INVITES YOU TO

Structural Steelwork
Design to Eurocode 3
A SERIES OF 8 WEBINARS

in association with
The Steel Construction Institute, UK
The webinar series will cover:

1. Feb 6th
Eurocode introduction
Sessions will be held
2. Feb 13th 12:30-13:30 hrs weekly.
Actions and combinations of
actions to EN 1990 Starting Feb 6th
3. Feb 20th ending 27th Mar 2019
Imperfections and frame stability

4. Feb 27th
Steel material and cross
section resistance
1 PDU
5. Mar 6th
Axial compression
POINT PER
WEBINAR
6. Mar 13th
Beams; restrained and unrestrained

7. Mar 20th Register Here

Combined axial load and bending For any queries call:
Neil Akowa +254 703 030000
8. Mar 27th
Connections to EN 1993-1-8

© The Steel Construction Institute 2019

For content/speaker details of each webinar click here
 Actions and
combinations of actions
David Brown

EN 1991 – Actions
EN 1990 – Basis of Design
 Actions from the EN 1991 suite (plus NA)
 Combinations of actions from EN 1990
• Serviceability Limit State (SLS) (plus NA)
• Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

© The Steel Construction Institute 2019

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 EN 1991 – characteristic actions
 “Characteristic”
• “unfactored”
• 1 in 50 year event

 Permanent actions are:

• G (point) or g (distributed)
 Variable actions are:
• Q (point) or q (distributed)

EN 1991
 1991-1-1 Densities. self-weight.
imposed loads for buildings
 1991-1-2 Structures exposed to fire
 1991-1-3 Snow loads
 1991-1-4 Wind actions
 1991-1-7 Accidental actions

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 1991-1-1
 Imposed floor loads (q)

Bedrooms 1.5 – 2.0 kN/m2

General offices 2.5 kN/m2
Large crowds 5.0 kN/m2
Retail areas 4.0 kN/m2

Partitions
 Traditionally 1 kN/m2
 In 1991-1-1 for moveable partitions

Partition weight Allowance

≤ 1kN/m 0.5 kN/m2
≤ 2kN/m 0.8 kN/m2
≤ 3kN/m 1.2 kN/m2

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 Reduction by area
 As long as loads are from a single
category. a reduction factor. A in UK NA
A
 A  1.0  but  0.75
1000

 (useful up to 250 m2)

Reduction by number of storeys

 a reduction factor. n in UK NA

n
1≤n≤5 1.1 
10
6 ≤ n ≤ 10 0.6
10 < n 0.5

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 Reduction factor for storeys
1.2

1
Reduction factor

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Storeys

Imposed loads on roofs

Roof slope.  qk (kN/m2)

 < 30° 0.6
30° ≤  < 60° 0.6 (60 - )/30
 > 60° 0.0

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 Snow loads and wind actions
 Country specific – look in the National
Annex

Snow
 Not a normal load in Kenya?

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 Snow load in UK
 A uniform case. typically 0.4 – 0.6 kN/m2
 A shape factor that depends on the roof
slope – typically 0.8

 So a typical uniform snow load is

0.32 – 0.48 kN/m2
(compare with imposed load of 0.6 kN/m2)

Snow load in UK
 Drifted conditions
• Roof valleys
• Behind parapets
• Low roof adjacent a higher roof (snow blown
off)

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 Drifted snow
 Usually an accidental condition
• A reduced probability. reflected in lower load
factors

Wind actions
 Wind speeds from the National Annex…

 But what is
used in Kenya?

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 Wind speeds in Kenya

Wind speeds in Kenya

usual to use
28 m/s in Kenya?

 Eurocode is based on the 10 minute mean

Factor the hourly by 1.06 for use with EN

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 Wind actions
 Calculation of a pressure
 Coefficients for external pressures
 Coefficients for internal pressures
• (very similar to BS 6399)

Disproportionate collapse
 Providing a building with an acceptable
level of robustness to sustain localised
failure without a disproportionate level of
collapse
 Sufficient robustness to survive a
reasonable range of undefined accidental
actions.

