University of Aden

Faculty of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

Solution Exam2019
Heat Transfer I

Prepared by:

ENG: Mohammed Anwar Alabsi.

735984223

Augustus. 2018.

1 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi

2 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi
3 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟏 . 𝒂

Fourier's low state that " The rate of heat transfer(𝑞) is the product of
𝝏𝒕
area(𝐴), normal to flow path. { }The temperature gradient at the section.
𝝏𝒙
i.e. the rate of change of temperature with reference to the distance in the
direction of heat flow. (𝑘), property of the conduction material known as
thermal conductivity.
𝒌
𝒒 = − ( ) 𝑨 ∆𝑻.
𝑳
Where
q = is quantity of heat transfer through the plane.
𝑳 = (𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) = thickness of the plane.
k = thermal conductivity is the property of the conduction material.
A = Area of plane.
∆𝑻= change in temperature in both side of plane surface.

4 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟏 . 𝒃

Calculate the total heat transfer through a plane wall of 𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝟐 and

thickness of 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎 if the thermal conductivity of the wall (𝒌 = 𝟏𝟑 𝑾/
𝒎𝑲 ). 'The convective heat transfer coefficients on colder and hotter
sides of the wall are 𝟏𝟎 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 and 𝟐𝟒 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 respectively. The
temperatures for both cold and hot fluids are 𝟐𝟒 𝑪 and 𝟔𝟓 𝑪.

Given: 𝐴 = 24𝑚2 𝐿 = 50𝑐𝑚 = 0.5𝑚 𝑘 = 13 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾

ℎ𝑖 = 24 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 ℎ𝑜 = 10 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾° 𝑡𝑖 = 65℃

𝑡𝑜 = 24℃

Find:- total heat transfer 𝒒

Solution: -
𝑨(𝒕𝒊 − 𝒕𝒐 )
∵𝒒=
∑𝑅
𝟏 𝑳 𝟏
∑𝑹 = + +
𝒉𝒊 𝒌 𝒉𝒐

𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏
∑𝑹 = + +
𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟎

∑ 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲°

𝑨(𝒕𝒊 − 𝒕𝒐 )
𝒒=
∑𝑹
𝟐𝟒(𝟔𝟓 − 𝟐𝟒)
𝒒=
𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝒒 = 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟔. 𝟔 W

5 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟐 . 𝒂

Calculate the rate of heat transfer per 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝟐 area through composite

plane wall made of following layers ordered from inside to outside:
- A plaster layer of thickness 𝟔 𝐦𝒎 and (k = 0.5W/mK)
- A concoct block of 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎 thick and (k = 1.4 W/mK)
- A layer of stone 𝟏𝟔 𝒄𝒎 thick and (k = 2.4 W/mK)
- A marble layer 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎 thick and (k =1.5 W/mK)
If the outside temperature is being 𝟒𝟎 𝑪 and the inside temperature is
𝟐𝟑 𝑪 Take the outer film coefficient as 𝟏𝟕 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 and the inside film
coefficient as 𝟗 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 Find also the temperature between stone and
marble layers ?
inside outside
Given: 𝐴 = 10𝑚2

plaste
concocr
𝐿1 = 6𝑚𝑚 = 0.006𝑚 𝑘1 = 0.5 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾

stonet
marbl
e
𝐿2 = 15𝑐𝑚 = 0.15𝑚 𝑘2 = 1.4 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾
𝐿3 = 16𝑐𝑚 = 0.16𝑚 𝑘3 = 2.4𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾
𝐿4 = 12𝑐𝑚 = 0.12𝑚 𝑘4 = 1.5 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾

𝑡𝑜 = 40 ℃ 𝑡1 = 23℃ ℎ𝑖 = 9 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 ℎ𝑜 = 17 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾°

