EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

CE6411
 Course Outline
DESCRIPTION
Plate Tectonics; Measuring systems; Response
characteristics; Historical earthquakes;
Hazard analysis; Site characterization; Codes;
Lifeline Engineering; Earthquake
management; Case studies
GRADING
The final grades for the course will be based
on the following percentages:
Attendance: 10%
Assignment: 30% =Total 100%
Final Exam 60%
 Topic I
Engineering Seismology
Earthquake Engineering Deals with:
Seismology
Seismic Environment

Need from consultants

 Information engineers require

Faulting
Examples of Faulting
Ground uplift along the fault in the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake
Plate Tectonics
Convection Currents in Mantle
Plate Tectonics: The crust in motion
Spreading Ridge Boundaries
 Regional Tectonic

Generalized tectonic map of

India’s northward drift Bangladesh and adjoining areas
Molnar & Tapponier (1975) (GSB, 1991)
Elastic Rebound Theory of Earthquakes
Elastic Rebound Theory of Earthquakes
Idealized Model
of Earthquake
Source
Faults
Fault Types
Earthquake Waves
Earthquake Waves
Earthquake Waves
Location of Earthquakes
 Magnitude and Intensity
Magnitude is directly related to energy
release due to plate movement. It has a
unique value for an earthquake.
It varies from 1 to 10.
Intensity is related to human feelings,
behavior of secondary structures and
structural behavior. It has different
values at different locations for a
particular earthquake.
It varies from I to XII.
 Magnitude and Intensity of Some
Historical Earthquakes in Bangladesh
Event Name M IDhaka Distance

1869 Cachar 7.5 V 250 km

1885 Bengal 7.0 VII 170 km
1897 Great Indian 8.7 VIII+ 230 km
8.0 Ambraseys, 2000
1918 Srimangal 7.6 VI 150 km
1930 Dhubri 7.1 V+ 250 km

Trifunac and Brady (1975): log (PGA) =0.014+0.3*I

 EMS VIII
a) Many people find it difficult to stand, even
outdoors.
b) Furniture may be overturned. Waves may be
seen on very soft ground.
c) Many buildings of class B (Unreinforced
brick) and a few of class C (Unreinforced
with RC floors/Frame with no
antiseismic design) suffer damage of
grade 3.
Many buildings of class A (Mud house) and
a few of class B suffer damage of grade 4; a
few buildings of class A suffer damage of
grade 5.
VULNERABILITY TABLE
DAMAGE GRADE

Grade 1

Grade 2

Grade 3

Grade 4

Grade 5
 Intensity Distribution of 1897 Great Indian Earthquake

Area of extensive damage

to
masonry buildings

MS = 8.7
I0 = X
IDhaka = VIII
IMymensingh = IX
 DAMAGE DUE TO
HISTORICAL & RECENT
EARTHQUAKES
DAMAGE DUE TO 1918 SRIMANGAL EARTHQUAKE
TEA FACTORY AT DOLOI MS : 7.6
BRICK MASONRY
BUNGALOW AT PUTIACHARA
BAMBOO

Intensity: VIII Intensity: VIII

Vulnerability: B Vulnerability: D
Grade: 5 Grade: 2
DAMAGE DUE TO 1999 MOHESKHALI EARTHQUAKE
MS : 5.2
CCDB CYCLONE SHELTER
TYPICAL MUD HOUSE FRAME WITH NO ASD

Intensity: VII Intensity: VII

Vulnerability: A Vulnerability: C
Grade: 4 Grade: 3-4
Richter Magnitude
Richter Magnitude
Estimation of Richter Magnitude (ML)
Surface Wave Magnitude
Surface Wave Magnitude
Body Wave Magnitude
Moment Magnitude
 Comparison of various Energy Release &
Magnitudes Magnitude Correlation

Saturation of the instrumental

scales is indicated by their
flattening at higher magnitudes
 Topic II
Strong Motion Characteristics

Mehedi Ahmed Ansary

National Centre for Earthquake Engineering
(NCEE)
&
Bangladesh Earthquake Society
(BES)
Department of Civil Engineering BUET
Seimograms
Typical Seimograms
 Earthquake Ground Motions (EGM)

