Accepted Manuscript

A new experimental investigation into the effects of reinforcing mortar beams with
superelastic SMA fibers on controlling and closing cracks

Eunsoo Choi, Behzad Mohammadadeh, Dongkyun Kim, Jong-Su Jeon

PII: S1359-8368(17)32644-6
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.11.017
Reference: JCOMB 5379

To appear in: Composites Part B

Received Date: 2 August 2017

Revised Date: 1 November 2017
Accepted Date: 1 November 2017

Please cite this article as: Choi E, Mohammadadeh B, Kim D, Jeon J-S, A new experimental
investigation into the effects of reinforcing mortar beams with superelastic SMA fibers on controlling and
closing cracks, Composites Part B (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.11.017.

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Eunsoo Choi
Professor at the Dept. of Civil Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea.
Corresponding Author: (Email: Eunsoochoi@hongik.ac.kr)

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Behzad Mohammadadeh

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Research Professor (Post-Doc) at the Dept. of Civil Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul,
South Korea.
Corresponding Author: (Email: Behzad.alb@gmail.com)

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Dongkyun Kim

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Professor at the Dept. of Civil Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Jong-Su Jeon
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Professor at the Dept. of Civil Engineering, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea.
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A new experimental investigation into the effects of reinforcing

mortar beams with superelastic SMA fibers on controlling and
closing cracks
Eunsoo Choi a* (Email: Eunsoochoi@hongik.ac.kr)

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Behzad Mohammadadeh a* (Email: Behzad.alb@gmail.com)

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Dongkyun Kim a

Jong-Su Jeon b

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a
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea.

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b
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea.
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Abstract
This study assessed the performance of short fibers made of superelastic shape memory alloy
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(SE SMA) to close cracks in mortar beams. Four types of fibers were considered. Five types of
cement mortar beams were manufactured. Four of these specimen types included superelastic
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SMA fibers such that each one was made with only one type of SMA fiber as well as steel bar,
and the other specimen type was made with only a steel bar. The self-crack-closing capacity of
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the beams was investigated by comparing deflections upon loading and unloading through
studying the post-cracking behavior. Results showed that the mortar beams resist flexural force
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until a crack is generated. Thereafter, the flexural load is sustained by the SE SMA fibers.
Spearhead (SH) fiber provides the best self-centering behavior. A good crack recovery capacity
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cannot be achieved because there is a lake of flag-shaped behavior as the stress induced in the
fiber does not hit the upper plateau stress due to fiber slip. The beam with only a steel bar
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showed a better recovery ratio than other types. For flexural crack control, a perfect bond
between the SE SMA short fibers and the mortar matrix is needed to generate self-centering
capacity.

Keywords: SMA fiber, superelasticity, crack-closing capacity, deflection recovery, mortar beam,
flag-shaped behavior.

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1. Introduction

Concrete is an easily formable, readily available, and affordable material for constructing a
wide range of structures. Since it possesses low tensile and flexural strength, it is prone to
cracking. The existence of cracks threatens the viability and function of concrete structures [1-3].

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As the crack appears in a concrete structural member such as concrete beam, it cannot carry extra
load, so, the need for closing cracks to enhance the structural function comes up. There are

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several approaches to confine the cracks such as reinforcing the cement mortar with fibers [4-6].
Embedding fibers in concrete and composite mortars helps to prevent cracking and can extend

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the lifetime and enhance the structural performance of concrete structures [7-11]. In the initial
attempts the steel fibers were used to reinforce the cement-based mortars. Although, plastic

