Accepted Manuscript

Structural deformation performance of glass fiber reinforced polymer composite beam

actuated by embedded indented SMA wires

Guoqing Yuan, Yanjie Bai, Zhemin Jia, Kin-tak Lau, Pui-yan Hung

PII: S1359-8368(18)32140-1
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.09.101
Reference: JCOMB 6071

To appear in: Composites Part B

Received Date: 8 July 2018

Revised Date: 27 September 2018
Accepted Date: 28 September 2018

Please cite this article as: Yuan G, Bai Y, Jia Z, Lau K-t, Hung P-y, Structural deformation performance
of glass fiber reinforced polymer composite beam actuated by embedded indented SMA wires,
Composites Part B (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.09.101.

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to
our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo
copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please
note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all
legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Structural Deformation Performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer

Composite Beam Actuated by Embedded Indented SMA Wires

Guoqing Yuana,*, Yanjie Baia, Zhemin Jiab, *, Kin-tak Lauc,* Pui-yan Hungc

PT
a
School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
b
School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
c
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn,

RI
Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia

SC
Abstract:

Intelligent morphing wings have become a research hotspot due to their potential value.

U
This paper is also an innovative basic research work to study it. The deformation
performances of the GFRP(glass fiber reinforced polymer) composite beams embedded
AN
different pre-strained indented SMA wires were experimentally and numerically studied. The
indentation SMA wire made by mechanical indentation method has better interface bonding
strength than normal SMA wire. In this paper, the indented SMA wires acting as actuators,
M

were embedded in a symmetrically GFRP laminated composite beam and located at the
eccentric position of the laminate. The layering scheme of the laminated plate is as follows:
[90°(4:1 fabric)/SMA/0°/ 0°/90°(4:1)]. The 0 ° direction is consistent with the direction of the
D

axis of the SMA wire. The Finite element method is adopted to simulate the deformation of
the beam with indented SMA wire in which the linear constitutive model of fully constrained
TE

SMA wires, together with considering their thermally-induced strain response, is used to
describe the recoverable properties of SMA. The prediction from the numerical simulation
agrees well with experimental measurements.
EP

Keyword: indented SMA wire; GFRP composite beam; deformation; finite element method;
experimental research
C
AC

1. Introduction

Embedding shape memory alloy (SMA) materials into polymer-based composite structures
has attracted considerable attention in the recent decades [1-17]. Rogers et al. [1] employed
SMA wires into a composite plate to control its natural frequencies. Lau KT et al. [2]
discussed vibration characteristics of SMA composite beams with different boundary
conditions. S. M. R. Khalili et al.[3] conducted the dynamic analysis of a continuous SMA
hybrid composite beam subjected to impulse load. Yuvaraja M. et al.[4] carried out
experimental work to evaluate the vibration control of flexible beam. H. Asadi et al.[5]
investigated the free vibration of shape memory alloy hybrid composite (SMAHC) beams in
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
thermally pre/post-buckled domains. H. Asadi et al.[6] deduced exact solution for nonlinear
thermal stability of hybrid laminated composite Timoshenko beams reinforced with SMA
fibers. Yahya Bayat et al.[7] explored exact solution of thermal buckling and post buckling of
composite and SMA hybrid composite beam by“layered beam” theory. Jin-Ho Roh et al. [8]
presented an approach to the detection of the strains and optimization of the distribution of
volume fraction of shape memory alloys (SMAs) under low velocity impact. J. Raghavan et al.
[9] evaluated the potential of superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers to enhance the
damping capacity and toughness of a thermoset polymer matrix. Le-Chung Shiau et al.[10]

PT
investigated the effect of shape memory alloys (SMA) on the free vibration behavior of
buckled cross-ply and angle-ply laminates by varying the SMA fiber spacing using the finite
element method. Subrata Kumar Panda et al. [11] proposed a mathematical model to

RI
investigate the details of nonlinear free vibration of thermally post-buckled laminated
composite spherical shell panel embedded with shape memory alloy (SMA) fibre. M.