Acceleration
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
Velocity PGA
Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) PGV
Displacement
Peak Ground Displacement (PGD)
PGD
EGM Types
Time History
Strong Ground Motion Amplitude Parameters

Strong Motion Processing

 Amplitude Parameters

Integration Differentiation
Peak Acceleration
Response Spectra
Response Spectra
Duration
Magnitude & Distance Effects
Magnitude & Distance Effects
Predictive Relations
Common Forms of Predictive Relationships are
Based on the Following Observations:
Attenuation Relationships
 Topic III
Local Site Effects

Mehedi Ahmed Ansary

National Centre for Earthquake Engineering
(NCEE)
&
Bangladesh Earthquake Society
(BES)
Department of Civil Engineering BUET
Collateral Effects of an Earthquake
•Direct Fault Rupture
•Local Site Effects
•Site Amplification
•Soil Liquefaction
•Permanent Ground Deformation
•Ground Failure
•Transient Ground Deformation
•Site Response
•Landsliding
1D Ground Response Analysis
Soil Profile
Effects of Local Geology
Evidence of Local Site Effects
Evidence of Local Site Effects
Evidence of Local Site Effects
Evidence of Local Site Effects
Evidence of Local Site Effects
Design Response Spectra

BNBC, 1993
 Transfer Function by using program SHAKE
5

Location Soil Type Layer Density Vs EHR

CODE Thickness (m) (kg/m3) (m/s)
EHR Silty clay 13 1600 170
Silty clay 12 1600 300
Dense fine sand 6 1700 380
1
Dense fine sand - 1800 390

Amplitude
Microtremor H/V Ratio
SHAKE Transfer Function

Predominant Frequency=2.8 Hz
Location Soil Type Layer Density Vs Amplitude=2.1
CODE Thickness (m) (kg/m3) (m/s)
0.1
BAD Silty clay 3.5 1600 150 0.5 1 10 20
Clayey silt 4.8 1600 235 Frequency (Hz)
Clayey silt 12.1 1700 245 5
Dense fine sand 10.6 1700 445
BAD
Dense fine sand - 1800 480

Ohta and Goto (1978) Vs = 69 N0.17 D0.2 F1 F2

Amplitude 1
Where,
F1 = 1.0(H) ; F2 = 1.00 (clay)
=1.3(P) = 1.09 (f. sand)
= 1.07 (m. sand)
= 1.14 (c. sand) Predominant Frequency=2.9 Hz
= 1.15 (g. sand)
= 1.45 (gravel) Amplitude=2.05
Tamura and Yamazaki (2002) Vs=105.8 N 0.187D 0.179 0.1
0.5 1 10 20

Frequency (Hz)
Liquefaction Estimation
Rowmari, 1897
Photo of overturned apartment complex buildings in Niigata in 1964
Kandla Port, Bhuj EQ, 2001
 Methods of Estimation
™ Based on Topography
™ Based on field test results such as SPT, CPT, Vs etc.
 Simplified Procedures Based on SPT

For a particular soil layer:

Factor of Safety or FL=R/L;
R is the in-situ resistance of soil expressed by CRR
L is the earthquake load induced by a seismic motion or CSR
 Simplified Procedures
N1=CN*SPT-N; CN correction factor for overburden pressure

R R

N1 N1
rd = (1- 0.015z);
Stress reduction factor
 Liquefaction Potential Index
The PL is given by the following equation (Iwasaki et al., 1982):
20
PL = ∫F(z)w(z)dz
0
where
F(z) = (1-FL) for FL ≤ 1.0
F(z) = 0 for FL > 1.0

w(z) = (10 – 0.5 Z) for z ≤20 m

w(z) = 0 for z >20 m

PL>15 very high possibility of liquefaction

15 >PL> 5 high possibility of liquefaction
5 > PL> 0 low possibility of liquefaction
PL = 0 very low possibility of liquefaction