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deformation of steel fiber produces substantial energy dissipation, it sustains permanent
deflection upon yielding and cannot provide superelastic behavior, like that of SMA, which
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displays a self-centering and crack-closing property [12-15]. It has been demonstrated adding
superelastic shape-memory alloys (SE SMAs) into concrete and structural mortar composites
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helps to achieve self-centering and crack-closing capacity together with energy dissipation [16-
20]. Rodriguez et al. [21] used shape memory polymers (SMPs) for fabrication of self-centering
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structures. The unique mechanical properties of SMPs including high deformation capacity and
shape recovery has attracted attentions. SMPs are limited to relatively small form factors due to
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their low recovery stresses. Lightweight, micro-architected composite SMPs may overcome
these size limitations and offer the ability to combine functional properties (e.g., electrical
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conductivity) with shape memory behavior. Kainuma et al [22] employed Heusler alloys which
show large magnetic-field-induced strain to report on their shape recovery under compression.
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They achieved a stress level approximately 50 times than that generated in a previous
ferromagnetic shape-memory alloy. Elbahy et.al [23] investigated the load-deflection behavior of
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shape memory alloy (SMA) reinforced concrete (RC) beams through a parametric study. The
effects of the cross-section height, cross-section width, reinforcement ratio, reinforcement
modulus of elasticity, and concrete compressive strength were considered. They developed an
artificial intelligence based model which can predict the deflection of SMA RC beams more
accurately than existing models. SMA has been broadly employed as an intelligent material
because of its superior characteristics, namely, its high load-bearing capacity; large strain

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recovery of approximately 8%; tremendous fatigue performance, providing variable elastic

modulus with phase transformation state; and interesting beneficial characteristics of shape
memory effect (SME) and pseudoelasticity (PE) [24-29].
Soroushian [30] demonstrated that post-tensioning force, which is developed by the shape

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memory effect in externally installed SMA bars, helps to close cracks in concrete structures. A
design methodology was developed and verified through laboratory tests simulating conditions

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of the selected bridge structure. Subsequently, a detailed design was developed and the approach
was implemented under field conditions. Application of corrective (posttensioning) forces to

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structural systems using shape memory steel provides an efficient, rapid, and convenient
approach for repair and strengthening of damaged or deficient structures. For crack repaired, an
adhesive between surfaces of cracks is required [31]. Due to difficulties in drilling holes and

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anchorage on concrete members, embedding SMA wires or fibers in concrete or mortar matrix
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has been frequently proposed. Both long and short fibers are available and can be embedded in
mortar. Short fibers are distributed throughout the mortar and structural element while long fiber
pass from one end of a member to the other end. In the case of long fibers, they must extend to
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the outside of the member to make a connection to a power cable that provides the required
energy for temperature increase to utilize the shape memory effect. Otherwise, electronic cables
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should pass through the concrete and be attached to the SMA fibers [32]. Both methods may be
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inconvenient for manufacturing and installation, so the use of short fibers that can close cracks
by recovery stress due to the shape memory effect has been suggested [33-40].
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To provide a mortar beam with the capability of self-centering due to superelasticity, the
application of shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers has been suggested. SMAs are classified as
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smart materials since they can remember their original shape after being deformed. Reversible
phase transformation between austenite and martensite phases provides SMAs with this special
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characteristic [41-47]. They have the ability of sustaining large deformations. However, they
return to their original undeformed shape upon removal of stress (superelastic SMA) [48-55].
They show flag-shaped behavior during strain recovery so cracks can be automatically closed
without the imposition of any external actuation. Previous studies used martensitic SMA fibers,
so, an external action, such as heating the SMA fiber, to actuate strain recovery, was required
which is practically difficult [56-61]. Therfore, using superelastic SMA fibers can be a good

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alnternative to enhance the function and displacement recovery of SMA fiber reinforced
structures without any need of external actuation [62-66].

According to the above explanations and literature, this study aims to employ short SE SMA

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fibers having the superelastic property in tensile part of the beam together with a steel bar in
compressive part of beam, for the first time, to reinforce cement mortar beams and to provide it
with self-centering behavior. Then, the crack-closing capacities of four types of SE SMA-fiber-

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reinforced beams, categorized according to fibers end-shape, together with beams made with
only steel bar are to be investigated under flexural condition through the bending tests. The load-

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displacement graphs are to be derived and studied.

2. Experimental Setup
2.1 Characteristics of mortar and fibers
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This study investigated the crack-closing capacity of short superelastic SMA-fiber-reinforced
beam (SE SFB). For this purpose, beams with a square cross-section with 40.0 mm sides and a
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length of 160.0 mm were cast. The beams were made of cement mortar having the compressive
strength of 90.0 MPa. The composition of the mortar is given in Table 1 with respect to weight
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ratio.
Table 1 Weight ratio of the mortar matrix components
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Cement (type III) Silica fume Silica sand Fly ash Super-plasticizer Water
0.80 0.07 1.00 0.20 0.04 0.26
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Using the described mortar and four types of SE SMA fibers and steel bar, specimens were
manufactured. Superelastic SMA fibers are distinguished based on their end shape. The four
types of end shapes considered in this study were straight (ST), L-shaped (LS), N-shaped (NS),
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and spearhead (SH). Fig. 1 shows photographs of the of four types of SE SMA fibers used in this
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study.