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 Ronan Point
 23 storey precast
panel construction
 Newham. London
 1968
 Gas explosion on 18th
floor
 Progressive
Disproportionate
collapse

Avoidance of Disproportionate Collapse

 Building Classification (size and use)

• Class 1
• Class 2A (Lower risk group)
• Class 2B (Upper risk group)
• Class 3

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 Class 1
 Houses  4 storeys
 Agricultural buildings
 Buildings which people rarely enter
 If not too close to other buildings

Class 2A

Hotels  4 storeys Offices  4 storeys

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 Class 2B

Hotels  15 storeys Office  15 storeys

Class 2B

Car park  6 storeys Hospital  3 storeys

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 Class 3

Offices > 15 storeys Public > 5000 m2

Class 3

Grandstands > 5.000 Hazardous process / substance

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 Robustness rules
 Horizontal tying
 Vertical tying
• Tying is not simultaneous with normal design
loads

 Limiting the area of collapse

 Design of key elements

Horizontal ties
 Connections must transfer a horizontal
force (tying), as well as the vertical shear
 Tying is 75 kN minimum
 Tying force might be 70% of the shear…
 These forces are not
simultaneous

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 Horizontal ties
 Prevent the columns being removed – by
an unidentified incident
• Maintains the support for floors above

Shear and tying resistance

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 Vertical tying
 Affects splices
 Splices must carry tension, assuming a
column below is lost

Other strategies
 Limit the area of collapse

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 Other strategies
 Design as a “key element”
 Loading is 34 kN/m2

 Recognise that some building components

(cladding, windows etc) will be removed
• A nominal 1m strip remains?

EN 1990 Combinations of actions

© The Steel Construction Institute 2019

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 Actions (or loads)
 Dead loads  Permanent actions (G or g)
 Live loads  Variable actions (Q or q)
4 types of variable actions:
• Characteristic value: Qk
• Combination value: 0Qk
• Frequent value: 1Qk
• Quasi-permanent value: 2Qk
The selection of which  is specified in the text

Representative values of actions

action
Characteristic: Qk

Combination: 0Qk

Frequent: 1Qk

Quasi-permanent: 2Qk

time

© The Steel Construction Institute 2019

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 Combination factors.  (“psi”)
(Table NA.A1.1)

0 1 2
Residential. Office 0.7 0.5 0.3
Shopping 0.7 0.7 0.6
Storage 1.0 0.9 0.8
Roof 0.7 0 0
Snow (up to 1000m) 0.5 0.2 0
Wind 0.5 0.2 0
Temperature 0.6 0.5 0

ULS: Common combinations of actions

2 options:
a) Equation 6.10 - or
b) Most onerous of 6.10a and 6.10b

Choice permitted (or not) by the NA –

Either is allowed in the UK

6.10 will be conservative

© The Steel Construction Institute 2019

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 ULS: Basic combination of actions
Equation 6.10

G,jGk,j “+” Q,1Qk,1

Permanent Leading
variable

Factors on actions
 From the National Annex:

• Permanent actions G = 1.35

• Variable actions Q = 1.5

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 ULS: Basic combination of actions
Equation 6.10

1.35×Gk “+” 1.5×Qk

Permanent Leading
variable

ULS: Multiple variable actions

Equation 6.10

1.35×Gk “+” 1.5×Qk “+” Q,iψ0,iQk,i

Permanent Leading Other variable
variable actions

1.35×Gk “+” 1.5×Qk “+” 1.5×ψ0,iQk,i

Permanent Leading Other variable actions
variable

0 is associated with the type of action

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 Combination factors.  (“psi”)
(Table NA.A1.1)

0 1 2
Residential. Office 0.7 0.5 0.3
Shopping 0.7 0.7 0.6
Storage 1.0 0.9 0.8
Roof 0.7 0 0
Snow (up to 1000m) 0.5 0.2 0
Wind 0.5 0.2 0
Temperature 0.6 0.5 0

Factors using equation 6.10

Variable Variable Variable

Permanent
(floor) (wind) (snow)

1.35 1.5 0.75 0.75

(1.5 x 0.5) (1.5 x 0.5)

1.35 1.05 1.5 0.75

(1.5 x 0.7) (1.5 x 0.5)

1.35 1.05 0.75 1.5

(1.5 x 0.7) (1.5 x 0.5)