SC
Samadpour et al. [12]investigated the nonlinear free vibration of thermally buckled sandwich
plate with embedded pre-strained shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers in temperature
dependent laminated composite face sheets. Mauricio V. Donadon et al. [13] investigates

U
the aeroelastic stability boundary of flutter in Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composite
laminates (SMAHC). Min Sun et al.[14] experimentally studied the impact response of
AN
unidirectional cross-ply GF/epoxy laminates with different shape memory alloys (SMAs)
positions. Mohammad-Zaman Kabir et al.[15] presented an analytical study on thermal,
mechanical, and thermomechanical buckling and post-buckling of symmetric laminated
M

composite plates reinforced with shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers. Soltanieh et al.[16]
proposed an accurate algorithm to determine the behavior and effectiveness of super-elastic
SMA wires embedded in composite plates under impulse loading. All above papers mainly
D

discusses how to use SMA to control the vibration, stability and impact resistance of
TE

composite structures.
Another important application for SMA is in morphing structures [17-28]. In 1990s,
aerospace researchers focused on active and adaptive structures toward morphing capability
EP

and system-level optimization under various flight conditions, for examples, Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) program for aircraft ‘smart wings’ [20-21], the
Smart Aircraft and Marine Propulsion System Demonstration (SAMPSON) program for jet
C

engines [22]. Kudva[21] and Hang and Wang [23] conducted experimental investigations on a
scale model of F-18 fighter wings (1:6) for verifying the feasibility of ‘smart wing’ concept.
AC

Boeing has developed an active serrated aerodynamic device with SMA actuators, which is
also known as a variable geometry chevron (VGC). It has been installed on a GE90-115B jet
engine. This device has been proven to be very effective in reducing noise during take-off by
maximizing the chevron deflection, and also increasing the cruise efficiency by minimizing
the chevron deflection during the remainder of flight journey [24-26]. Sofla et al. [17]
developed a shape morphing wing design for small aircraft by applying antagonistic
SMA-actuated flexural structural forms that enabled the change of wing profile through the
control of bending and twisting, to improve its aerodynamic performance. V. brailovski [27]
made a wing with a flexible skin for energy saving, the shape of skin was driven by built-in
SMA wires. Lzabela, K.Kuder et al. [28] have summarized various stiffness of materials and
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
structure concepts for morphing applications.
But the morphing structure embedded with SMA actuator has been required to be more
compact, lightweight, so it has been studied for a long time, such as [29-51]. To achieve large
deformation, the compact systems integrated with smart soft composite (SSC) and shape
memory alloy (SMA) are an emerging research field, such as [29-36,38-39]. However, if the
load requirement for the morphing structure is higher, smart hard composite (SHC) scheme
should be adopted[37,42]. Annalisa Fortini et al.[37] proposed a novel morphing blade for an
automotive axial fan which was made up of a polymeric matrix equipped with NiTi shape

PT
memory alloy strips, though experimental testing was conducted, simulation method about
deformation was not given. J. Liu [40] studied the hard laminate plate embedded with SMA
wires and the SMA wires were symmetrical to the mid-surface, causing no bending moments

RI
when the pre-strain SMA wires were activated. So the plate isn’t morphing structure. It is not
difficult to understand that the large driving force of the SHC structure is needed to produce
large deformation, and the interface performance between the SMA wire and its

SC
surrounding matrix should be excellent. However, the actual interface combination is not as
ideal as expected and detrimental to the practical applications [44-47]. G.Q. Yuan et al.[44]
put forward a novel method called “mechanical indentation”. The nominal interfacial

U
strength for SMA wire with dense indentations can be improved by 4.48 times compared
AN
with the sample with hand-sanded SMA wire.
In this paper, glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester resin SHC composite beam with indented
SMA wire will be manufactured and the deformation of the cantilever beam induced by SMA
actuator will be measured and calculated. The results will help to develop the smart
M

composite structure integrated the capability of load-carrying and morphing based on

indentation SMA wires. At the same time, we can further observe the effectiveness of
D

indentation SMA wire as actuator.

TE

2 Experimental research

2.1 Material
EP

The raw materials of hybrid fiber composite beam with both load bearing and
self-deformation involve reinforcing fiber fabric, resin matrix and indented SMA wire as
actuator. The indented SMA wire used in this paper was made by normal shape NiTi SMA
C

wire with a diameter of 0.6 mm(Marked as C-90162) supplied by Beijing Jiyi Technology
Trade Co., LTD. Fig.1 is the diagram of various SMA wires with different indentation.
AC

According to the conclusion [44]the dense indented SMA wire made by special indentation
device was used in the present study.

Fig.1 Various SMA wires with different indentation

Two kinds of glass fiber fabric were applied in the test. One is EL1200 warp knitted
unidirectional glass fiber fabric produced by Changzhou Tianchang Fiberglass Composite Co.,
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
LTD and the another is 4:1 (warp and weft fibers ratio) woven fabric produced by
Changzhou Tianma Group Co., LTD.
The resin was vinyl ester resin RIPOXY-H6008 (Marked as VE-H6008) with the glass
transition temperature (Tg) of 180 , which was supplied by Shanghai Showa high-polymer
Co., LTD. The proportion of VE resin, promoter agent and curing agent in this research is
1:0.5%:1.5%. The curing condition is 24 h at room temperature (25℃) for first curing and 2 h
at 120℃ for post curing.