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(a): Straight SE SMA fiber, ST (b): L-shaped SE SMA fiber, LS

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(c): N-shaped SE SMA fiber, NS (d): Spearhead end SE SMA fiber, SH

Figure-1 Four types of fibers used in experiments of this study

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2.2 Properties of superelastic SMA

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The hysteretic stress-strain relations of SMA wire obtained by tensile testing as shown in Fig.
2. Phase transformation to detwinned martensite occurs upon loading, following elastic
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deformation of SMA. As loading and unloading paths vary from phase transformation from
austenite to martensite and vice versa, the energy is dissipated. The secant elastic modulus of the
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SMA wire is 45.5 GPa under a 0.5% strain. The phase transformation of SMA begins at a strain
of 1.23%, as seen in Fig. 2. The SMA does not remain in pure austenite phase because austenite-
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martensite phase transformation begins. The upper plateau stress, the stress at which the phase
transformation begins, of the SMA used in this study was 470.0 MPa. The lower plateau stress
during unloading was 230.8 MPa. The residual strain of 0.17% remained due to unloading from
the 2% strain, and it slightly increased as unloading deformation increased. As the phase had
been completely transformed to martensite, the elastic and plastic deformation occurred at a
strain of 7.97%.

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1000

800
550 MPa
Stess (MPa) 470 MPa
600

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400

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200

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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Strain (%)

Figure-2 Hysteretic tensile stress-strain curve of superelastic SMA wire

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The loading path to a 10% strain showed hardening behavior after a 8% strain, which
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indicates stress-induced-martensite (SIM) hardening, for which the stress onset is 550.0 MPa.
The elastic deformation was recovered during unloading, but the plastic deformation could not
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be recovered beyond the completion of transformation. The residual strain after unloading from a
10% strain was 0.925%, which is much higher than the other residual strains induced from the
upper plateau stress. The experiment was performed at 25 ℃, which was higher than the Af
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temperature of 18 ℃ of the SMA; the Af is the temperature that the austenitic phase is
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completed. Thus, the SMA remained perfectly in austenitic phase under the test temperature.

2.3 Preparation of specimens

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Four types of specimens, SMA fiber reinforced beams (SFBs), were fabricated with each of
the types of superelastic SMA fibers, namely, SFB-ST, SFB-LS, SFB-NS, SFB-SH as well as
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one type made only with steel bar without any SMA fiber. For the SFB-ST specimens, two
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straight SMA fibers having the length of 36.0 mm were embedded in a mortar beam, and fixed
by using a plastic plate with 1.0 mm thickness at the middle and bottom of the beam. Note that
the method of embedding SMA fibers was the same for all types of fibers. To create SFB-LS
specimens, L-shaped fiber having the total length of 36.0 mm was used. Two bent parts with the
angle of 30° and length of 3.0 mm constituted the ends of the LS fiber. The N-shaped SMA fiber
was employed to fabricate the SFB-NS samples. The NS fiber was double bent with an angle of

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30° and 6.0 mm length at both ends. Having the straight part of 30.0 mm and two bent parts of
6.0 mm, the total length of the NS fiber was 42.0 mm. For the specimen made with the spearhead
fiber, SFB-SH, the straight part of the SMA fiber was 30.0 mm long and each crimped end was
3.0 mm long, so it had the total length of 36.0 mm.

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Fig. 3 shows the detailed dimensions of the specimens and the fiber and steel bar embedment
lengths in the mortar beams. All numeric dimensions given in Fig. 3 are in millimeters (mm).