Find:- total heat transfer 𝒒

the temperature between stone and concrete layers
Solution: -
𝑨(𝒕𝒐 − 𝒕𝒊 )
𝒒=
∑𝑹
𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟑 𝑳𝟒 𝟏
∑𝑹 = + + + + +
𝒉𝒊 𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 𝟐 𝒌 𝟑 𝒌 𝟒 𝒉𝒐
𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
∑𝑹 = + + + + +
𝟗 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏. 𝟒 𝟐. 𝟒 𝟏. 𝟓 𝟏𝟕
∑ 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲
𝒒 (𝒕𝒐 −𝒕𝒊 ) 𝟒𝟎−𝟐𝟑
= ∑𝑹
= = 𝟑𝟗 𝑾/𝒎𝟐
𝑨 𝟎.𝟒𝟑𝟔
𝒒 = (𝟏𝟎)𝟑𝟗 = 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝑾
𝑨(𝒕𝒐 −𝒕𝒊 ) 𝒒 (𝒕𝒐 −𝒕𝒔 )
𝒒= ∑𝑹
= 𝑳𝟒 𝟏
𝑨 +
𝒌𝟒 𝒉𝒐

(𝟒𝟎 − 𝒕𝒔 )
𝟑𝟗 =
𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝟏
+
𝟏. 𝟓 𝟏𝟕
𝒕𝒔 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟔℃

6 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟐 . 𝒃

1. Thermal conductivity (𝒌):- it is a property of conducting material. It is

𝒒𝑳
high for metal and low for insulating materials. 𝒌 = . Its unit is
𝑨 ∆𝑻
𝒌 = 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾°. or 𝒌 = 𝑊/𝑚. ℃.

Depended on
q = is quantity of heat transfer through the plane.
𝑳 = thickness of the plane.
A = Area of plane.
∆𝑻= change in temperature in both side of plane surface.
2. Thermal conductance(𝑲):- its amount of heat conducted through a
solid of area (𝐴) and thickness (𝐿) per degree temperature difference.
𝒌𝑨
𝑲= . and its unit is (𝑊/℃) or (𝑊/𝐾°).
𝑳

Depended on
𝑳 = thickness of the plane.
k = thermal conductivity is the property of the conduction
material.
A = Area of plane.

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟑 . 𝒂

A pipe made of a material has conductivity ( 𝒌 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑾/𝒎𝑲 ) has an

inner and outer diameters as 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎 and 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎 respectively, is
covered with three layers of insulations the inner layer is 𝟑𝒄𝒎 thick each
and its conductivities (from outside) are 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝑾/𝒎𝑲 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝑾/𝒎𝒌 and
𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝑾/𝒎𝒌 respectively. If the inside temperature was 𝟏𝟒𝟎℃. while the
ambient temperature is 𝟑𝟕℃. Calculate the heat loss per meter length.
Take the inside and outside film coefficients as 𝟐𝟑 𝑾/𝒎𝟐𝑲 and
𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝟐𝑲 respectively

Find the temperature between the pipe and inner insulation layers

Given 𝒌 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑾/𝒎𝑲

7 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi

𝒅𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎

𝒅𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟑 𝒎𝒎 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒎

𝒕𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒎. 𝒌𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝑾/𝒎𝑲

𝒕𝟐 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒎. 𝒌𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝑾/𝒎𝑲

𝒕𝟑 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒎. 𝒌𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝑾/𝒎𝑲

𝒓𝟑 = 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒕𝟏 = 𝟑 + 𝟑 = 𝟔𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝒎 .

𝒓𝟒 = 𝒓𝟑 + 𝒕𝟐 = 𝟔 + 𝟑 = 𝟗 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗

𝒓𝟓 = 𝒓𝟒 + 𝒕𝟑 = 𝟗 + 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝒎

𝒉𝒊 = 𝟐𝟑𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 𝒉𝒐 = 𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 𝒕𝒊 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎°𝑪 𝒕𝒐 = 𝟑𝟕°𝑪

Find:- total heat transfer 𝒒

the temperature between the pipe and inner insulation layers

Solution: -

𝒒 𝟐𝝅(𝒕𝒊 − 𝒕𝒐 )
∵ =
𝑳 ∑𝑹
𝒓 𝒓 𝒓 𝒓
𝟏 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝟐 ) 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝟑 ) 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝟒 ) 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝟓 ) 𝟏
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟑 𝒓𝟒
∑ 𝑹𝒏 = + + + + +
𝒓𝟏 𝒉𝒊 𝒌 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝟑 𝒓𝟓 𝒉𝒐

𝟑 𝟔 𝟗 𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝒍𝒏 (𝟐) 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝟑) 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝟔) 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝟗 ) 𝟏
∑ 𝑹𝒏 = + + + + +
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐(𝟐𝟑) 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐(𝟖)

∑ 𝑹𝒏 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟔

𝒒 𝟐𝝅(𝟏𝟒𝟎 − 𝟑𝟕) 𝒒
= = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟕 𝑾/𝒎
𝑳 𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟔 𝑳
𝒒 𝟐𝝅(𝟏𝟒𝟎 − 𝒕𝒔 ) 𝟐𝝅(𝟏𝟒𝟎 − 𝒕𝒔 )
= 𝒓 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟕 =
𝑳 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝟐 ) 𝟑
𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝒏 ( )
+ + 𝟐
𝒓𝟏 𝒉𝒊 𝒌 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐(𝟐𝟑) 𝟐𝟎𝟎

𝒕𝒔 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟑𝟑℃
8 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi
𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟑 . 𝒃

i. Correct
ii. Thermal conductance is amount of heat conducted through a solid
of area
iii. The slope of heat transfer whit radius of insulation is maximum at
critical radius.
iv. The fins is used to increase heat transfer from surface.
v. Correct

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟒 . 𝒂

spine (rod) of 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 diameter and 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎 long has it base attached to a

plane plate of 𝟗𝟎℃ the environment temperature 𝟑𝟑 ℃ the conductivity
of spine material 𝒌 = 𝟖𝟓 𝑾/𝒎𝑲 and the value of film coefficient
𝟐𝟐 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 .

Calculate: -

i. Total heat loss from the spine.

ii. Temperature at the end of spine.
iii. Temperature at the middle of the spine.
iv. Spine efficiency.

Given:

𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒓 = 𝟓𝒎𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒎

𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝒎

𝒕𝒔 = 𝟗𝟎℃ 𝒕∞ = 𝟑𝟑 ℃

𝒌 = 𝟖𝟓 𝑾/𝒎𝑲 𝐡 = 𝟐𝟐𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲

Solution:

𝟐𝒉 𝟐𝟐 𝟐 × 𝟐𝟐
𝒎= √ =√ = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝒎−𝟏
𝒌𝒓 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓

𝒎𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 × 𝟎. 𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟓

9 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi

𝑨 = 𝝅 𝒓𝟐 = 𝝅 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐

𝒑 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒓 = 𝟐𝝅(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒎

𝒒𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐√𝒑𝒉𝒌𝑨(𝒕𝒔 − 𝒕∞ ) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒎𝑳

𝟐
𝒒𝒇𝒊𝒏 = √𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒 × 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 (𝟗𝟎 − 𝟑𝟑) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝟑. 𝟎𝟓

𝒒𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟓 𝑾

𝒕 =? 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝒎

(𝒕 − 𝟑𝟑) 𝒆𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟕×𝟎.𝟑 𝒆−𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟕×𝟎.𝟑

= +
(𝟗𝟎 − 𝟑𝟑) 𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐×𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟕×𝟎.𝟑 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟐×𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟕×𝟎.𝟑
(𝒕 − 𝟑𝟑)
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟕
(𝟗𝟎 − 𝟑𝟑)
𝒕 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟑𝟔℃

𝒕 =? 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝑳/𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒎

(𝒕 − 𝟑𝟑) 𝒆𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟕×𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝒆−𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟕×𝟎.𝟏𝟓

= +
(𝟗𝟎 − 𝟑𝟑) 𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐×𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟕×𝟎.𝟑 𝟏 + 𝒆−𝟐×𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟕×𝟎.𝟑
(𝒕 − 𝟑𝟑)
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟕
(𝟗𝟎 − 𝟑𝟑)
𝒕 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟗𝟓℃
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝒎𝑳
ᶯ=
𝒎𝑳
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝟑. 𝟎𝟓
ᶯ=
𝟑. 𝟎𝟓
ᶯ = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

ᶯ = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟔%

10 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟒 . 𝒃

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

ᶯ= Theoretical heat transfers a cross an equal
[ area held at a constant temperature equal to that base]

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟓 . 𝒂

A temperature distribution through a large wall 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎 thick, heated from

one side , at a certain time 𝝉 is found to be given by 𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟒𝟓𝒙 +
𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟒 where 𝒙 in 𝒎 and 𝒕 in ℃ . If the area of wall is
𝟏𝟔𝒎𝟐 compute

a) The heat interring and leaving the wall in unit time.

b) The head energy stored in wall in unit time.
c) The rate of temperature changes with time 𝒙 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒎
d) The location where the rate of heating or cooling is maximum.