The value of liquefaction potential, PL indicates that a soil mass is susceptible to

liquefaction if PL > 0. The greater the value of PL, the larger the susceptibility of soil
to liquefy.
Problem for estimating
(a) Liquefaction (FL) at different layers
(b) Liquefaction Potential Index (PL)
For amax=0.24g for a magnitude 8.0 EQ
Countermeasures
 Topic IV
Earthquake Resistant Design of Foundations
Nigata, 1964

Mehedi Ahmed Ansary

National Centre for Earthquake Engineering
(NCEE) &
Bangladesh Earthquake Society
(BES)
Department of Civil Engineering BUET
 Factors affecting the seismic
bearing capacity
™ Transmission of the horizontal base shear from the
structure
™ Earthquake induced overturning moments
™ Resistance to torsional moments
™ Differential settlements
™ Effect of embedment
™ Liquefaction
™ Ground cracks passing through the foundation
™ Large ground displacements
™ Degradation of soil material under cyclic loading
™ Rate of loading affects the soil
 Pseudostatic approach
™ Unsound
™ It uses a reduction coefficient for load eccentricity
and inclination

Qu = 0.5γ(B-2e)NγSγ+SccNc+SqqNq

Dynamic approach
™ Time variation of load
™ inertia forces developed by seismic wave propagation
™ strain rate affects the shear strength of clay (increases)
™ strain rate has no effect on the shear strength of sand
™ For sand liquefaction may occur
 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ON BEARING
CAPACITY OF SOIL
™ The bigger the earthquake, the greater its intensity at a given
spot and the greater the seismic coefficient. Building codes
for seismic areas will give different seismic zone factors for
various categories of risk areas.
™ As an example we may quote Japanese practice regarding
the modification of bearing capacity factors. The general
theory of foundation design determines the ultimate bearing
capacity of ground in relation to Nc , Nq and Nγ , the bearing
capacity factors which are determined in relation to φ , the
angle of shearing resistance.
The equation for the ultimate bearing capacity on the ground, in
terms of unit length of the foundation, is:
Q = B(cNc + γDfNq + 0.5 γBNγ )
Q : bearing capacity of the ground
B : width of foundation
c : cohesion of the soil
γ : mass weight of the soil
Df : depth of the foundation
 In the case of bearing capacity under earthquake these factors
might be modified in accordance with table below:

φ 35 30 25
Seismic coefficient 0 0.2 0.4 0 0.2 0.4 0 0.2 0.4

K
Nc 58 22 12 36 17 9 22 12 6
Nq 43 12 4 22 7 3 12 5 1
Nγ 42 9 2 20 4 1 9 2 0
1 1111111
NB: Original values for K=0 is Terzaghi’s bearing capacity factors

As an example we might consider the bearing capacity of soil in which

c = 200 lbs/ft2, φ = 25o, for a foundation 5 ft. at a depth of 3 ft.
Qstatic = 5(200 x 22 + 112 x 3 x 12 + .5 x 112 x 5 x 9) = 54760 lbs/ft
of foundation length
If the earthquake hazard is such that K=0.2
Qunder earthquake = 5(200 x 12 + 112 x 3 x 5 + .5 x 112 x 5 x 2) = 23200 lbs/ft
of foundation length
So there is clearly a very considerable reduction in the ultimate bearing
capacity of the ground in the event of an earthquake.
 Required Connection among
Column, Footing and Grade Beam
lo or ld = 55d
Hk = clear height of column
S2 ≤ minimum of h/4 or 16d
S3 ≤ h/2
S4 = 75-100 mm
S5 ≤ minimum of bk/2 or 200 mm
S6 = optimum 50 mm
JOINTS SHALL BE FIXED:
• COLUMN - GRADE BEAM
• GRADE BEAM - CAP/FOOTING
• COLUMN - FOOTING
• COLUMN - PILE CAP
• PILE CAP - PILE
Erzican, 1992 Guam, 1993

Northridge, 1994
Iran, 1990
 Northridge, 1994
Northridge, 1994

Kocaeli, 1999: Large silty sand boil in the open space

between the buildings of the Ford-Otosan plant at Gölcük
 Topic V
Seismicity of Bangladesh