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(a): Side view

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(b): Bottom view (c): Cross section

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(d) Installation of steel reinforcement for SRB

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Figure-3 Details of beam specimens

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As seen in Fig. 3, each mortar beam had the length of 160.0 mm and a 40x40 mm cross
section. Fig. 3a, providing the side view of the beam, shows the location of embedment of the
steel bar and SE SMA fibers. A steel bar of 2.0 mm diameter was placed at the upper part of
each beam a 5.0 mm distance away from the top face while the SMA fibers were embedded at a
point 5.0 mm above the bottom face as seen in Fig. 3c. The SMA SMA fiber were placed 15.0
mm away from the side of the specimen while they have 10.0 mm distance in between, as

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illustrated in Fig. 3b. To have a reference to evaluate the function of SMA fibers on crack-closing
capacity, the mortar beams made without SMA fibers were also manufactured. Note that the steel
bar was embedded in the upper side of the beam as it has been demonstrated in [21] that beams
can be damage by cracks that appear at the upper part.

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3. Bending Test

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To induce cracking in the mortar beam specimens and to derive load-displacement curves for
the beams, the three-point bending tests were carried out using a universal testing machine

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(UTM). To provide a better understanding of the pullout test, the photograph of the UTM and an
illustration presenting details of the experimental conditions are shown in Fig. 4.

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(a): Picture of UTM with specimen inside (b): Illustration of the test
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Figure-4 Details of the bending test and placement of the specimen in the machine

As shown in Fig. 4, the distance between the supports was 120.0 mm, and the load was
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applied on the top-mid part of each beam using an actuator. The method of the experiment was
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displacement control at the speed of 1.0 mm/min. The hysteretic test was performed such that the
load was applied to a specific displacement. Then unloading continued until the load is
completely removed.
The applied load was measured by the existent load-cell inside the actuator. A displacement
transducer was installed in the middle-bottom of each beam to measure the central deflection of
the mortar beam. To check the amount of displacement and movement at the supports, two

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displacement transducers were placed at the supports.

4. Results

In this study, the self-crack-closing capacity of SE SMA short fibers embedded in mortar

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beams was investigated under flexural conditions. For this purpose, the post-cracking analysis
was performed. For this analysis, the steel bar reinforced beam (SRB) and SMA fiber reinforced

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beam (SFB) specimens were subjected to bending moment.

4.1 Load-displacement curves

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The load displacement relation for the control specimen made with only steel bar (SRB) is
shown in Fig. 5; Fig. 6 shows the load-displacement curves of the SFB-ST specimen.

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1800

1600

1400
Applied load(N)

1200
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1000

800

600

400
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200

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Displacement (mm)

Figure-5 Load-displacement curve obtained for SRB

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The maximum load carrying capacity of 929.93 N was obtained for the specimen made with
only a steel bar, SRB. It indicates that the steel bar can resist the applied load after cracking.
Since there is no SMA fiber in the tensile area of the beam, the load applied immediately after
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cracking is only sustained by the steel bar.

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The load-deflection relations of specimens of the SFB-ST type obtained from bending tests
are provided in Fig. 6.

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1600
1600
1400
1400
1200
1200

Applied load(N)
Applied load (N)

1000
1000

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800 800

600 600

400 400

200 200

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0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)

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(a): SFB-ST1 (b): SFB-ST2

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1600 1600

1400 1400

1200 1200
Applied load(N)
Applied load(N)

1000 1000
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800 800

600 600

400 400
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200 200

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)

(c): SFB-ST3 (d): SFB-ST4

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Figure-6 Load-displacement curves of beam with straight SE SMA fibers

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The average maximum flexural load bearing capacity obtained for the SRB-ST specimen was
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893.4 N. For calculating the maximum amount of sustained load, the cracking force was
neglected. In this study, we assumed that two ST fibers sustain all flexural force after cracking;
hence, each straight SMA fiber carries the tensile stress of 323.2 MPa. The pullout test on SF-ST
SMA fiber resulted in the average maximum pullout stress of 66.9 MPa [12]. Therefore, the
possibility of fiber slip before the stress induced in fiber reaches upper plateau stress of 470.0
MPa, is high so, no perfect displacement recovery can be achieved.

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Fig. 7 presents the load-displacement curves obtained from the three-point bending test on the
mortar beams made with L-shaped SE SMA fibers (SFB-LS).

