Heat Transfer

‫ملخص قوانين ومسائل‬

Prepared by

Eng / Mohammed Anwar AL-absi.

Tel: 735984223.
Conduction Mode:
‫هي اول طريقة من طرق انتقال الحرارة في االجسام الصلبة فقط وتحسب وفق قانون يطلق عليه‬ -:‫طريقة التوصيل‬
Fourier's law:-(for one dimension–Conduction mode).
By the relative is shown
𝒌
𝒒=− 𝑨 ∆𝑻.
𝑳

Where
q = is quantity of heat transfer through the plane.

𝑳 = 𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 = thickness of the plane.

k = thermal conductivity is the property of the conduction material.
A = Area of plane.
∆𝑻= change in temperature in both side of plane surface.
Negative −𝒗𝒆 sing is given, because flow occurs in decreasing temperature gradient.
Thermal conductivity (𝒌):-
it is a property of conducting material. It is high for metal and low for insulating
𝒒𝑳
materials. 𝒌=
𝑨 ∆𝑻.
Its unit is 𝒌 = 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾°. or 𝒌 = 𝑊/𝑚. ℃.

Internal thermal conductance(𝐾):-

its amount of heat conducted through a solid of area (𝐴) and thickness (𝐿)
𝒌𝑨
per degree temperature difference. 𝑲 = .
𝑳
Its unit is 𝑊/℃ or 𝑊/𝐾° .

Internal thermal resistance (𝑹):-.

It is the resistance to flow of heat from higher temperature point to lower
temperature point { it is the inverse of internal thermal conductance}.
𝑳
𝑹= . Its unit is ℃/𝑊 or 𝐾°/𝑊 .
𝒌𝑨
Example(1):- Calculate the total heat transfer flow through plane wall which the temperature
drop is 𝟏𝟓℃ and its thickness is 𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎 while the mode of material 𝒌 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓 𝑾/𝒎. 𝑲 . Also find
the internal thermal conductance and internal thermal resistance. Take area of wall 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝟐
Given: ∆𝑇 = 15℃ 𝐿 = 12𝑐𝑚 = 0.12𝑚 𝑘 = 11.5 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾 𝐴 = 10𝑚2
Find:- 1. heat transfer 𝒒
2. internal thermal conductance 𝑲
3. internal thermal resistance 𝑹

Solution:-
𝒌 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓
∵𝒒=− 𝑨 ∆𝑻 . ⇒ 𝒒= 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟓. ⇒ 𝒒 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝑊
𝑳 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐
𝒌𝑨 𝟏𝟓 (𝟏𝟎)
𝑲= = . ⇒ 𝑲 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑊/℃
𝑳 𝟎.𝟏𝟐
𝑳 𝟎.𝟏𝟐
𝑹= = . ⇒ 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖 ℃/𝑊
𝒌𝑨 𝟏𝟓 (𝟏𝟎)
Combined Heat transfer:
As it is seen in figure the three modes of heat transfer take place in
the mechanism. Let us consider case of heating the water in tube laid
in c-c- of a boiler. The water will receive heat directly from the
products of combustion which may emit and absorb radiation.
We can calculate the total heat transfrer in the combined of plane wall and fluid
𝒌
𝒒=− 𝑨 ∆𝑻 in wall
𝑳
𝒒 = 𝒉 𝑨 ∆𝑻 in fluid
by the relation as show
𝑨 𝒕𝒊 −𝒕𝒐
Total heat transfer: 𝒒 𝒒= σ𝑅

Ttotal thermal resistance: σ 𝑹

𝟏 𝑳 𝟏
σ𝑹 = + +
𝒉𝒊 𝒌 𝒉𝒐
The overall heat transfer coefficient: 𝑼
𝟏
𝑼=σ
𝑹
Example(2):- Calculate the total thermal resistance and the overall heat transfer
coefficient of material has 𝒌 = 𝟏𝟓𝑾/𝒎. 𝑲° and thickness 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎 and the
convective heat transfer coefficient in each side wall are 𝟖𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲° and 𝟐𝟓𝑾
/𝒎𝟐 𝑲.
Given:- 𝑘 = 15𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾° , 𝐿 = 30 𝑐𝑚 = 0.3m , ℎ𝑖 = 25𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 ℎ𝑜 = 8𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾°
Find:- 1. total thermal resistance σ 𝑹
2. the overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑼
Solution:-
𝟏 𝑳 𝟏
σ 𝑹𝒄 = + +
𝒉𝒊 𝒌 𝒉𝒐

