective sub-layer for the expensive paint. As per the requirement 1-2 coats of putty can be applied, but do allow the
previous coat to dry before applying subsequent coat.

Second Primer Coat :

Generally repainting services require a single coat of primer, but for fresh surfaces or the surfaces that need considerable
levelling and removal of undulations, two primer coats are required. Care must be taken that the second primer coat be applied
only after the putty coat(s) has dried completely.

Finish Coat :
Generally two coats of finish coat are required to get the desired finish and colour. It is important that each coat must be
completely dry before the application of next one. Please refer to the instructions with the paint purchased for finding out drying
time and special instructions if any.
Exterior Painting Process :
Exterior house painting may seem similar to the interior wall painting exercise but some critical differences exist between
them. Preparing and maintaining exterior surfaces is considerably different than preparing indoor surfaces where weather
damage and wear and tear is generally not a concern. Thus, exterior house painting preparation requires more effort and time.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

Apply paint to the wall in a large "W" shape, approximately 3 feet (0.9 m) by 3 feet (.91 m by .91 m).
Remove the painter's tape. Do this while the paint is still damp to prevent pulling any dried paint off the wall with the tape.
Paint the trim. Once the walls are completely dry, paint the trim using a wide, straight-edge brush for the larger sections.

Interior paints are designed to withstand abrasion.

Exterior paints are designed to be applied to stucco and other exterior surfaces with the intent to withstand sun,
wind, water and mildew. This is done by increasing the amount of resin and pigment in the paint as well as using
more resilient additives.

SURFACE PREPARATION OF INTERIOR WALLS

As with interior painting, surface preparation is a very important activity that will directly affect the end result of your
painting exercise. It is not only critical in getting good results; it actually helps save time and makes the painting exercise
economical. Preparing proper surface can be considered as a make or break job because even the best paint will not
adhere properly on the walls if they are dirty, wet or loose.

During the surface preparation exercise it is recommended that you wear safety goggles and a mask to avoid being
exposed to unnecessary dust. Some items that you would require are Paint Scrapper, Putty knife, Sand paper, Sanding
Block, Cloth, little water and a stiff brush.

Be careful on wood siding to avoid gouging the wood with a scrapper.

Patching cracks - Dig out the cracks with the help of a screw driver to remove all loose material and fill
them with plaster or putty mixture. When dry, smooth the surface with the help of a 220 grade sanding paper.
Patching Holes – Dig out the holes a little to remove loose material and patch up all the holes using
plaster, putty or lightweight spackle.
Remove patches, mildews - If painting over a previous coat of paint, one must remove any mildew with a
mild solution of bleach and water in a one-to-four ratio or with the help of a mildew cleaner.
After all scrapping and patching it is advisable to sand the entire surface. An 80 grit sandpaper would be
ideal. Take care to start sanding only when all the patching has dried.
Now wash the whole house with water to remove dirt grease or any loose flaking paint.

Start the painting exercise only when the wall is completely dry.

First Primer Coat :

Primer coat is essential, especially when the walls to be painted are stained, porous, has water damage or mildew; or
when we are painting a light colour over a dark colour or vice versa. Primers help provide a smooth surface, making the
surface less absorbent, thus increasing the spreading capacity of the paint.

Primer helps give uniform colour and texture to the finished paint, and provide better adhesion to the top coats. Choose
Primer to the kind of paint you are using, primarily consider their demarcation for oil-based and latex paints.

Apply the first coat and allow it to dry before application of putty coat (if required) or paint coat.

Putty Coat :
Putties are generally used in the case of fresh painting or walls that require total overhauling just like fresh walls, they
may not be used for repainting or touch up exercises.

Wall putty should be applied to walls after first primer coat has dried. It will fill in minor cracks and surface imperfections,
and provide a protective sub-layer for the expensive paint. As per the requirement 1-2 coats of putty can be applied, but
do allow the previous coat to dry before applying subsequent coat
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

Second Primer Coat :

Generally repainting services require a single coat of primer, but for fresh surfaces or the surfaces that need considerable
levelling and removal of undulations, two primer coats are required. Care must be taken that the second primer coat be
applied only after the putty coat(s) has dried completely.