1800 1800

1600 1600

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1400 1400

Apolied load(N)
Applied load(N)

1200 1200

1000 1000

800 800

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600 600

400 400

200 200

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0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)

(a): SFB-LS1 (b): SFB-LS2

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1800 1800

1600 1600
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1400 1400
Applied load(N)

1200
Applied load(N)

1200
1000
1000
800
800
600
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600
400
400
200
200
0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Displacement (mm)
Displacement (mm)

(c): SFB-LS3 (d): SFB-LS4

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Figure-7 Load-displacement curves of beam made with L-shaped SE SMA fibers

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The average maximum flexural load carrying capacity of SRB-LS, neglecting the cracking
load, was 996.87 N. In the case of having good and appropriate anchorage, the specimen could
sustain quite a large load due to strong bond strength between fiber and mortar. The load-
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displacement curves of mortar beams having N-shaped SE SMA fibers, obtained from the
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experimental bending tests are plotted in Fig.8.

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1800 1800

1600 1600

1400 1400
Applied load(N)

Applied load(N)
1200 1200

1000 1000

800 800

600 600

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400 400

200 200

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)

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(a): SFB-NS1 (b): SFB-NS2
1800 1800

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1600 1600

1400 1400
Applied load(N)

Applied load(N)
1200 1200

1000 1000

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800 800
600 600
400 400
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200 200
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)

(c): SFB-NS3 (d): SFB-NS4

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Figure-8 Load-displacement curves of beam made with N-shaped SE SMA fibers

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The average maximum flexural load bearing capacity of 1474.5 N was achieved by SRB-NS.
The cracking force was not considered in calculation of the maximum flexural force. Each N-
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shaped fiber of the SFB-NS specimen sustained the average maximum tensile stress of 899.5
MPa. This amount of stress obtained by summation of the bending tensile stress and the friction
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between the duct surface and SMA fibers, is larger than the upper plateau stress of 470.0 MPa
for SMA wire but no flag-shaped behavior can be observed.
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Load-displacement results were obtained by applying flexural load on the mortar beams made
with spearhead SE SMA fibers during bending tests are provided in Fig. 9.
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2000 2000
1800 1800
1600 1600
1400 1400
Applied load(N)

Applied load(N)
1200 1200
1000 1000

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800 800
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)

(a): SFB-SH1 (b): SFB-SH2

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2000 2000

1800 1800

1600 1600

1400 1400
Applied load(N)
Applied load(N)

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1200 1200

1000 1000

800
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800

600 600

400 400

200 200

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)

(c): SFB-SH3 (d): SFB-SH4

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Figure-9 Load-displacement curves of beam made with spearhead SE SMA fibers

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The flexural tests conducted on the SFB-SH specimens resulted in an average maximum
flexural load carrying capacity of 1522.8 N, neglecting the cracking load. Each SH fiber in SFB-
SH sustained the average maximum tensile stress of 941.1 MPa. Although, the SF-SH fiber
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carried the stress about 1.05 times larger than that of SF-NS but still no flag-shaped behavior and
perfect displacement recovery can be observed.
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To provide good insight into the function of each type of SMA fiber in mortar beam subjected
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to bending, a comparative graph illustrating the representative envelope of load-displacement of

each type of beam specimen is provided in Fig. 10.

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1800
SFB_ST
1600 SFB-LS
SFB-NS
1400 SFB-SH
SRB
1200
Applied force(N)

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1000

800

600

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400

200

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Displacement(mm)

Figure-10 Comparative graph presenting the envelope of load-displacement relation of

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representative beam specimens of each type
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As seen in Fig. 10, the short dashed-dotted line represents the envelope of load-displacement
relation of the SRB specimen. It provided the best displacement recovery and crack closing
capacity. The specimen made with SH fibers, which is indicated by the dashed-dotted-dotted line,
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showed best function among all of the cement beams made with SMA fibers. The lowest crack
closing capacity was shown by the specimen made with ST fibers, which is represented by the
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solid line.
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4.2 Self-centering

Investigation into the self-centering behavior of the mortar beam specimens is briefly reported
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here for SFB-NS and SFB-SH. We observed that, for the specimens made with N-shaped fibers,
although the N-shaped fibers could not provide flag-shaped behavior, the fibers could close the
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cracks in the elastic range. The results show that, despite good anchorage of the N-shaped fibers,
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no good deflection recovery was observed. One possible reason for this is that the bent-end part
which is in plastic range begins to stretch earlier than the middle part of the fiber, so the
deflection of the SFB-NS cannot be recovered and cracks cannot be closed.
For the SFB-SH specimens, deflection was well recovered as it showed the largest bond
strength among all the specimens. Although, SFB-SH showed the largest bond strength, and SH
fibers do not have a part in the plastic range, it could close cracks even in the elastic range. Two
reasons can be given, one is that the initial slip is critical for the crack recovery capacity of SE

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SMA fiber reinforced mortar beams, and the other is that the mortar is crushed before the SH
fiber can provide flag-shaped behavior.