PT
2.2 Preparation for SMAHC beam samples
Fig.2 shows the schematic illustration of the cross section of a cantilever beam with the
length, width and height of 240mm, 37.5mm and 2.6mm, respectively. The samples were

RI
stacked by the following order [90°(4:1)/SMA/0°(EL1200)/0°(EL1200)/90°(4:1)]. Eight
SMA wires are distributed in its layer, which the edge distance is 2.35mm and the wires

SC
spacing is 4mm. The volume content of SMA wires is about 2.32%. The length of cantilever
is 180 mm as shown in Fig. 2 (b). The thickness of the 4:1 fabric layer is 0.4mm, and it is
0.9mm for the EL1200 fabric layer.

U
AN
M

(a)
D
TE
EP

(b)

Fig.2 (a) cross section of beam (b) length dimension of beam

C

The composite beam is manufactured through vacuum bag molding technique. Fig.3
AC

shows the process of sample preparation. The first layer of 4:1fabric is laid on the mould.
Then, the layer of EL1200 fabric is laid on the 4:1 fabric. The pre-stretched SMA wires are
embedded in the first EL1200 layer and fixed at both ends with a fixing device to avoid
pre-strain’s restoring because the curing temperature of VE is relatively higher (about 120℃)
than the austenite transition temperature of the SMA wire(As=47.2℃,Af=54.9℃). The other
layers of fiber fabric are laid in sequence and the resin is coated layer by layer. After curing,
the plate is then cut according to the beam dimension.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
(a) (b)
Fig.3 (a)Fabricating process of the composite beams: vacuum bag molding
(b) composite beams embedded indented SMA wires

SC
2.3 Experimental scheme

U
The SMA wires in the prepared composite beam are connected in series, and then clamped on
AN
specific fixtures, as shown in Fig.4(a). The length of the cantilever is 180mm. The deflection
of the cantilever beam is mainly monitored by video gauge. Fig.4(b) is the schematic diagram
of measurement system. Existing a linear relationship between the DC power supply and the
M

temperature of SMA wires[52], the SMA’s temperature can be controlled by adjusting the
value of electric power. The required current power can be calculated according to the
proposed excitation temperature. Before the test, the power was set to a predetermined value,
D

and the deformation value tended to be stable after a certain period of electrification. At this
time, the deformation value was the deformation value under the excitation temperature
TE

condition. The deformation value under different excitation temperature can be measured by
further increasing the power value. Thus the relationship of the deflection and the temperature
for hybrid composite beam with any given pre-strain dense indented SMA wire actuator could
EP

be tested.
C
AC

(a) (b)

Fig.4. (a) test specimen (b) schematic diagram of measurement system

2.4 Test results and discussion

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Fig.5 shows the deformation of composite beams with different pre-strain SMA wires at the
temperature of 130℃ and 170℃.

PT
RI
(a) 1.6% , 130℃ (b) 2.4%, , 130℃

U SC
AN
M

(c) 3.5%, 130℃ (d) 1.6% , 170℃

D
TE
C EP
AC

(e) 2.4.5%, 170℃ (f) 3.5%, 170℃

Fig.5 Displacement of the pre-strained composite beams reinforced with SMA wires at the
temperature of 130℃and 170℃

At the temperature of 130℃,the deflection of the free end of the beam with 1.6% pre-strain
indented SMA wires is about 5.2mm, and it is 7.1mm and 7.3mm when the pre-strain is 2.4% and
3.5% respectively. The deformation of the beam with 1.6% pre-strain SMA wires is smaller than
that of the beam with larger pre-strain level (like 2.4% or 3.5%) SMA wires. This phenomenon is
due to generating a relatively large recovery force when the pre-strain is larger. By comparing the
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
results of the beams with 2.4% and 3.5% pre-strain SMA wires, the difference is very small. The
main reason is as follows: Although increasing the pre-strain level results in increasing the
recovery force when heating to a temperature above Af, but due to the constraint of the wire via
the interfacial bonding stress, its phase transformation temperature is thus increased. For the
two SMA wires prestrained by 2.4% and 3.5%, the activating temperature of 130℃ does not
reach their austenite phase transformation finish temperatures (Af), so they could not effectively
play their important role to generate a bigger recovery force in the composite beams.

PT
At the temperature of 170℃,the deflection of the free end of the beam with 1.6% pre-strain
indented SMA wires is about 7.2mm, and it is 10.1mm and 12.4mm when the pre-strain is 2.4%
and 3.5% respectively. Compared with the deformation at 130 ° C, its value increases obviously.

RI
And the greater pre-strain, the greater deformation. It can be seen that under high driving
temperature, larger pre-strain can give full play to its larger driving role.