Finish Coat :

Generally two coats of finish coat are required to get the desired finish and colour. It is important that each coat must be
completely dry before the application of next one. Please refer to the instructions with the paint purchased for finding out drying
time and special instructions if any.
Wood Painting Process :
Painting wood is a tricky exercise and a little different to painting walls. Wood surfaces acts like sponge and have an ability
to soak the paint applied, thus the entire process demands special preparation of the surface. But the little effort is worth the
reward, because a well painted wooden surface can totally transform the look and appeal of the room.

SURFACE PREPARATION OF METALS:

It is strongly recommended that metal surfaces should not be painted without proper surface preparation. Paint does not
stay on galvanized steel, tin or aluminium if the surface is not adequately cleaned and prepared.

During the surface preparation exercise it is recommended that you wear safety goggles and a mask to avoid being exposed
to unnecessary dust. Sand paper, Sanding Block, Cloth, little water and a stiff brush should be kept handy for the exercise.

Remove traces of oil and grease by cleaning with mineral spirits.

Any rust should be completely removed with Rust Remover paint, because paint
does not adhere well on rusted surfaces.
If required use a Paste Filler to correct dents and surface imperfections.
Rough up the surface with coarse grade sandpaper or a wire brush. Wipe down with
a damp cloth or sponge to remove all traces of dust. Sanding will also help adhesion of
the paint.

Primer Coat :

Primer coat plays a very important role on metal surfaces because metals are usually not friendly to paint coat and it is
difficult for the paint to hold on to the metal surface. Coating the clean bare metal with primer enhances the holding ability of the
surface. Some primers have rust inhibitive properties and are useful to prolong the life of the product. Primers are also essential
when we are painting a light colour over a dark colour or vice versa. They help give uniform colour and texture to the finished
paint, and provide better adhesion to the top coats.

Depending on the type of metal being painted, a suitable primer must be selected.

Generally 1-2 coats are required. Take care to apply primer on a clean and dry surface and allow the coat to dry before
application of the next coat. For smoother finish sanding can be done with emery paper no. 320 before applying successive
coat.

Finish Coat :

Generally two coats of finish coat are required to get the desired finish and colour. It is also important that each coat must be
completely dry before the application of next one. Please refer to the instructions with the paint purchased for finding out drying
time and special properties if any.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

Thinner can be used as per the requirements of the job. Also if two coats are applied, sanding with emery paper grade 400 is
advisable before application of second coat.

PAINTING ON NEW WOOD WORK:

Normally four coats of paint are required for new woodwork. The process of painting is carried out as follows

Unfinished Wood :

These have never been painted before. Thus they do not require as much careful washing as painted wood.

Start by gently sanding the unfinished wood surface to remove any splinters or small imperfections.
Wipe unfinished wood with a slightly damp cloth to remove any sawdust or grit that remains on the
surface. Apply knotting if needed.
Fill all holes and imperfections with a suitable wood filler.

Painted Wood :

To prepare the surface of painted wood, start by washing the surface with soap and water, followed by
thorough rinsing with clear water to remove any remaining dirt, grease or residue.
Gently sand the dry surface to buff away any loose chips of paint. Take care to sand the surface along the
direction of the grain.

Wipe the surface down with a damp rag or cloth to carry away any dislodged chips
or splinters.
Fill all holes and imperfections with a suitable wood filler. After drying the excess lumps should be
removed by strokes along the grain pattern. Sand again to level all undulations and clean the surface with a
cloth.

Varnished Wood :
Varnished surface require a bit more vigorous sanding than unfinished wood, or painted wood surfaces.

Start preparing the wood surface by washing, rinsing and drying the varnished wood surface in a similar
way as done for painted wood.
Rough sanding will degloss the varnished surface, scoring and making it slightly uneven so that the primer
can grab firmly on the surface.
Further sand the deglossed area and wipe down with a damp cloth to remove the gritty, dislodged scraps
of varnish.
Fill all holes and imperfections with a suitable wood filler.

Primer Coat :
Primer coat is essential for the paint to stick well on the wooden surface. Correct primer is vital for a smooth, long lasting and
elegant finish. Primers help make the surface less absorbent, thus increasing the spreading capacity of the paint. They also
give uniform colour and texture to the finished paint, and provide better adhesion to the top coats.