4.3 Deflection recovery and comparison

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To provide a better insight into the reflection recovery capacity of the SMA fiber of each type
of mortar beam, comparative graphs including the results of the SRB specimens and SFB

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specimens are plotted in Fig. 11. Fig. 12 shows the results in terms of percentage.

Steel Steel

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3.0 3.0 LS 1
ST 1
ST 2 LS 2

Recovered deflection (mm)

2.5
Recovered deflection (mm)

2.5 ST 3 LS 3
ST 4 LS 4
2.0
2.0

1.5

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1.5
1.0
1.0
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0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Displacement (mm)
Displacement (mm)
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(a): SRB & SFB-ST (b): SRB & SFB-LS

Steel Steel
3.0 3.0
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NS 1 SH 1
NS 2 SH 2
Recovered deflection (mm)

Recovered deflection (mm)

2.5 NS 3 2.5 SH 3
NS 4 SH 4
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2.0 2.0

1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0

0.5
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0.5

0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)
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(c): SRB & SFB-NS (d): SRB & SFB-SH

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Figure-11 Comparative graphs presenting deflection recovery capacity of SMA fibers

As seen in Fig. 11, no flag-shaped behavior and no appropriate crack recovery can be
observed.

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60 60

50 50
Recovery ratio (%)

Recovery ratio (%)

40 40

30 30

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20 20
Steel Steel
ST 2 LS 1
10 ST 3 10 LS 2
ST 4 LS 3
ST 5 LS 4

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0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Displacement Displacement

(a): SRB & SFB-ST (b): SRB & SFB-LS

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60 60

50 50

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Recovery ratio (%)

Recovery ratio (%)

40 40

30 30
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20 20
Steel Steel
NS 1 SH 1
10 NS 2 10 SH 3
NS 3 SH 4
NS 4 SH 5
0 0
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement Displacement

(c): SRB & SFB-NS (d): SRB & SFB-SH

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Figure-12 Normalized deflection recovery in terms of recovery ratio versus displacement

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The deflection recovery ratio of each type varied according to the roughness and shape of the
fiber such that it decreased as the roughness and degree of changing the straight shape increase.
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The SRB specimen made without SMA fiber showed a better recovery ratio than the other
specimens.
It is notable that the beam tended to bend down into convex form under flexural loading, so
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the duct became curved. When the load was removed, the fiber tended to go back to its original
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position, following the unloading path, which induced the deflection recovery of the beam.
Unlike the curved duct, the fiber has a property which induces it to remain straight. Therefore,
additional friction force is generated in the recovery phase. It is difficult for fibers having
relatively more complicated end shapes, such as L-shaped, N-shaped, and speared head fibers, to
go back to their original positions.
The results including load and bending moment carried by mortar beams and tensile load and

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stress sustained by embedded fibers are presented in Table 2 for the various kinds of specimens
tested. A comparison of the load bearing capacity of beams and fiber can be made by using the
data given in Table 2. To provide a better understanding, the focus is on average amounts.

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Table 2 Force, bending moment and stress sustained by beams and fibers
Beam Fibers
Type of Force Bending moment Tensile Force Stress
specimens (N) (N ∙ mm) (N) (MPa)

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SRB 929.93 27897.90
SFB-ST1 620.75 18622.50 301.29 383.61
SFB-ST2 773.10 23193.00 375.24 477.77

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SFB-ST3 1297.43 38922.90 629.73 801.80
SFB-ST4 797.03 23910.90 386.85 492.55
Average 872.08 26162.33 423.28 538.93
SFB-LS1 1217.75 36532.50 591.05 752.55

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SFB-LS2 1087.57 32627.10 527.87 672.10
SFB-LS3 1127.53 33825.90 547.26 696.80
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SFB-LS4 967.17 29015.10 469.43 597.70
Average 1100.01 33000.15 533.90 679.79
SFB-NS1 1517.39 45521.70 727.02 925.67
SFB-NS2 1502.85 45085.50 720.05 916.80
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SFB-NS3 1537.51 46125.30 736.66 937.95