Mehedi Ahmed Ansary

National Centre for Earthquake Engineering
(NCEE)
&
Bangladesh Earthquake Society
(BES)
Department of Civil Engineering BUET
Active Faults Surrounding Bangladesh

DHUBRI FAULT
SYSTEM

DAUKI FAULT
SYSTEM

TRIPURA FAULT
BOGRA FAULT SYSTEM
SYSTEM Dhaka
SYLHET FAULT
SYSTEM CHITTAGONG
FAULT SYSTEM
 Seismic Zoning Maps

1935 1972
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD
ANALYSIS
Earthquake Catalogue and Seismic Hazard Analysis Flowchart
EARTHQUAKES

MACROSEISMIC INSTRUMENTAL
INFORMATION INFORMATION
(Literary Sources) (Seismograms)

RELOCATION OF
HYPOCENTRES

MAGNITUDES
INTENSITY
ASSESSMENT

TECTONICS

ISOSEISMAL MAPS

CATALOGUE

SEISMIC
SOURCE ZONES

CALIBRATION OF
HISTORICAL GROUND MOTION
EARTHQUAKES ATTENUATION LAW
INTENSITY
ATTENUATION

SEISMIC HAZARDS
 Earthquake Catalogue
™ An earthquake catalogue forms a valuable input for seismic
hazard assessment and microzonation studies.
™ Critical structures such as nuclear power plants and dams,
as well as siting of any new industry, require earthquake
data that are accurate, homogeneous and as complete as
possible.
™ In this study an attempt is made to assess the seismicity of
Bangladesh and adjoining region (20-280 north latitude and
86-950 east longitude) during the period 1865-1995 by
reviewing instrumental data as well as macroseismic
information retrieved from various sources.
 Existing
Earthquake
Catalogue
 Revision of Magnitudes
™ The idea of revising and unifying existing magnitudes is
carried out. The main goal is to produce a file of reliable
data that reflect, as homogeneously and completely as
possible, the seismicity of the region.
Calculation of surface wave magnitude:
Ms= log(A/T)+1.66 log∇+3.3
Use of correlations:
™ Surface-wave magnitudes are estimated where possible
from semi-empirical relationships between Ms and Mb.
Ms = a + b*Mb.
Ms = 0.63+0.774*Mb - period 1978-1995
Ms = 1.27+0.68*Mb - period 1964-1977
 ™ Surface-wave magnitudes are also assessed by using the
number of stations (NS) that reported it to the ISS or ISC.
Ms = a + b* Log (NS)
a =4.21, b=1.12 - period 1900-1963
a =3.21, b=0.72 - period 1964-1977
a =2.77, b=0.81 - period 1978-1995
™ Surface-wave magnitudes are also estimated where possible
from semi-empirical relationships between Ms and Duration
Magnitude Md.
Ms = 0.57+1.057*Md - period 1993-1995
6.5 6.5
Ms Vs M
b (1964-1977)
Ms Vs M s
b (1978-1995)
6.0 s 6.0

5.5 5.5
Ms (Calculated)
Ms(ISC)

5.0 5.0

4.5
4.5

4.0
4.0

s3.5
3.5

4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 3.0

3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
Mb
Mb
 Earthquake Data Sources
™ Cataloguing of earthquakes in the Indian subcontinent
started well before 1900
™ The earliest known earthquake catalogues: Oldham (1883) -
1664 to 1869
Milne (1911) - 1870 to 1899
Tandon and Srivastava (1974) - 1833 to 1971
Srivastava and Ramachandran (1985) - 1839 to 1900
Gupta et al. (1986) - 1548 to 1897 and 1897 to 1962
™ Seismological bulletins used:
British Association for Advancement of Science (1899-1910)
International Seismological Summary (ISS) (1918-1963)
International Seismological Centre (ISC) (1964-1995)
National Earthquake Information Centre (NEIC)
 New Earthquake Catalogue