Apply the primer on the surface of the wood just as you would apply paint. After application allow the primer to dry for 6-8
hours. Remember that depending on the colour of the original wood and the colour of the new paint, two coats of primer may be
necessary. Apply the second coat exactly like the first and then leave it to dry for another 6-8 hours.

It is important to select the primer which is complementary to the finish coat product selected.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

Finish Coat :
Wood finishes are generally categorized as Clear or Opaque finishes.

OpaqueFinishes:
For Opaque finishes you can choose traditional enamels (J&N’s Brolac Polyurethane Enamel, Umbrella Synthetic Enamel and
Pearl Lustre are in this category).

You can brush paint or spray the enamel on to the primed wooden surface.

But care must be taken that sufficient time is provided for the enamel paint to dry out. Depending on the requirement 1-2 coats
of paint can be applied, but given sufficient time for the first coat to dry completely.

After allowing the paint to dry, it is advisable to paint all horizontal surfaces with a polyurethane finish to protect the surfaces
from wear and tear.

ClearFinishes:
Opaque Finish requires different category of paints (J&N’s Wood Glow Melamyne, J&N’s Wood Glow N.C. Glossy Lacquer).
They can also be applied directly by brush or sprayed onto the surface. Again care must be taken to allow complete drying of a
coat before another coat can be applied. Use 1-2 coats as per you requirement.

After allowing the paint to dry, it is advisable to paint all horizontal surfaces with a polyurethane finish to protect the surfaces
from wear and tear.

Metal Painting Process :

Metal surfaces exposed of variations in temperature and moisture tend to rust and wear out with time. It is strongly advised
to paint the surfaces to protect and prolong the life of the surface. It is essential that the paint system must completely isolate air
and water contact to the metal surface.
General Preparation :

Thoroughly inspect to identify areas of rusts, damage, stains etc to be taken care of in the painting
process.
Cover the floor with newspapers or plastic near the surface to be painted to avoid unnecessary splatter on
floors and walls.
Ensure that the metal surface is clean and dry.
The painting should be executed in a place that is well ventilated.
Prepare a trash can lined with plastic bag to throw the wastes.

2. Repainting old woodwork:

If the paint on the old woodwork has cracked or has developed blisters, it is to be removed. If the surface has
become greasy, it should be cleaned by rubbing down sand-paper or fine pumice stone. The old paint can also be
removed by applying any one of the following two paint solvents:

A solution containing 2 N of caustic soda to a litre of water is prepared and used to wash the surface. The paint
dissolves and the surface becomes clean.
A mixture consisting of one part of soft soap and two parts of potash is prepared and one part of quicklime is then
added after wards. The mixture is applied on the surface.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

3. Galvanized ironwork:

As the paint will not adhere to their surface of galvanized ironwork, some treatment is to be given to the surface
before a priming coat is applied. It is a general rule not to paint to galvanized iron work until it has been exposed to
weather for a period of one year or so. However, if it is necessary to paint new galvanized ironwork, any one of the
following tow solutions is applied on the surface:

A solution containing 0.04 N of copper aceteate to a liter of water.

A solution containing 0.13 N each of muriatic acid, copper chloride, copper nitrate and sal-ammoniac to a litre of
soft water. This much quantity of solution will cover an area of about 250 to 300 m2.
The solution is taken in a glass vessel or earthenware vessel. This will prevent the precipitation of copper salts.
When the solution is applied on the galvanized iron work, the surface is turned black and after a period of about 12
hours, the coat of paint may be applied on the surface.
Alternately, a wash of washing soda or zinc sulphate may be given on the surface and when it dries, a priming coat
of red lead mixed with linseed oil and turpentine may be applied on the surface. When priming coat dries, a suitable
paint may be applied on the surface.

4. Metals:
The surface of the metal to be painted should be clean and free from dirt, grease, etc. It should be such as to
provide key for the paint. Depending upon the nature of metal, suitable paint is selected. Depending upon the nature of
metal, suitable paint is selected. For instance, the priming coat for aluminium surface should be of zinc chromate and
that for zinc surface, it should be of zinc oxide.