𝟏 𝟎. 𝟑 𝟏
෍ 𝑹𝒄 = + +
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟓 𝟖
σ 𝑹𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲° .
𝟏 𝟏
𝑼=σ . ⇒ 𝑼= . ⇒ 𝑼 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝟐 𝑲/𝑾
𝑹 𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝟓
Example(3):- Calculate the temperature on outer surface of the plane whose the
conductivity 𝒌 = 𝟏𝟏𝑾/𝒎. 𝑲° and thickness 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒎𝒎 and the convection heat
transfer coefficient on inner and outer surface temperature of the wall are 𝟑𝟐𝑾
/𝒎𝟐 𝑲° and 𝟗𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲.While the inner temperature and the inner surface
temperature of the wall are given as 𝟔𝟖℃ and 𝟔𝟓℃ respectively
Given:- 𝑘 = 11𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾° , 𝐿 = 180 𝑚𝑚 = 0.3m , ℎ𝑖 = 32𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 ℎ𝑜 = 9𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾°
𝑡𝑖 = 68 ℃ 𝑡1 = 65 ℃
Find:- temperature on outer surface of the plane 𝒕𝟐
Solution:-
𝒒 𝒒
𝒒 = 𝒉𝒊 𝑨 ∆𝑻 . ⇒ = 𝒉𝒊 (𝒕𝒊 − 𝒕𝟏 ). ⇒ = 𝟑𝟐(𝟔𝟖 − 𝟔𝟓) = 96 W / 𝒎𝟐
𝑨 𝑨
𝒒 𝒌 𝟏𝟏
𝑨
= −
𝑳
∆𝑻 . ⇒ 96 =
𝟎.𝟏𝟖
𝒕𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 . .
𝟏𝟏
96 = 𝟎.𝟏𝟖
𝟔𝟐 − 𝒕𝟐
𝟎.𝟏𝟖(𝟗𝟔)
𝒕𝟐 = 65 −
𝟏𝟏
𝒕𝟐 = 63.43 ℃
Example(4):-

Given: 𝑘 = 7.5 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾 𝐿 = 15𝑐𝑚 = 0.15𝑚 𝐴 = 18𝑚2

ℎ𝑖 = 32𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 ℎ𝑜 = 9𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾° ∆𝑇 = 6℃
Find:- rate of heat transfer 𝒒
Solution:-
𝒌
∵𝒒=− 𝑨 ∆𝑻 .
𝑳
𝟕.𝟓
𝒒= 𝟏𝟖 × 𝟔.
𝟎.𝟏𝟓

𝒒 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑾
Example(5):- Calculate the total heat transfer through a plane wall of 𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝟐 and
thickness of 𝟒𝟎𝒄𝒎 if the thermal conductivity of the wall (𝒌 = 𝟏𝟓 𝑾/𝒎𝑲 ). 'The
convective heat transfer coefficients on hotter and colder sides of the wall are
𝟐𝟐 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 and 𝟏𝟏 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 respectively. The temperatures for both hot and cold
fluids are 𝟗𝟎 𝑪 and 𝟐𝟓 𝑪.
Given: 𝐴 = 18𝑚2 𝐿 = 40𝑐𝑚 = 0.4𝑚 𝑘 = 15 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾
ℎ𝑖 = 22𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 ℎ𝑜 = 11 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾° 𝑡𝑖 = 90 ℃
𝑡𝑜 = 25℃
Find:- total heat transfer 𝒒
Solution:-
𝑨 𝒕𝒊 − 𝒕𝒐
∵𝒒=
σ𝑅
𝟏 𝑳 𝟏
σ𝑹 = + +
𝒉𝒊 𝒌 𝒉𝒐
 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟒 𝟏
෍𝑹 = + +
𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟏

෍ 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟑 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲°

𝑨 𝒕𝒊 − 𝒕𝒐
𝒒=
σ𝑹
𝟏𝟖 𝟗𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓
𝒒=
𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟑
𝒒 = 𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟗𝟏 W
 Example(5):- Calculate the rate of heat transfer per 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝟐 area through composite
plane wall made of following layers ordered from outside to inside:
 A marble layer 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎 thick and (k =1.5 W/mK)
 A layer of stone 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎 thick and (k = 2.4 W/mK)
 A concoct block of 𝟏𝟖 𝒄𝒎 thick and (k = 1.4 W/mK)
 A plaster layer of thickness 𝟓 𝐦𝒎 and (k = 0.5W/mK)
If the outside temperature is being 𝟒𝟎 𝑪 and the inside temperature is 𝟐𝟐 𝑪 Take the
outer film coefficient as 𝟏𝟓 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 and the inside film coefficient as 𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 Find
also the temperature between stone and concrete layers ?