SFB-NS4 1340.25 40207.50 642.15 817.61
Average 1474.50 44235.00 706.47 899.51
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SFB-SH1 1710.61 51318.30 830.27 1057.14

SFB-SH2 1627.64 48829.20 790.00 1005.86
SFB-SH3 1704.12 51123.60 827.12 1053.12
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SFB-SH4 1490.35 44710.50 723.37 921.02

Average 1633.18 48995.40 792.69 1009.29
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As the results given in Table 2 show, the beam made with spearhead SMA fiber, SFB-SH,
showed the highest average load bearing capacity of 1.5 kN. The internal SMA fiber sustained an
average maximum stress of 941.1 MPa, considering the assumption of perfect anchorage as well
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as the largest bond between fiber and concrete because of its large interface with mortar due to
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the fiber end shape. The average minimum load carrying capacity was observed for the mortar
beams made with straight fiber, SFB-ST. The average stress carried by the ST fiber was the
minimum amount of 552.1 MPa. It can be because of the weak interfacial bond between fiber
and mortar as the ST fiber has the smallest contact surface with mortar.

5. Discussions

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A set of experiments were performed to investigate the effects and capacity of the superelastic
SMA fibers to close cracks in mortar beams.
The pullout test results showed that the tensile stress of the ST fiber in the SFB-ST beam was
much higher than that of single-fiber specimen obtained from the pullout test [12]. The bond

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strength between the straight fiber and mortar was too small to upgrade the flexural resistance of
the beam. It can be said that the steel bar sustained almost all flexural force rather than the ST

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fibers. In this regard, it can be observed from the results that the flexural force resisted by the
SFB-ST was 893.4 N very close to the amount of 929.9 N obtained for the SRB.

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A comparison of the results for SRB and SFB-SL shows that, in the case of truncating the
bent part of the SMA fiber right after cracking, the load bearing capacity of SFB-LS is

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approximately the same as that of SRB. A rapid drop can be seen in the graph due to the bent
parts as bending progress produces local plastic deformation. The average maximum tensile
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stress of an L-shaped fiber of the SFB-LS specimen was 616.1 MPa, which is greater than the
SF-LS pullout strength of 277.8 MPa obtained from the pullout test [12]. This could be because
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of the additional friction force between the fibers and duct surface. Note that, in the pullout test,
only vertical tensile force was applied, while the bending tension was applied to the fiber during
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the bending test.

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From the test results obtained for SFB-NS it can be inferred that the induced tensile stress in
SE SMA fibers were developed beyond the 470.0 MPa, the upper plateau stress, but a perfect
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strain recovery was not achieved. It might be because of the fiber slip due to an inadequate bond
between the fiber and cement mortar, which could have caused a reduction in the stress induced
in the fiber to an amount lower than upper plateau stress of 470.0 MPa. The further slip was
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trapped by the bent ends. As the load was continually applied, the NiTi superelastic SMA fibers
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embedded in the bottom part of the mortar beam sustained the induced tension until the stress
reached the transformation limit, so the SE SMA fibers experienced pseudo-elastic deformation,
which lead to a slight hardening in the load-displacement graph. N-shaped fibers have two bent
parts on one side. If the relatively inside bent part is cut earlier than outside bent part, only the
straight part resists the applied load and results in a rapid drop line in the load-displacement
graph. In the case of having broken outside the bent part, the flexural subjected load is sustained

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by the inside bent part leading to two rapid drop lines in the derived load-displacement graphs.
When the bent ends of N-shaped fibers are ruptured, the compressive steel bar resists the
subjected load.