YR MNH DY H MIN S LON LAT DEP Ms Mb Md M Ml Mw

1964 1 22 15 58 47 9360 2240 88 544 () 610 - 600 - -
1964 2 1 11 28 19 8778 2730 33 442 () 480 - - - -
1964 2 18 3 48 36 9110 2750 30* 449 () 530 - 560 - -
1964 2 18 4 26 34 9430 2500 - - - - 540 - -
1964 2 27 15 10 48 9440 2170 102 545 () 640 - 650 - -
1964 3 20 19 0 53 9440 2360 86 465 () 500 560

ITSC NS RMK LOCATION REFERENCES

- 153 - MR-ID ROT,ISC,MOS,SHL,USCGS
- 20 - NP ISC,USCGS,ISETR
- 67 - BU ROT,ISC,MOS,USCGS,TS,IS
- - - - TS
- 212 - Mandalay.MR ROT,ISC,MOS,SHL,USCGS
52 MR ID ROT ISC MOS SHL USCGS
Earthquakes in and around Bangladesh (1664-2006)
31°N

Ms>7: 17 events
Ms>6: 69 events

Ms>4: 1647 events

0 100 200

Ms>3.5: 3055 events kilometers

Ms>3: 4138 events 84°E

18°N
98°E
 Detectability of Earthquakes
1000
1865-1899
1900-1963
1964-1995

Distribution of earthquakes
Number of earthquakes

100

for three time periods

10

10000
1
Unknown 3<M<4 4<M<5 5<M<6 6<M<7 7<M 3<M<4
Magnitude 4<M<5
5<M<6
Number of reported earthquakes 1000 6<M<7
7<M
Total

Number of earthquakes 100

per decade
10

1
1865-74

1875-84

1885-94

1895-04

1905-14

1915-24

1925-34

1935-44

1945-54

1955-64

1965-74

1975-84

1985-95
Results from Analysis of Completeness
for the New Earthquake Catalogue

Magnitude Class Period of Complete Reporting (year)

3≤M<4 1964-1995
4≤M<5 1964-1995
5≤M<6 1923-1995
6≤M<7 1927-1995
7≤M 1865-1995
 Earthquake Source Models

Line Model Area Model

 Location of site

Data period (based on

completeness)
Minimum Magnitude
Radius of Area

Earthquake catalogue
Selection of suitable radius

Selection of earthquakes Map of epicenters

Estimation of a and b
Magnitude frequency
parameters
relationship

Selection of ground Expected magnitude for

motion property to be different return period
analyzed (PGA)
Selection of suitable
attenuation law
PGA frequency Estimation of a and b
relationship parameter

Schematic flow of Expected PGA for Expected return

earthquake hazard analysis different return
periods
period for a fixed
PGA value
Seismicity model:
™ Available earthquake data
™ Recurrence relationship
log (ν) = a + blog(y)
log(y) =(-log(T)- a)/b [T=1/ν]

Attenuation models:
describes the transfer of ground motions from the
source to a particular site in the form
log(PGA) = b1 + b2 (Ms) - b3 log (r) - b4 (r)
 Selected Attenuation Law
™ Assessment of seismic hazard at any particular site
requires an attenuation law for the Peak Ground
Acceleration (PGA)

™ For Bangladesh no PGA is available due to the lack

of seismic devices
™ Attenuation law for alluvial soils:
McGuire (1978) - PGA=0.0306e0.89Mr-1.17e-0.2 (in g)
Duggal (1989) - PGA=227.3x100.308M(d+30)-1.201 (in cm/s2)
 SELECTION OF EARTHQUAKES AROUND A SITE

0.0
10
Sylhet
Chittagong
-0.2 Dhaka

Mean Annual Occurrence Rate (ν)

1

-0.4
b coefficient

ν
0.1
b -0.6

-0.8
0.01
a=1.92
b=-1.72
-1.0 1E-3
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 1 10 100 1000
Radius (km)
Radius PGA 2
PGA (cm/s )

Sensitivity of b-coefficient PGA versus ν for Sylhet

 28

BHUTAN
NEPAL

26 INDIA

Sylhet
LATITUDE

Study region 24 INDIA Dhaka

showing the
grid points BANGLADESH

Chittagong
22

BURMA
BAY OF BENGAL

20
86 88 90 92 94
LONGITUDE
 EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAPS
28
28
BHUTAN
BHUTAN
NEPAL
NEPAL
140
60.0 100.0
80.0 120 200 220
26 26 INDIA
INDIA
140