Given: 𝐴 = 16𝑚2 inside outside

𝐿1 = 10𝑐𝑚 = 0.1𝑚 𝑘1 = 1.5 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾

plaster

marble
stone
concoct
𝐿2 = 15𝑐𝑚 = 0.15𝑚 𝑘2 = 2.4𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾
𝐿3 = 18𝑐𝑚 = 0.18𝑚 𝑘3 = 1.4 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾
𝐿4 = 5𝑚𝑚 = 0.005𝑚 𝑘4 = 0.5 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾
𝑡𝑜 = 40 ℃ 𝑡1 = 22℃ ℎ𝑖 = 8𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 ℎ𝑜 = 15 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾°
Find:- total heat transfer 𝒒
the temperature between stone and concrete layers
outside
Solution:-

marble
concoct
stone
𝑨 𝒕𝒐 − 𝒕𝒊
𝒒=
σ𝑅
𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟑 𝑳𝟒 𝟏 𝒕𝒔
෍𝑹 = + + + + +
𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝟑 𝒌𝟒 𝒉𝒊
𝟏 𝟎.𝟏 𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝟎.𝟏𝟖 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟏
σ𝑹 = + + + + + σ 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲
𝟏𝟓 𝟏.𝟓 𝟐.𝟒 𝟏.𝟒 𝟎.𝟓 𝟖
𝒒 𝒕𝒐 −𝒕𝒊 𝟒𝟎−𝟐𝟐
= σ𝑹
= = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟑𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝒒 = 𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟔𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟗𝑾
𝑨 𝟎.𝟒𝟔

𝑨 𝒕𝒐 −𝒕𝒊 𝒒 𝒕𝒐 −𝒕𝒔
𝒒= σ𝑅
= 𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐
𝑨 + +
𝒉𝒐 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐

𝟒𝟎 − 𝒕𝒔
𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟑 =
𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
+ + +
𝟏𝟓 𝟏. 𝟓 𝟐. 𝟒
𝒕𝒔 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟕℃
Example 1:
A pipe made of a material has conductivity ( k= 230 W/mK ) has an inner and outer diameters as 4.5
cm and 6.5 cm respectively, is covered with three layers of insulations the inner layer is 3cm thick
and the other two layers are 4 cm thick each and its conductivities (from inside) are 0.06W/mK
0.065 W/mk and 0.04W/mk respectively. If the inside temperature was 160℃. while the
ambient temperature is 35℃. Calculate the heat loss per meter length. Take the inside and
outside film coefficients as 22 W/m2K and 9 W/m2K respectively
Given 𝒅𝟏 = 𝟒.𝟓𝒄𝒎 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟐.𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎 𝒌 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝑾/𝒎𝑲
𝒅𝟐 = 𝟔.𝟓𝒄𝒎 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟑.𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎
𝒕𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒎. 𝒌𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝑾/𝒎𝑲
𝒕𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝒎. 𝒌𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟓𝑾/𝒎𝑲
𝒕𝟑 = 𝟒 𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝒎. 𝒌𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝑾/𝒎𝑲
𝒓𝟑 = 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒕𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝒎 .
𝒓𝟒 = 𝒓𝟑 + 𝒕𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟓𝒎
𝒓𝟓 = 𝒓𝟒 + 𝒕𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒎
𝒉𝒐 = 𝟗𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 𝒉𝒊 = 𝟐𝟐𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲
𝒕𝒊 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎°𝑪 𝒕𝒐 = 𝟑𝟓°𝑪
Find:- total heat transfer 𝒒
Solution:-
𝒒 𝟐𝝅 𝒕𝒊 − 𝒕𝒐
∵ =
𝑳 σ𝑹
𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟑 𝒓 𝒓𝟓
𝟏 𝐥𝐧 𝐥𝐧 𝐥𝐧 𝒓𝟒 𝐥𝐧 𝟏
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝟑 𝒓𝟒
෍ 𝑹𝒏 = + + + + +
𝒓 𝟏 𝒉𝒊 𝒌 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝒌𝟑 𝒓 𝟓 𝒉𝒐