Assumed 𝒌 = 𝟐𝟎𝑾/𝒎𝑲 ; 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝟐 /𝒉𝒓

Given:- 𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟒𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟒

𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝟐

Solution: -

𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟒𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟒

𝒅𝒕
= −𝟒𝟓 + 𝟓𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟑
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝒕
𝟐
= 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟑 𝒕
= −𝟐𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑿
𝒅𝒙𝟑
The heat interring
𝒅𝒕
𝒒𝟎 = −𝒌𝑨 ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝟎

11 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi

 𝒒𝟎 = −(𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟔) × (−𝟒𝟓) = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑾

𝒒𝟎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎 × 𝟑. 𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒉𝒓

𝒒𝟎 = 𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒉𝒓

The heat leaving

𝒅𝒕
𝒒𝑳 = −𝒌𝑨 ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝒍=𝟎.𝟓 𝒎

𝒒𝑳 = −(𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟔) × (−𝟒𝟓 + 𝟓𝟎(𝟎. 𝟓) − 𝟏𝟎𝟓(𝟎. 𝟓)𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟓)𝟑 )

𝒒𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟎

𝒒𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟎 × 𝟑. 𝟔 = 𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒉𝒓

Heat storage rate:

𝒒𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒒𝟎 − 𝒒𝑳

𝒒𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟓𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟎 − 𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑱/𝒉𝒓

Rate of change of temperature:

𝟏 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝟐 𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝟐 𝒕
× = = 𝜶
𝜶 𝝏𝝉 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝝉 𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝝏𝒕
= 𝜶{𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐 }
𝝏𝝉
𝝏𝒕
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑿 = 𝟎 (𝝏𝝉) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 {𝟓𝟎}
𝒙=𝟎

𝝏𝒕
( ) = 𝟑 ℃/𝒉𝒓
𝝏𝝉 𝒙=𝟎
𝝏𝒕
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑿 = 𝟎. 𝟓 (𝝏𝝉) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 {𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟏𝟎(𝟎. 𝟓) + 𝟑𝟎𝟎(𝟎. 𝟓)𝟐 }
𝒙=𝟎.𝟓

𝝏𝒕
( ) = 𝟏. 𝟐℃/𝒉𝒓
𝝏𝝉 𝒙=𝟎.𝟓
𝝏𝟑 𝒕
The maximum location =𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟑

𝟐𝟏𝟎
−𝟐𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑿 = 𝟎 𝑿= 𝑿 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒎
𝟔𝟎𝟎

12 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟓 . 𝒃

i. Non periodic heat flow system: is that where the temperature at

any point with in the system change as same nonlinear function.
ii. Periodic heat flow system: is that where the temperature within
the system undergoes periodic change which maybe regular or
irregular but definitely cycle.

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟔 . 𝒂

Determine the temperature of the sun in the date of your examination

for given data

Solar constant 𝐈𝒔𝒆 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 Sun diameter 𝐝𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎

Mean sun - earth distance 𝐋𝒔𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝑲𝒎

Staten – Batsman constant 𝝈 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲𝟒

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒏
𝐈𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝐈𝒔𝒆 {𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )}
𝟑𝟔𝟓
Where 𝒏 is the day of the year 𝒏= 𝟗𝒔𝒕 𝑱𝒖𝒍 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎
𝟑𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟗𝟎
𝐈𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟕 {𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( )} 𝐈𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟓𝟑
𝟑𝟔𝟓

𝟒
𝐈𝒆𝒙𝒕 × 𝐋𝒔𝒆 𝟐
𝑻 =
𝝈 × 𝐑𝒔𝟐

𝐈𝒆𝒙𝒕 × 𝐋𝒔𝒆 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟓𝟑 × (𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 )𝟐

𝟒
𝑻= √ =√ 𝟐 = 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 𝑲
𝝈 × 𝐑𝒔𝟐 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗
𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 × ( × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 )
𝟐

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑸𝟔 . 𝒃

Kirchhoff's low stat that " at any temperature the ratio of emissions
power to absorptivity is constant for all substances which are in thermal
equilibrium will environment. "

13 ‫الصفحة‬ ENG/Mohammed Alabsi