SC
3 Numerical Analysis

U
3.1 Simplified constitutive model for a fully constrained SMA wire
The constitutive relation of SMA is the basis of structural analysis of SMAHC beam with
AN
indented SMA wire, and it is also the content that needs to be explained in advance to clarify its
characteristics.
Brinson’s one dimensional constitutive model is one of the most recognized SMA’s
M

constitutive models. It has been used to estimate the mechanical properties of a SMA wire
subject to a full constrained condition [40, 48]. In the current study, an efficient simplified model,
based on Brinson’s model is proposed for numerical analysis to study the bending behavior of a
D

composite beam with SMA wire actuators. SMA wires embedded in a polymer-based composite
TE

structure as an actuating element can be employed in the form of Active Strain Energy Tuning
(ASET) method. In this method, SMA wires are pre-strained before being embedded into the
structure. Upon heating the wires, their strain recovery response would generate a recovery force
EP

to alter the static or dynamic properties of the structure.

C
AC

Fig.6 interfacial shear stress induced by activtaing temperature

Fig.6 is the sketch map of interfacial shear stress between SMA wire and resin induced by
activtaing temperature. In this paper, austenitic phase is assumed as an initial crystal structure of
SMA wire in a composite structure. Initial crystal organization for austenite refers to one
condition that SMA is heated above its austenitic phase finish temperature (> Af) and then cooled
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

down to an experimental temperature T ( M s < T < As , Ms is the start martensitic phase

transformation temperature, As is the start Austenite phase transformation temperature). Before
embedding SMA wires in a composite material, the wires were pre-strained to a fixed residual
strain ( ε 0 ) at an initial experimental temperature. Then the wires were embedded into the
composite and thus completely restricted after curing. The austenitic phase transformation
happen and the recovery stress will be generated upon heating. Accordingly, the interaction force

PT
is introduced between SMA wire and its surrounding matrix. To accurately predict the properties
of the composite with embedded SMA wires, numerical iteration method is required to calculate
the recovery stress by using Brinson’s one dimensional constitutive equation. In fact, numerical

RI
iteration method is tedious and time consuming, so the constitutive equation is processed
linearly in this paper. The linear constitutive equation can reduce the complexity of the stress

SC
calculation and achieve good accuracy of calculation [40-41].
The SMA constitutive equation proposed by Brinson is shown in Eq.(1), in which the martensite
volume fraction is separated into stress-induced martensite and temperature-induced

U
martensite.
AN
σ = σ 0 + E(ξ )ε − E(ξ 0 )ε 0 + Ω(ξ )ξs − Ω(ξ 0 )ξs0 + Θ(T − T0 ) (1)

σ is the restoring stress of the embedded SMA wire at a given temperature of T，σ0 is the initial
stress of the embedded SMA wires at To，To is the initial temperature, Θ represents the stress
M

incremental factor of SMA relative to temperature, T is arbitrary temperature within the range of
T0. The subscript ‘0’ indicates the quantities of martensite at the initial time. ξ, ξs, ξs0, ξ0,E, Ω are
D

martensite volume fraction, stress-induced martensite volume fraction, ξs at the initial time, ξs0.
elastic modulus, transformation tensor.
TE

The coefficients can be expresses as:

E(ξ ) = E A + ξ(E M − E A ) (2)

EP

Ω(ξ ) = −ε L E (ξ ) (3)

EA is the elastic modulus of the SMA at full Austenite state. EM is the elastic modulus of the SMA
C

at full martensite state .

The phase transformation occurs when the temperature reaches Ts, which is the start austenite
AC

phase transformation temperature of the wire with a certain stress σs in this condition:

ε0
T0 = Ts , σ 0 = σ s , ξ 0 = ξ s 0 = , ε ≡ ε0 ,
εL
then Eq.(1) can be derived as:

σ = σ s + E(ξ )ε 0 + Ω S (ξ )ξ s + Θ(T − Ts ). (4)

When the temperature reaches to Tf, which is the finish austenite phase transformation
temperature of the wire with a certain stress σf , the phase transformation finishes, in this
condition:
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

T = T f , E = E A , ξ = ξ s = ξT = 0 ,

then

σ = σ s + E A ε 0 + Θ(T − T0 ) (5)

Pre-strained SMA wire’s restoring path is shown in Fig.7 with L1 to L3. A linear relationship
between stress and temperature is proposed in the process of recovering on pre-strained SMA.

PT
σ = σ 0 + Θ(T − T0 ) T ≤ Ts
(6)

RI
Ts ≤ T ≤ T f
σ = σ s + λ (T − Ts ) (7)

σ = σ f + Θ(T − T f ) T ≥ Tf

SC
(8)
λ is a hypothetical linear coefficient to reflect linear relationship between the restoring stress
and the temperature in the process of austenite phase transformation of SMA.