𝟑. 𝟑𝟓 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟓
𝟏 𝒍𝒏 𝒍𝒏 𝒍𝒏 𝒍𝒏 𝟏
𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
෍ 𝑹𝒏 = + + + + +
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟓(𝟐𝟐) 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟓(𝟗)

෍ 𝑹𝒏 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝟒𝟖

𝒒 𝟐𝝅 𝟏𝟔𝟎 − 𝟑𝟓
=
𝑳 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝟒𝟖
𝒒
= 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟖 𝑾/𝒎
𝑳
Rate of heat flowing out of the element
Consider an infinitesimal element of the spine of length of 𝒅𝒙 and
𝒚
cross section area A at a distance 𝒙 from the base wall
For circular of radius (𝒓) fin:- 𝑳
𝒕𝒔

Total heat loss from the spine (𝒒) 𝒕∞

𝟐
𝒒𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝒑𝒉𝒌𝑨 𝒕𝒔 − 𝒕∞ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒎𝑳 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Where:-
𝒑 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝒕𝒔 temperature at entering point of fin
𝑳: −length of fan 𝒕∞ temperature at end point of fin
𝑨=𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒌 thermal conductivity of material
𝟐 𝟐𝒉
𝒎= 𝒉 convective of film coeffenetion
𝒌𝒓
Temperature at any point of the spine.
𝒕−𝒕∞ 𝒆𝒎𝒙 𝒆−𝒎𝒙
= +
𝒕𝒔 −𝒕∞ 1+𝒆𝟐𝒎𝑳 1+𝒆−𝟐𝒎𝑳

Where:-
𝒙 is the distance from entering point of spine.

Spine efficiency
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒎𝑳
ᶯ= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒎𝑳
 For rectangular of thickness (𝜹) fin:-
Total heat loss from the spine (𝒒)
𝒒𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐 𝒑𝒉𝒌𝑨 𝒕𝒔 − 𝒕∞ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒎𝑳
Where:-
𝒑 = 𝟐(𝑳 + 𝒃) 𝒕𝒔 temperature at entering point of fin
𝑳: −length of fan 𝒕∞ temperature at end point of fin
𝑨 = 𝑳𝒃 𝒌 thermal conductivity of material 𝜹
𝟐 𝟐𝒉
𝒎= 𝒉 convective of film coefficient
𝒌𝜹
Temperature at any point of the spine.
𝒕−𝒕∞ 𝒆𝒎𝒙 𝒆−𝒎𝒙
= +
𝒕𝒔 −𝒕∞ 1+𝒆𝟐𝒎𝑳 1+𝒆−𝟐𝒎𝑳
Where:-
𝒙 is the distance from interring point of spine.
Spine efficiency
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒎𝑳
ᶯ= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒎𝑳
Example1:
A spine (rod) of 𝟔 𝐦𝐦 diameter and 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎 long has it base attached to a plane plate of 𝟕𝟓℃ the
environment temperature 𝟑𝟑 ℃ the conductivity of spine material 𝒌 = 𝟕𝟎 𝑾/𝒎𝑲 and the value of film
coefficient 𝟐𝟎𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 .
Calculate:-
i. Total heat loss from the spine.
ii. Temperature at the end of spine.
iii. Temperature at the middle of the spine.
iv. Spine efficiency.
Given:
𝒅 = 𝟔 𝐦𝐦 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝒕𝒔 = 𝟕𝟓℃ 𝒕∞ = 𝟑𝟑 ℃
𝒌 = 𝟕𝟎 𝑾/𝒎𝑲 𝐡 = 𝟐𝟎𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲
Solution:
𝟐 𝟐𝒉 𝟐 𝟐 × 𝟐𝟎
𝒎= = = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖 𝒎−𝟏
𝒌𝒓 𝟕𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑

𝒎𝑳 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖 × 𝟎𝟏𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕
𝑨 = 𝝅 𝒓𝟐 = 𝝅 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐

𝒑 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒓 = 𝟐𝝅 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟓 𝒎