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The results obtained for the SFB-NS and SFB-SH and calculation of the stress induced in the
SMA fiber show that the NS and SH fibers sustained the average stresses of 899.5 MPa and
941.1 MPa, considering perfect anchorage, respectively. The specimen with NS fiber showed

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large load bearing capacity as the NS fiber has the largest length among all which provides a
good large bond between fiber and cement mortar. A large sufficient bond strength can prevent

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fiber slip and in results prevent structural failure. The SH fiber, because of its largest contact area,
due to its spearhead shape, can provide large bond strength for the SFB-SH specimen. However,

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no flag-shaped behavior or displacement recovery were achieved for the following reasons. First,
since calculation of the stress induced in the fiber considering effects of fiber slip is highly
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complicated, the stress in fiber has been calculated for the case of perfect anchorage. Therefore,
it can be inferred that the existence of fiber slip may reduce the stress in the fiber, so the stress
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could not develop in the fiber beyond the SMA fiber upper plateau stress and no austenite-
martensite phase transformation was achieved. Second, the mortar was crushed before the SH
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fiber could provide pseudoelasticity and flag-shaped behavior. This phenomenon is called block
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shear. Third, there was an absence of enough bond strength between fiber and matrix, and finally,
the SMA fiber in beam specimens were covered with a very thin mortar layer of 5.0 mm
thickness which might have caused sudden crushing of the concrete around the fiber so the fiber
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cannot show self-centering behavior and recover the displacement. When the load was removed,
the beam was elastically unloaded until the inverse phase transformation of the SE SMA fibers
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started. The resistance of the mortar dominated the reverse deformation. It has been evident that
some friction prevents full unloading of the NiTi fibers. It can be recognized as a barrier against
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crack closure and complete self-centering of beams.

To provide a better insight into the results, a comparison has been made of the deflection
recovery ratios. The comparison showed that the SFB-SH, among all types of specimens,
resulted in the best rate of deflection recovery or crack-closing capacity. The convex bending of
a beam subjected to flexural loading causes the duct to be curved. For a beam to recover its

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deflection, the fiber is needed to show self-centering or deflection recovery when loading is
removed. Contrary to the curved duct, the SE SMA fiber tended to remain straight, so the
additional frictional force was generated through the recovery phase.

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However, more studies are needed to provide complete flag-shaped behavior and strain
recovery by providing a sufficient bond between fiber and matrix or using a mortar with higher
resistance to prevent mortar crushing before the SE SMA fiber shows flag-shaped behavior.

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To provide a better view on behavior of SMA fiber reinforeced beams under bending load, the

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cracked pictures of different types of specimens are provided in Fig. 13.

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(a) Beam with straight fibers (b) Beam with N-shaped fibers
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(c) Beam with spear-head shaped fibers

Figure 13. Cracking patterns of SE SMA fiber reinforced beams

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As can be seen from the pictures given in Fig. 13, SH fiber reinforced beam produced more
load bearing capacity as it recovered it displacement more than other types of specimen, so a
sever cruch in concrete has been observed.

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6. Concluding Remarks

This study investigated the crack-closing capacity of the SE SMA fibers embedded in mortar

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beams. The SE SMA fibers were categorized into four types based on fiber end shape: namely,
straight (ST), L-shaped (LS), N-shaped (NS), and spearhead-shaped (SH). A control specimen

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was fabricated with only a steel reinforcing bar, and, thus, there was not any SE SMA fiber (SRB)
in the beam. The results showed that the control mortar beam without SMA fibers had better
deflection recovery than those with SE SMA fibers as the flag-shaped behavior of the SMA

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fibers was not developed during the tests. The first reason was that the stress induced in the
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fibers did not reach the upper platesu stress of the SE SMA fibers to initiate the flage-shaped
behavior. Another reason for not having flag-shaped behavior was slip of the fibers, which
resulted in unsatisfactory displacement recovery as, due to friction, it could not return to its
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initial position. Besides, crushing of the cover concrete obstructed the SMA fiber in reaching the
upper plateau stress because the sufficient anchoring action was not provided for developing the
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upper plateau stress.

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The bending moment and load carried by the mortar beams as well as the tensile load and
stress sustained by the SMA fibers were estimated. The maximum load carrying capacity was
obtained by the SFB-SH; the SH fibers showed 1.87 times capacity of the ST fibers. The SH
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fiber bore the largest tensile stress among the fibers since they provided much larger anchoring
resistance and ductile behavior than the other types of the fibers [12]. Despite their good load
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bearing capacity, the SH fibers did not show the flag-shaped behavior in this study because of
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the slip and crushing of concrete. Therefore, a further study is necessary to investigate how to
prevent the slip of the fibers and the crushing of cover concrete. It is critical for the SE SMA
fibers of concrete to secure sufficient anchoring action for generating the flag-shaped behavior.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National
Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and

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Technology (Project No. 2015-041523).

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