U
The linear relation between start critical stress of austenitic phase transition and austenitic phase
AN
transfer start temperature is a given information,σ=CA(T-As), as shown in Fig.7-L4.. The similar
linear relation can be achieved between finish critical stress of austenitic phase transition and
austenitic phase transfer finish temperature , σ=CA(T-Af), , as shown in Fig.7-L5. Before warming,
M

the initial stress σ 0 is zero. The boundary point with the coordinate of ( Ts , σ s ) both exit on L1

and L4,Combining the Eq.1 with the boundary conditionσ=CA(T-As), we can obtain the coefficients
D

in linear equations:
TE

ΘT0 − C A As
Ts =
Θ − CA (9)
EP

C AΘ(T0 − As )
σs =
Θ − CA
C

(10)
AC

Similarly, the point with the coordinate of ( T f , σ f ) satisfies both Eq.5 and the boundary

condition of σ=CA(T-Af),. Then the unknown coefficients are obtained as follows:

σ s + E Aε 0 + C A A f − ΘT0
Tf = (11)
CA − Θ

C A (σ s + E Aε 0 + ΘA f − ΘT0 )
σf =
CA − Θ (12)
Finally, according to Eq.7, the λ can be obtained:
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

C A ( E Aε 0 + ΘA f − ΘAs )
λ= (13)
E Aε 0 + C A ( A f − As )

PT
RI
SC
Fig.7 Phase transformation diagram of a typical SMA wire.

U
AN
3.2 Material Properties
3.2.1 SMA wire
SMA wire’s properties are shown in Table.1. Fig. 8(a) shows the stress and strain relationship of
M

SMA wires at different temperature and Fig. 8(b) displays the relationship between the recovery
force generated by fully constrained SMA wires at different activating temperatures.
D
TE
C EP

(a) (b)
AC

Fig.8 (a) stress and strain relationship of SMA wires at different temperature
(b) recovery stress generated by fully constrained SMA wires with different pre-strained levels

Table.1 Mechanical properties of SMA wires

SMA Mf/℃ Ms/℃ As/℃ Af/℃ EM EA CM CA Θ

wire 6.8 16.2 47.2 54.9 14GPa 34GPa 6.8 10.5 0.5

Based on the result showed in Fig.8, it can be seen that the recovery stress is very low at low
temperature condition, Increasing the temperature results in increasing the recovery stress
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
regardless the pre-strain levels.

3.2.2 GFRP
The EL1200GF/VE and 4:1GF/VE composites parameters are shown in Table 2[52].
Table 2 Elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of GF/VE composite under different temperatures
Temperature(℃) 20 120 200
GF fabric EL1200 4:1 EL1200 4:1 EL1200 4:1

PT
E1（GPa） 40.19 28.50 38.89 26.78 35.33 17.3

E2(GPa) 4 11.8 --- --- --- ---

RI
E3(GPa) 4 5.4 --- --- --- ---

ν12 0.255 0.229 --- --- --- ---

SC
G12(GPa) 3.76 3.84 --- --- --- ---

G23(GPa) 2.5 3 --- --- --- ---

U
G13(GPa) 3.76 3.5
AN --- --- --- ---

3.3 Finite Element Model

ANASYS is used to simulate the deformation of the composite beam. The interface between
the wire and surrounding matrix is assumed to be in perfect condition as an ideal state. Both SMA
M

wires and GFRP composite are modeled with 20-node solid186 elements and half of the beam is
molded to accelerate the calculation time according to the symmetry.
D

To the ease of meshing and reflecting the actual situation, a layer of resin with the thickness
TE

about 0.1 mm surrounding a SMA wire is modeled as shown in Fig. 9. The ‘negative thermal
expansion coefficient’ is input in accordance with different pre-strain levels for SMA wires and
the virtual temperature is applied on all nodes of elements to simulate the recovery strain of
EP

SMA. For example, for the pre-strain of 2%, when the thermal expansion coefficient on material
parameter is set as ‘-0.0002’, then the virtual temperature should be set 100℃,and the initial
temperature is set to 0℃. The model size is the same as the testing piece (same as Fig.2). The
C

boundary condition is fixed, and the fixed region is same as the fixing section shown in Fig.2(b).
AC

Fig.9 FEA model of a composite beam reinforced with SMA wires

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
3.4 Analysis Results and Comparison with Experiment
The deformation properties of the composite beam with 3.5% pre-strain indented SMA
wires are modeled by ANASYS. The results obtained from the simulation are compared with
experimental findings. Fig.10 is the comparison of FEA and experimental results.