Sylhet
120 Sylhet 180
160

LATITUDE
LATITUDE

24 80.0 100.0 24 INDIA 100.0120 140

INDIA 60.0 Dhaka Dhaka

40.0 60.0 79.9

BANGLADESH BANGLADESH
40.0
19.9
60.0
Chittagong 79.9
Chittagong
22 22
20.0 100.0 120 160

BURMA BURMA
BAY OF BENGAL BAY OF BENGAL 140

20 20
86 88 90 92 94 86 88 90 92 94
LONGITUDE LONGITUDE

50-YEAR PGA (cm/s2) 100-YEAR PGA (cm/s2)

 28 28

BHUTAN BHUTAN
NEPAL NEPAL

26 INDIA 26 INDIA

200
320
Sylhet 100 Sylhet
280 280 320 500 100
LATITUDE

LATITUDE
240
24 INDIA 160 200 24
Dhaka INDIA Dhaka
300
120

BANGLADESH 400
BANGLADESH 200
400
80.0
Chittagong
120 200 500 300
Chittagong
22 22
40.0 200 280 100
300
BURMA BURMA
BAY OF BENGAL 240 BAY OF BENGAL

20 20
86 88 90 92 94 86 88 90 92 94
LONGITUDE LONGITUDE

200-YEAR PGA (cm/s2) RETURN PERIODS for

PGA≥150 cm/s2
 28 28
BHUTAN BHUTAN
NEPAL NEPAL
350

350
26 INDIA 26 INDIA
400 550500

Sylhet Sylhet
450 450 500400 ZONE 3 (Z=0.25)
LATITUDE

LATITUDE
24 250 200 450 ZONE 2 (Z=0.15)
INDIA 300 24
99.8 Dhaka INDIA Dhaka

BANGLADESH
150
BANGLADESH
ZONE 1 (Z=0.075)
99.8
Chittagong Chittagong
200
22 22 ZONE 3 (Z=0.25)

150 300 450

250 400 BURMA

BAY OF BENGAL BURMA
BAY OF BENGAL
350
20 20
86 88 90 92 94 86 88 90 92 94
LONGITUDE LONGITUDE

10% PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE UPDATED SEISMIC ZONING MAP

IN AN ECONOMIC LIFE OF 50 YEARS,
PGA (cm/s2)
Seismic hazard of Bangladesh based on
Duggal’s (1989) attenuation law
T = 200 years
T = 475 years
(Unit: cm/s/s)
(Unit: cm/s/s)
450 900
375 750
300 600
225 450
150 300
75 150

22% poe, t-50 yr 10% poe, t-50 yr

 After Noor, Yasin & Ansary (2005)

•Grid interval
of 0.3 degree are used
•Uniform probability
distributions are assigned
to each source zone
implying that, earthquakes
are. equally likely to occur
at any point within the
source zone
•Seven area sources are
assumed
•The sources are so
divided that area of each
division is limited to 1200
sq km
After Noor, Yasin & Ansary (2005)

22% poe, t-50 yr 10% poe, t-50 yr

Seismic hazard of Bangladesh based on

Duggal’s (1989) attenuation law
 Seismic Zoning Map of Bangladesh
Seismic Zones
Zone 3 = 0.25g
Zone 2 = 0.15g
Zone 1 = 0.075g

BNBC (1993) Noor & Ansary (2005)

 Exercise on Seismic Hazard Assessment
Task: Estimation of site design earthquake (SDE) and safety shutdown earthquake (SSE)
on the basis of the cumulative intensity-frequency relation determined at the site
Zone a b Imax ∆I (Attenuation law
1 1.570 0.516 IX-X 1.0
2 0.055 0.335 X 1.3
3 0.387 0.372 XI 2.2
4 -0.394 0.326 IX-X 0.5
5 1.203 0.509 VIII-IX 1.3

log ν=a - b*I

Solution
Isite Zone1----Zone5 ∑ν logν
3
4
5
-
-
9