WHITE WASHING, COLORWASHING,

DISTEMPERING AND PAINTING OF BUILDINGS
According to the nature of the surface and the finishing required, the final finishing of
all surfaces such as walls, ceilings, woodwork and metal work,the surface should be
coated with paint or varnish or distemper, etc.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

The paints are coatings of
fluid materials and they are
applied over the surfaces of
timber and metals.
The varnishes are The distempers are applied
transparent or nearly over the plastered
transparent solutions of surfaces.
resinous materials and they
are applied over the
painted surfaces.

The protective power granted by the application of paints, varnishes and distempers
decreases with the passage of time and hence they are to be periodically applied at the
intervals of about 1 to 5 years.

WHITE WASHING
The fresh lime is slaked at site of work and mixed thoroughly with sufficient quantity
of water in a tub. It is then screened through a clean cloth. The clan gum dissolved in
hot water is then added at the rate of 20 N per m3 of lime. The rice may be used in place of
gum.

The surface to be whitewashed should be cleaned before the work is started.

For renovations, the old loose whitewash is to be first removed and repairing to the
plaster is carried out, if necessary.

The lime is toxic for germs. It reflects light and thus it increases the brightness of the
surface.

Uses:-

The whitewashing therefore is extensively used for interior wall surfaces and ceilings of
houses and for exterior wall surfaces also.

A satisfactory work gives an opaque smooth surface with uniform white color and does
not readily come off on the hand, when rubbed.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

COLORWASHING
This is prepared by adding the coloring pigment to the screened whitewash. It should
be seen that the coloring pigment is not affected by the presence of lime. Ordinarily, the
yellow earth is popular of colorwashing.

The mixture is to be kept constantly stirred during use.

The colorwash is applied in the same fashion as the whitewash.

Uses:-

Generally, the walls are colorwashed and ceilings are whitewashed. A satisfactory work
does not give out powder when the finished surface is rubbed with the fingers.

The process of colorwashing imparts cleanliness and pleasant appearance of the surfaces
which are treated.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

DISTEMPERING
The main object of applying distemper to the plastered surfaces is to create a smooth
surface. The distempers are available in the market under different trade names. They are
cheaper than paints and varnishes and they a present a neat appearance. They are
available in a variety of colors.

Ingredients of a distemper

A distemper is composed of base, carrier, coloring pigments and size. For base, the whiting or chalk is used
and for carrier, the water is used.

Thus it is more or less a paint in which whiting or chalk is used as base instead of whit lead and the water is used as
carrier instead of linseed oil.

The distempers are available In powder form or paste form. They are to be mixed with hot water before use.
The oil-bound distempers are a variety of an oil paint in which the drying oil is so treated that it mixes with
water. The emulsifying agent which is commonly used is glue or casein.

As the water dries, the oil makes a hard surface which is washable.

PROPERTIES OF DISTEMPERS:
1. On drying, the film of distemper shrinks. Hence it leads to cracking and flaking, if the surface to receive distemper is
weak.
2. The coatings of distemper are usually thick and they are more brittle than other types of water paints.
3. The film developed by distemper is porous in character and it allows water vapor to pass through it. Hence it
permits new walls to dry out without damaging the distemper film.
4. They are generally light I color and they provide a good reflective coating.
5. They are less durable than oil paints.
6. They are treated as water paints and they are easy to apply.
7. They can be applied on brickwork, cement plastered surface, lime plastered surface, insulating boards, etc.
8. They exhibit poor workability.
9. They prove to be unsatisfactory n damp locations such as kitchen, bathroom, etc.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

VARNISH
Varnish is a solution of resin in either oil, turpentine or alcohol. It dries after applying, leaving a hard,

transparent and glossy film of resin over the varnished surface.

Varnish is applied TO:-

1) to the painted surface to increase its brilliance and to protect it from the atmospheric action and

(2) to the unpainted wooden surface with a view to brighten the ornamental appearance of the grains of wood.

COMPOSITION OF VARNISHES:

The ingredients of varnish are:

1. Resins

2. Solvents

3. Driers

(i) Resins

Commonly used resins are copal mastic, amber gum and lac. Quantity of varnish depends much upon the quality of

resin used. Copal is considered to be the best, toughest, hardest and is very durable for external work.