PT
RI
U SC
Fig.10 Comparison of FEA and experimental results
AN
In Fig.10, the deformation trend of beams in the simulation is consistent with the experiment.
The simulation results are slightly larger than that of experimental results. When the excitation
temperature reaches 170℃, the results of vertical displacements of the beam free end measured
M

by experiment and calculated by numerical simulation are basically identical.

Fig.11 shows the beam deformation results from the simulation and experiment with three
pre-strain levels’ SMA wires that is 1.6%, 2.4% and 3.5% at the temperature of 130℃/170℃. The
D

numerical results are close to experimental results, and the difference value is in the range of 1
mm.
TE
C EP
AC

Fig.11 Comparison of FEA and experimental results for cantilever beam (pre-strained level vs
displacement of the beam)

Due to incomplete material performance parameters at various temperatures, and existing

interface failure at high temperature, It is inevitable that some errors exist between the analysis
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
results and the experimental results. In this simulation, the E1 of GFRP at 170℃ was adopted the
one at 120℃, and the other parameters at 170℃ were taken as the same at 20℃. In fact high
temperature will cause the stiffness of GFRP decreases and it will lead to a decrease in the driving
force.
In addition, the temperature distribution in a beam is difficult to maintain evenly unless it is
entirely operated inside an oven. This non-uniform temperature effect is not considered. The
effect of thermal expansion of GFRP on deformation of the beam is not considered also. And
owing to adopting simplified linear constitutive model under the full constraint condition for SMA

PT
wire, certain errors will also be introduced in analysis results.

RI
4 Conclusion

The pre-strained indentation SMA wire can effectively actuate morphing of SMAHC beam.

SC
Both the size of the pre-strain and the excitation temperature can affect the value of deformation
of the beam. When the excitation temperature is low, the effect of changing the size of pre-strain
on the beam deformation is very limited. With the increase of temperature, the effect of

U
pre-strain level on the beam deformation becomes more and more prominent.
The Finite element method can be used to simulate the deformation of the hybrid
AN
composite beam with indented SMA wire and the negative thermal expansion coefficient
method can effectively model the shape recovery effect of the pre-strained indented SMA wires.
The prediction from the numerical simulation agrees well with experimental measurements
M

when the simplified linear constitutive model under full constraint condition for SMA wire is
applied. Thus this method can be used to design and analyze hybrid composite
load-deformation integration structures based on indentation SMA wire actuator.
D

Of course, there is still a lot of research work to be done for accurate analysis, such as the
TE

analysis of the actual temperature field, the performance of different materials under various
temperature conditions, interface failure criteria, and the constitution of SMA wire under
non-complete constraint.
EP

Acknowledgement
C

This project is supported by “the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”
AC

(22120180222) and “the Swinburne University of Technology research grants”.

References

1. Rogers C.A, Liang C, Jia J. Structural modification of simply supported laminated plates using
embedded shape memory alloy fibers. Computers and Struetures,1991, 38(5.6): 569-580
2. Lau KT. Vibration Characteristics of SMA Composite Beams with Different Boundary
Conditions. Materials and Design. 2002: 23: 741-749
3. S.M.R. Khalili, M. Botshekanan Dehkordi, M. Shariyat. Modeling and transient dynamic
analysis of pseudoelastic SMA hybrid composite beam. Applied Mathematics and
Computation, 2013, 219:9762-9782
4. Yuvaraja M, Senthilkumar M. Comparative study on Vibration Characteristics of a Flexible
GFRP Composite beam using SMA and PZT Actuators. Procedia Engineering, 2013, 64:571-
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
581
5. H. Asadi, M. Bodaghi, M. Shakeri, M.M. Aghdam. On the free vibration of thermally pre/post
-buckled shear deformable SMA hybrid composite beams. Aerospace Science and
Technology, 2013, 31:73–86
6. H. Asadi, Y. Kiani, M. Shakeri, M.R. Eslami. Exact solution for nonlinear thermal stability of
hybrid laminated composite Timoshenko beams reinforced with SMA fibers. Composite
Structures. 2014, 108:811–822
7. YahyaBayat, Hamid Ekhteraei Toussi. Exact solution of thermal buckling and post buckling of
composite and SMA hybrid composite beam by layerwise theory. Aerospace Science and
Technology. 2017, 67:484–494

PT
8. Jin-Ho Roh, Ji-Hwan Kim. Hybrid smart composite plate under low velocity impact.
Composite Structures, 2002, 56:175-182
9. J. Raghavan, Trevor Bartkiewicz, Shawna Boyko, Mike Kupriyanov, N. Rajapakse, Ben Yu.
Damping, tensile, and impact properties of superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA)