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 ULS: Common combinations of actions
Equation 6.10
6.10
G,jGk,j “+” Q,1Qk,1 “+” Q,iψ0,iQk,i
Permanent Leading Other variable
variable actions
Equations 6.10a and 6.10b
6.10a
G,jGk,j “+” Q,1ψ0,1Qk,1 “+” Q,iψ0,iQk,i
 <1, so the result is lower than 6.10

ULS: Common combinations of actions

Equation 6.10
6.10
G,jGk,j “+” Q,1Qk,1 “+” Q,iψ0,iQk,i
Permanent Leading Other variable
variable actions
Equations 6.10a and 6.10b
6.10a

6.10b
jG,jGk,j “+” Q,1Qk,1 “+” Q,iψ0,iQk,i
 = 0.925, so the result is lower than 6.10

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 Example 1
 Floor load
• Permanent = 3 kN/m2
• Variable = 2.5 kN/m2

 BS 5950:
1.4 × 3 + 1.6 × 2.5 = 8.2 kN/m2

Example 1
 Eurocode, 6.10
1.35 × 3 + 1.5 × 2.5 = 7.8 kN/m2 (-5%)

 Eurocode, 6.10a
1.35 × 3 + 1.5 × 0.7 × 2.5 = 6.7 kN/m2
 Eurocode, 6.10b
1.35 × 0.925 × 3 + 1.5 × 2.5 = 7.5 kN/m2 (-9%)

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 Example 2
 Roof load
• Permanent = 0.2 kN/m2
• Snow = 0.6 kN/m2
• Wind = 0.15 kN/m2 (downward)

 BS 5950:
1.2 × 0.2 + 1.2 × 0.6 + 1.2 × 0.15 = 1.14 kN/m2

Example 2
 Eurocode, 6.10
(1) Snow as the leading action
1.35 × 0.2 + 1.5 × 0.6 + 1.5 × 0.5 × 0.15
= 1.28 kN/m2
 (2) Wind as the leading action
1.35 × 0.2 + 1.5 × 0.15 + 1.5 × 0.5 × 0.6
= 0.95 kN/m2

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 Eurocode actions
 Design vertical actions are reduced
• 1.4 G + 1.6 Q in BS 5950
• 1.35 G + 1.5 Q in BS EN 1990 (Exp 6.10)
• 1.25 G + 1.5 Q in BS EN 1990 (Exp 6.10b)

 Design wind actions increase

• 1.4 W in BS 5950 (or 1.2 W)
• 1.5 W in BS EN 1990

SLS load combinations

 3 different SLS load combinations
• Characteristic
• Frequent
• Quasi-permanent

© The Steel Construction Institute 2019

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 SLS load combinations
Characteristic
G k ,j "  " P "  " Q k ,1 "  "  0 ,i Q k ,i (Eq 6.14b)
j 1 i 1

Frequent
G k ,j "  " P "  "  1, 1Q k , 1 "  "  2 ,i Q k ,i (Eq 6.15b)
j 1 i 1

Quasi-permanent
G k ,j ""P ""  2 ,i Q k ,i (Eq 6.16b)
j 1 i 1

SLS
 Deflections defined in each material code
• Consult the National Annex

 UK National Annex:
• Use the characteristic combination
• Permanent loads need not be included

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 SLS load combinations: UK NA
Characteristic
G
j 1
k, j "" P "" Qk ,1 "" 
i 1
0 ,i Qk ,i

Qk ,1 "" 
i 1
0 ,i Qk ,i UK NA

so deflections are checked against the

unfactored variable actions

Deflection limits
 The same as BS 5950:
• Vertical:

© The Steel Construction Institute 2019

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 Deflection limits
 The same as BS 5950:
• Out-of-plumb:

And finally
 Any comments. or corrections – please
send to me (via education@steel-sci.com)

 If I have received any questions. I will try

and answer them!

© The Steel Construction Institute 2019

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 Next week
 Imperfections and frame stability

SCI is the leading. independent provider of technical

expertise and disseminator of best practice to the steel
construction sector. We work in partnership with clients.
members and industry peers to help build businesses
and provide competitive advantage through the
commercial application of our knowledge. We are
committed to offering and promoting sustainable and
environmentally responsible solutions.

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