(ii) Solvents
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

These must suit the resins used. Boiled linseed oil us used to dissolve copal or amber, turpentine oil for common resin

or mastic, methylated spirit for lac. Wood naphtha, because of its offensive smell is not suited for superior works and is

used only for cheap varnish.

(iii) Driers

These should be added only in small quantities as an excessive injures varnish and impairs its durability. Litharge or

lead acetate are the commonly used driers in varnish added to accelerate drying process.

THE QUALITIES OF GOOD VARNISH

1. It should be dry quickly

2. On drying it should form a hard, tough and durable film.

3. It should have good weathering properties, resist abrasion and wear well.

4. It should be able to retain its colour and shine.

5. It should be uniform and pleasant looking on drying.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF VARNISHES:

Based on the different solvents used, varnishes are classified under the following categories:

1. OIL VARNISH

These are made by dissolving hard resins like amber or copal in oil.

They are slow to dry but are hardest and most durable of all varnishes. There are suited for being used on

exposed surfaces requiring polishing or frequent cleaning and for superior works.

2. TURPENTINE VARNISH

These are made from soft resins like mastic, common resin is dissolved in turpentine oil.

3. SPIRIT VARNISH
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

Varnishes in which spirit is used as a solvent as known as spirited varnish or FRENCH POLISH. Shellac is

dissolved in spirit and the product is applied in a thin layer.

This varnish gives a transparent finish thus showing the grains of the timber. These however, do not weather well

and as such are used for polishing wood work not exposed to weather.

4. WATER VARNISH

They consists of lac dissolved in hot water with borax, ammonia, potash or soda just enough to dissolve the lac.

Varnish so made withstands washing. It is used for painting wall paper and for delicate work.

PROCESS OF VARNISHING

Clean and dry surface of wood work is given a cost of thin and clear hot solution of glue to which a little brown earth

and ochre is added if the wood is of oily nature and the varnish does not dry on it. It is rubbed down smooth and is

second coat of thin clean glue with necessary quantity of burnt sienna is applied. It is rubbed with fine sand paper and a

coat of varnish is then applied to the surface. Second coat of varnish should be applied when the firs one has dries and

rubbed down smooth with sand paper.

FRENCH POLISH OR SPIRIT VARNISH WAX POLISH

It is prepared by dissolving pure shellac varying from Two parts of bees wax are mixed in two parts of boiled

pale orange to lemon yellow in colour and free from resin linseed oil over a slow fire. When dissolved, one part of

or dirt, in methylated spirit at the rate of 0.15 kg of the turpentine oil is added to it. The mixture is rubbed

shellac per liter of spirit. It may be coloured by adding into the pores of wood with cotton pad.

some pigments. The solution is then strained through a

double thickness of coarse muslin.

It dries quicker and becomes harder and more On rubbing, wax leaves a dull polish on surface which is

brilliant than turpentine varnish but cracks and scale off. far superior, more durable and takes longer to

It does not withstand weathering and is used only for accomplish than the French polish. Rubbing is continued

superior wood work not subjected to the vagaries of till the desired finish is obtained.

weather.
 DEFINITION, TYPES, USES & APPLICATION

Before applying French polish the surface is cleaned Brisk rubbing give bright surface. For good finish,

of dust. It is then coated with filler made by mixing normally three applications are required. Surface to be

250gms of whiting in one liter of methylated spirit. A polished should be absolutely clean.

suitable pigment like burnt sienna or umber if required

may be added as otherwise the French polish will get

absorbed and a good gloss will be difficult to obtain.

A pad of woolen cloth is wrapped in a fine cloth and

used for applying the polish. The pad is moistened with

the polish and rubbed hard on the surface to be polished.

The polish is used sparingly but uniformly on the surface.

Rubbing is done in a series of overlapping circles. A

trace of linseed oil on the pad facilitates this operation.

Subsequent coats are applied after the previous one has

dried. The finishing coat is applied with the pad

moistened with methylated spirit and rubbing the surface

lightly and quickly to give the surface a uniform texture

and high gloss.