RI
fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Composites: Part B, 2010,41:214-222
10. Le-Chung Shiau, Shih-Yao Kuo, Shu-Yu Chang. Free vibration of buckled SMA reinforced
composite laminates. Composite Structures, 2011, 93:2678-2684
11. Subrata Kumar Panda, B.N. Singh. Nonlinear finite element analysis of thermal post-buckling

SC
vibration of laminated composite shell panel embedded with SMA fibre. Aerospace Science
and Technology, 2013, 29: 47-57
12. M. Samadpour, M. Sadighi, M. Shakeri, H.A. Zamani. Vibration analysis of thermally buckled
SMA hybrid composite sandwich Plate. Composite Structures. 2015, 119:251–263

U
13. Maurício V.Donadon, Alfredo R.deFaria. Aeroelastic behavior of composite laminated shells
with embedded SMA wires under supersonic flow. Aerospace Science and Technology. 2016,
AN
52:157–166
14. Min Sun, Zhenqing Wang, Bin Yang, Xiaokun Sun. Experimental investigation of GF/epoxy
laminates with different SMAs positions subjected to low-velocity impact. Composite
Structures. 2017 ,171:170–184
M

15. Mohammad-Zaman Kabir, Behrang Tavousi Tehrani. Closed-form solution for thermal,
mechanical, and thermo-mechanical buckling and post-buckling of SMA composite plates.
Composite Structures, 2017,168 :535–548
16. Soltanieh, G., Kabir, M.Z., Shariyat, M., A robust algorithm for behavior and effectiveness
D

investigations of super-elastic SMA wires embedded in composite plates under impulse

loading, Composite Structures (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016 /j.compstruct. 2017.
TE

07.065
17. Sofla AYN, Meguid SA, Tan KT, Yeo WK. Shape morphing of aircraft wing: status and
challenges. Mater Des 2010; 31:1284–92
18. Maenghyo Cho, Sanghaun Kim. Structural morphing using two-way shape memory effect of
EP

SMA. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2005,42:1759–1776

19. Daniel Coutu, Vladimir Brailovski, Patrick Terriault. Optimized design of an active extrados
structure for an experimental morphing laminar wing. Aerospace Science and Technology,
2010,14: 451–458
C

20. Jaronie Mohd Jani, Martin Leary, Aleksandar Subic, Mark A. Gibson. A Review of shape
memory alloy research, applications and opportunities. Materials and Design 56(2014)
AC

1078-1113
21. Kudva JN. Overview of the DARPA smart wing project. J Intelligent Materials System and
Structures. 2004;15:261-7
22. Pitt D, Dunne J, White E, Garcia E. SAMPSON smart inlet SMA powered adaptive lip design
and static test. In: 42nd AIAA structures, structural dynamics, and materials conference.
Seattle, WA, USA; 2001.P.1-11
23. Hang GR, Wang ZL. The exploration on the application of shape memory alloy in fixed wing
aircraft. MEMS. 2007, 40(11):54-58
24. Oehler SD, Hartl DJ, Lopez R, Malak RJ, Lagoudas DC. Design optimization and uncertainty
analysis of SMA morphing structures. Smart Mater Struct2012;21:094016.
25. Hartl DJ, Lagoudas DC, Calkins FT, Mabe JH. Use of a Ni60Ti shape memory alloy for active
jet engine chevron application: I. Thermomechanical characterization. Smart Mater Struct
2010;19:015020.
26. Hartl DJ, Mooney JT, Lagoudas DC, Calkins FT, Mabe JH. Use of a Ni60Ti shape memory alloy
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
for active jet engine chevron application: II. Experimentally validated numerical analysis.
Smart. Mater Struct 2010;19:015021.
27. V. Brailovski, P. Terriault, T. Georges, D. Coutu. SMA actuators for morphing wings. Physics
Procedia,2010,10:197-203
28. Lzabela K. Kuder, Andres F. Arrieta, Wolfram E. Raither, Paolo Ermanni. Variable stiffness
material and structural concepts for morphing application. Progress in Aerospace Sciences
63(2013)33-55
29. U. Icardi. Large bending actuator made with SMA contractile wires_ theory, numerical
simulation and experiments. Composite Part B, 2001,32: 259-267
30. Hugo Rodrigue, Wei Wang, Binayak Bhandari, Min-Woo Han, Sung-Hoon Ahn. SMA-based

PT
smart soft composite structure capable of multiple modes of actuation. Composites Part B .
2015, 82:152-158
31. Wei Wang, Hugo Rodrigue, Hyung-Il Kim, Min-Woo Han, Sung-Hoon Ahn. Soft composite
hinge actuator and application to compliant robotic Gripper. Composites Part B. 2016, 98:

RI
397-405
32. Sung-Hyuk Song, Hyeok Lee, Jong-Gu Lee, Jang-Yeob Lee, Maenghyo Cho, Sung-Hoon Ahn.
Design and analysis of a smart soft composite structure for various modes of actuation.
Composites Part B. 2016, 95:155-165

SC
33. Hyung-Il Kim, Min-Woo Han, Sung-Hyuk Song, Sung-Hoon Ahn. Soft morphing hand driven
by SMA tendon wire. Composites Part B. 2016, 105:138-148
34. Junfeng Li, Lei Zu, Guoliang Zhong, Mingchang He, Haibin Yin, Yuegang Tan. Stiffness
characteristics of soft finger with embedded SMA fibers. Composite Structures, 2017, 160:

U
758–764
35. Ning Feng, Liwu Liu, Yanju Liu, Jinsong Leng. Characteristics of multi-functional composites
AN
using elastomer embedded with Shape Memory Alloy wires. Materials and Design, 2015,88:
75–81
36. Wei Wang, Hugo Rodrigue, Sung-Hoon Ahn. Smart soft composite actuator with shape
retention capability using embedded fusible alloy structures. Composites Part B, 2015,78:
M

507-514
37. Annalisa Fortini, Alessio Suman, Mattia Merlin, Gian Luca Garagnani. Morphing blades with
embedded SMA strips: An experimental investigation. Materials and Design, 2015,85:
785–795
D

38. Min-Woo Han, Hugo Rodrigue, Hyung-Il Kim, Sung-Hyuk Song, Sung-Hoon Ahn. Shape
memory alloy/glass fiber woven composite for soft morphing winglets of unmanned aerial
TE

vehicles. Composite Structures, 2016,140:202–212

39. Min-Woo Han, Hugo Rodrigue, Seunghyun Cho, Sung-Hyuk Song, Wei Wang, Won-Shik Chu,
Sung-Hoon Ahn. Woven type smart soft composite for soft morphing car spoiler.
Composites Part B, 2016,86:285-298
EP

40. Liu J. The analysis of deflection and thermal post-buckling of composite laminated plated
embedded with SMA wires. Shanghai[D], Shanghai Jiao Tong University master’s degree,
2006
41. Yu WS. The control of vibration and thermo-elasticity of the composite circular (annular)
C

plates with embedded shape memory alloys fibers. Lanzhou, Lanzhou University of
Technology. Master Degree Thesis. 2006
AC

42. Wang XH. The design and fabrication of initiative distortion structure driven by shape
memory alloys. Harbin, Harbin Institute of Technology, master’s degree, 2006
43. G. Jodin, V. Motta, J. Scheller, E. Duhayon, C. Dőll, J.F. Rouchon, M. Braza. Dynamics of a
hybrid morphing wing with active open loop vibrating trailing edge by time-resolved PIV and
force measures. Journal of Fluids and Structures. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.
2017.06.015
44. Guoqing Yuan, Yanjie Bai. Enhancement of Interfacial Bonding Strength of SMA Smart
Composites by Using Mechanical Indented Method. Composite Part B 2016,106: 99-106
45. Yulong Wang, Limin Zhou, Zhenqing Wang, Haitao Huang, Lin Ye. Analysis of internal stresses
induced by strain recovery in a single SMA fiber–matrix composite. Composites: Part B,
2011, 42:1135-1143
46. Chi-Kin Poon, Li-Min Zhou, Lai-Hang Yam. Size effect on the optimum actuation condition for
SMA-composites. Composite Structures, 2004, 66:503-511
47. Chi-kin Poon, Kin-tak Lau, Li-min Zhou. Design of pull-out stresses for prestrained SMA
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
wire/polymer hybrid composites. Composites: Part B, 2005, 36:25–31
48. Zhu WG. The constitutive relations of shape memory alloy and its composites [D], Dalian:
Dalian University of Technology, PHD, 2002
49. Francesco Fiorito, MicheleSauchelli, DiegoArroyo, MarcoPesenti, MarcoImperadori,
GabrieleMasera, GianlucaRanzi. Shape morphing solar shadings: A review. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 55:863–884
50. M. botshekanan Dehkordi, S.M.R. Khalili. Frequency analysis of sandwich plate with active
SMA hybrid composite face-sheets and temperature dependent flexible core. Composite
Structures 123 (2015) 408-419
51. Ho MP, Lau KT, Au HY, Dong Y and Tam HY. Monitoring of an asymmetrical SMA reinforced

PT
composite using embedded FBG sensors. Smart Materials and Structures. 2013, 22(12):
125015
52. Bai Yanjie. The Researches on the Deformed SMA Wire Composite’s Interfacial Property and
Application. A dissertation submitted to Tongji University in conformity with the

RI
requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering, 2017.

U SC
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
AC