𝟐
𝒒𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝒑𝒉𝒌𝑨 𝒕𝒔 − 𝒕∞ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒎𝑳
𝟐
𝒒𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟓 × 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟕𝟎 × 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟑𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕

𝒒𝒇𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝑾

𝒕 =? 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒎

𝒕 − 𝟑𝟑 𝒆𝟏𝟑.𝟖×𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝒆−𝟏𝟑.𝟖×𝟎.𝟏𝟓
= 𝟐×𝟏𝟑.𝟖×𝟎.𝟏𝟓
+
𝟕𝟓 − 𝟑𝟑 1+𝒆 1 + 𝒆−𝟐×𝟏𝟑.𝟖×𝟎.𝟏𝟓

𝒕 − 𝟑𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟒
𝟕𝟓 − 𝟑𝟑

𝒕 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟐℃
 𝑳
𝒕 =? 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝒎
𝟐
𝒕 − 𝟑𝟑 𝒆𝟏𝟑.𝟖×𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝒆−𝟏𝟑.𝟖×𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟓
= 𝟐×𝟏𝟑.𝟖×𝟎.𝟏𝟓
+
𝟕𝟓 − 𝟑𝟑 1+𝒆 1 + 𝒆−𝟐×𝟏𝟑.𝟖×𝟎.𝟏𝟓

𝒕 − 𝟑𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝟒
𝟕𝟓 − 𝟑𝟑
𝒕 = 𝟒𝟗.𝟓℃

𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒎𝑳
ᶯ=
𝒎𝑳
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕
ᶯ=
𝟐. 𝟎𝟕
ᶯ = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
ᶯ = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟖%
• Critical thickness of pipe.
To calculate the value of (𝒓𝒄 )
Consider cylinder of radii (𝒓𝟏 ) &(𝒓𝟐 ) as inner and outer radii respectively
The inside fluid and ambient temperature as it and to and film coefficient
𝒉𝒊 & 𝒉𝒐 respectively
𝒌
the value of(𝒓𝟐 ) obtained is critical radius 𝒓𝒄 =
𝒉𝒐
𝒌
For spherical shell the critical radius can be obtained in same manner as 𝒓𝒄 =
𝒉𝒐
𝒓𝟐
𝐥𝐧 𝟏
𝒓𝟏
σ 𝑹𝒏 = +
𝑘 𝒓𝟐 𝒉𝒐

𝟐𝝅 𝒕𝒐 − 𝒕𝒊
𝒒𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 =
σ 𝑹𝒏
Example2:
A 𝟐 𝒎𝒎 diameter of wire is insulated with a rubber to an outer diameter of 𝟖 𝒎𝒎 has been laid in atm
at 𝟑𝟓°𝑪 the outer convective heat transfer coefficient is 𝟏𝟎 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 . And The conviction of rubber
is 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝑾/𝒎𝑲. If the current passing through the wire its temperature to 𝟓𝟎°𝑪 Calculate the average
and maximum heat transfer per unit length?
Given: 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏𝒎 . 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟒𝒎
𝒉𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲 𝒕𝒊 = 𝟓𝟎°𝑪 𝒕𝒐 = 𝟑𝟓°𝑪 𝒌 = 𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝑾/𝒎𝑲.
Solution:
𝒓
𝐥𝐧 𝒓𝟐 𝟏
σ 𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏
+
𝑘 𝒓𝟐 𝒉𝒐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒
𝐥𝐧 𝟏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏
෍ 𝑹𝒏 = + +
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎

෍ 𝑹𝒏 = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟒𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟒𝟐 °𝑪/𝑾

𝟐𝝅 𝒕𝒐 − 𝒕𝒊 𝟐𝝅 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟑𝟓
𝒒𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝒒𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝒒𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒 𝑾/𝒎
σ𝑹 𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟒𝟐
For critical radius
𝒌 𝟎.𝟏𝟓
𝒓𝑪 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝒎
𝒉 𝟏𝟎
𝒓𝒄
𝐥𝐧 𝟏
𝒓𝟏
σ 𝑹𝒏 = +
𝑘 𝒓𝑪 𝒉𝒐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓
𝐥𝐧 𝟏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏
෍ 𝑹𝒏 = + +
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎

෍ 𝑹𝒏 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟓𝟒 + 𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕

σ 𝑹𝒏 =𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟑°𝑪/𝑾
𝟐𝝅 𝒕𝒐 − 𝒕𝒊
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
σ 𝑹𝒏
𝟐𝝅 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟑𝟓
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟑

𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝟐 𝑾/𝒎

Example 1:
A temperature distribution through a large wall 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎 thick, heated from one side , at a certain time 𝝉 is
found to be given by 𝒕 = 𝟗𝟎 − 𝟖𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟒 where 𝒙 in 𝒎 and 𝒕 in ℃ . If the area of wall
is 𝟏𝟎𝒎𝟐 compute
a) The heat interring and leaving the wall in unit time.
b) The head energy stored in wall in unit time.
c) The rate of temperature changes with time 𝒙 = 𝟎 ,𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒎
d) The location where the rate of heating or cooling is maximum.
Assumed 𝒌 = 𝟓.𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝑲 ; 𝜶 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝟐 /𝒉𝒓

Given:- 𝑡 = 90 − 80𝑥 + 16𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 3 − 25𝑥 4

𝑥 = 50 𝑐𝑚 𝐴 = 10𝑚2
Solution:-
𝒕 = 𝟗𝟎 − 𝟖𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟒
𝒅𝒕
= −𝟖𝟎 + 𝟑𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟑
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟐 𝒕 𝟐
𝟐 = 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝟑 𝒕
= 𝟏𝟗𝟐 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑿
𝒅𝒙𝟑
The heat interring
𝒅𝒕
𝒒𝟎 = −𝒌𝑨
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝟎

𝒒𝟎 = − 𝟓. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 × −𝟖𝟎 = 𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟎 𝑾

𝒒𝟎 = 𝟒𝟔𝟒𝟎 × 𝟑. 𝟔 𝒌𝑱/𝒉𝒓

𝒒𝟎 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒉𝒓
The heat leaving
𝒅𝒕
𝒒𝑳 = −𝒌𝑨
𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝒍=𝟎.𝟓 𝒎
𝟐 𝟑
𝒒𝑳 = − 𝟓. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 × −𝟖𝟎 + 𝟑𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟗𝟔 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟓
𝒒𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟓 × 𝟑. 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝑱/𝒉𝒓
Heat storage rate:
𝒒𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒒𝟎 − 𝒒𝑳
𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟎𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟐 = 𝟓𝟕𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑱/𝒉𝒓
Rate of change of temperature:
𝟏 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝟐 𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝟐 𝒕
× = = 𝜶
𝜶 𝝏𝝉 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝝉 𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝝏𝒕
= 𝜶 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐
𝝏𝝉

𝝏𝒕
When X=0 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝝏𝝉 𝒙=𝟎
𝝏𝒕
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 ℃/𝒉𝒓
𝝏𝝉 𝒙=𝟎
𝝏𝒕 𝟐
When X=0.5 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟓
𝝏𝝉 𝒙=𝟎.𝟓
𝝏𝒕
= 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖℃/𝒉𝒓
𝝏𝝉 𝒙=𝟎.𝟓

The maximum location

𝝏𝟑 𝒕
=𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟑
𝟏𝟗𝟐
𝟏𝟗𝟐 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝑿 = 𝟎 𝑿 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑿 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝒎
Example 1:
Determine the temperature of the sun in the date of 15/𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙/2018 for given data
Solar constant 𝐈𝒔𝒆 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 Sun diameter 𝐝𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎
Mean sun - earth distance 𝐋𝒔𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝒎
Staten – Batsman constant 𝝈 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲𝟒

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒏
𝐈𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝐈𝒔𝒆 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟑𝟔𝟓
Where 𝒏 is the day of the year 𝒏=𝟏 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝑱𝒂𝒏
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟓𝒕𝒉 𝑨𝒑𝒓
𝟑𝟔𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝐈𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝐈𝒔𝒆 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐈𝒆𝒙𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟕
𝟑𝟔𝟓

𝐈𝒆𝒙𝒕 × 𝐋𝒔𝒆 𝟐
𝑻𝟒 =
𝝈 × 𝐑𝒔𝟐

𝟒 𝐈𝒆𝒙𝒕 × 𝐋𝒔𝒆 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝟐

𝑻= 𝟐 = 𝟐 = 𝟓𝟕𝟒𝟎. 𝟖 𝑲 𝑻 = 𝟓𝟕𝟒𝟎. 𝟖 𝑲
𝝈 × 𝐑𝒔 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗
𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 × 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟗