Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793

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Composites Part B
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compositesb

Influence of material uncertainties on vibration and bending behaviour of T

skewed sandwich FGM plates
Sanjay Singh Tomara, Mohammad Talhab,∗
a
Aerospace Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
b
School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Present study aims to investigate the influence of material uncertainties on vibration and bending behaviour of
Functionally graded materials skewed sandwich FGM plates. Reddy's higher order shear deformation theory has been employed to model the
Material uncertainties displacement field. Variational approach has been used to derive the governing differential equations. Effect of
Perturbation technique material uncertainties in the formulation have been incorporated using first order perturbation technique
Monte Carlo simulation
(FOPT). An efficient stochastic finite element formulation (SFEM) have been used for the calculation of first and
Finite element method
second order statics of natural frequency and transverse deflection. Validation of the results have been per-
formed with the help of available literature and separately developed Monte Carlo formulation (MCS) algorithm.
A large number of examples have been solved to quantify the effect of uncertainties on the vibration and bending
characteristics of functionally graded skew sandwich plates.

1. Introduction
Laminated composites have found their wide application in various
engineering field's. Basically laminated composite structures constitute
of various isotropic layers stacked together by means of some bonding
materials. The major drawback in this construction is the presence of
stress concentrations at the interface of the various layers. Due to which
laminated composites go through the delamination, cracking and other
damages. This limitation of the laminated composites can be overcome
with the help of functionally graded material (FGM's) [1]. FGM is an
advance class of materials which have excellent thermo-mechanical
properties which enables them to maintain their structural integrity in
higher thermal loading conditions. Need of such material arises since
the second world war when scientist started searching a material which
can withstand higher temperature conditions [2]. They are usually
composed of metal and ceramics. These constituent materials are
graded in a fashion following various laws such as power law, sigmoid
law, exponential law etc. The graded variation of FGM structures pre-
vents them from delamination unlike the laminated composite mate-
rials [3].
The process of fabrication of FGM is a complex and challenging as a
large number of design variables are involved which enables the
smooth variation of material properties in the structures. In practical
cases it is very difficult to have complete control on each step of
manufacturing with full accuracy. Hence the inclusion of the deviation
of material and geometric properties in the structures are inherent. This
stochastic nature of material properties affects structural response of
the system. Hence it becomes mandatory to involve such behaviour in
the analysis. In recent years, this field have attracted the various re-
searchers across the globe and as a result of which a large number of
literature have been available in this field.
Nakagiri et al. [4] studied vibration eigenvalue problem for FRP
laminated plates with the help of second order perturbation method
while considering various stacking sequence and layer thickness of the
laminate. Oh and Librescu [5] studied the effect of uncertainties in the
properties on the vibration and reliability of cantilever beam. In order
to account the stochastic behaviour of uncertainties first and second
order methods had been employed on the eigenvalues. Vanini and
Mariani [6] investigated the effect of uncertainties on the vibration
behaviour of composite plates resting on elastic foundation by solving
the vibration problem in both deterministic and stochastic cases. Raj
et al. [7] calculated the static response of composite plates with the
help of MCS and finite element methodology. With the help of this
analytical investigations authors predicted the behaviour of normally
distributed parameters. Manohar and Ibrahim [8] reviewed the various
work published in the area of vibration analysis of strictures having
material uncertainties. Author covered various algorithm and methods
such as finite element, boundary element method along with various

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: talha@iitmandi.ac.in (M. Talha).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.01.035
Received 23 April 2018; Received in revised form 2 January 2019; Accepted 3 January 2019
Available online 10 January 2019
1359-8368/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
S.S. Tomar, M. Talha
statistical techniques such as MCS and statistical energy analysis.
Singh et al. [9] investigated the vibration response of laminated
composite plates having material uncertainties. They used HSDT to
account the effect of shear deformation and rotary inertia of the plates.
FOPT had been used to model the stochastic nature of the system. The
results obtained have been validated with MCS and compared with
various plate models. Same group of authors performed another study
[10] on the stochastic vibration of laminated composite cylindrical
panel's. Considering uncertainties in the material properties. They
employed the effect of transverse and rotary inertia in the calculation
whereas FOPT had been employed to account the effect of uncertainties
in the system.
Onkar and Yadav [11] studied deflection response of laminated
composite plates under random transverse loading conditions. They
employed laminated plate theory along with von-karman assumptions
for the formulation. FOPT had been used to calculate the transverse
deflection of the problem whereas MCS had been used for the validation
purpose. Same group of authors performed two more studies on lami-
nated composites. Firstly they [12] calculated the non-linear vibration
response of laminated composite plates. Later they [13] calculated the
forced vibration response of laminated composite plates. They used
Hamilton's principle to calculate the governing equation's for composite
plates. Closed form solution along with FOPT had been used to calcu-
late the variance of various responses.
Yang et al. [14] performed stochastic bending response of FGM
plates having uncertain material properties. They used HSDT in con-
junction with FOPT to calculate the first and second order moment of
deflection statics. Kitipornchai et al. [15] studied the vibration response
of FG laminates having uncertain material properties in the thermal
environment. They used HSDT for the formulation whereas, semi-ana-
lytical approach to solve the governing differential equations. FOPT had
been used to calculate the variance of the eigen solution of the problem.
Giunta and Carrera [16] proposed a Newton series approximation in the
finite element environment analysis. In order to prove the improved
computational efficiency with the presented formulation author solved
the truss problem under static loading conditions. Tripathi et al. [17]
analysed the stochastic vibration response of laminated composite
conical shell structures considering the material properties as basic
basic random variables. Effect of random material properties and
random excitation on the reliability and vibration response of rotating
beam had been studied by Hosseini and Khadem [18].
Gao [19] performed vibration analysis on the truss structure using
random factor and interval factor methods. Author considered the fre-
quency response and mode shapes to be random variable in analysis.
Algebra synthesis method for random variables had been employed to
derive the first and second order statics of the system as Rayleigh
quotient. Lal et al. [20] investigated the stochastic bending behaviour
of laminated composite plates resting on two parameter Pasternak
foundation. They used a C 0 continuous finite element model in con-
junction with FOPT to calculate the mean and variance of deflection
statics. Same group of authors performed few more studies. Firstly they
[21] calculated the vibraiton response of laminated composite plates
resting on elatic foundation. Later they performed two nonlinear stu-
dies for calculation the nonlinear vibration [22] and nonlinear bending
[23]of laminated composite plates resting on elastic. In both studies
author used Von-Karman non-linear strain assumptions to account the
non-linearity in the system. Plate was assumed to be under uniform
pressure and thermal loading.
Shaker et al. [24] used stochastic FEM methodology to calculate the
vibration response of FGM plates. They used first and second order
reliability approaches to calculate the variance of the eigenvalue solu-
tions of the vibration problem. Singh et al. [25] presented a study on
the non-linear bending response of laminated composite plates resting
on two parameter elastic foundation. Authors employed HSDT in von-
karman sense for the formulation of the problem. Plate was assumed to
be under the uniformly distributed loading conditions, MCS have been
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Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793
employed for the validation purpose. The effect of material un-
certainties on the deflection statics of sandwich composite plates have
been investigated by Pandit et al. [26]. Authors developed an improved
theory to calculate the structural response of sandwich plates. Theory
was assumed to follow the stress continuity at the layer interfaces.
Shahabian and Hosseini [27] studied the dynamic response of FG
hollow cylinder having the material uncertainties. Authors employed
Navier solution to calculate the displacement at each point. Whereas
Newmark method with MCS had been employed to calculate mean and
variance of the deflection statics. Same group of authors [28] per-
formed one more study on the stress calculation on the FG hollow cy-
linder under the dynamic shock loading. The material properties of
Al/ Al2 O3 were considered as basic random variables following Gaussian
distribution. Chandrashekhar and Ganguli [29] used MCS with Latin
hypercube sampling algorithm to perform the non-linear vibration
analysis of laminated composite and sandwich composite plates. Pandit
et al. [30] proposed an improved higher order zigzag theory and used it
to calculate the vibration behaviour of soft core sandwich composite
plates. Later same group of author's [31] performed another study using
improved zigzag theory calculating the vibration response of sandwich
composite plates. Theory relaxes the assumption of layerwise theory
while considering the advantages of single later theories. They used
FOPT to account the effect of material uncertainties.
Lal and Singh [32] analysed the bending response of laminated
composite plates under thermo-mechanical type of loading conditions.
They employed a C 0 continuous finite element model along with FOPT
to calculate deflection statics of the plates loaded under transverse
loading conditions. Same group of authors [33] performed another
study on the spherical shell panel considering material uncertainties.
They used HSDT in Von-Karman sense for formulation. Shell was as-
sumed to be under hygro-thermo-mechanical loading. Giunta et al. [34]
performed free vibration analysis on the composite plates having ma-
terial and geometric uncertainties. Author's used classical and two di-
mensional model via Carrera's unified formulation to formulate the
eigenvalue problem. Monte Carlo method was used to incorporate the
uncertainties. They prove that the frequency is not sensitive for the
materialistic uncertainty as compared to the geometric uncertainty.
Jagtap et al. [35] analysed the non-linear stochastic bending response
of FGM plates in thermal environment. Authors used a C 0 continuous
HSDT in conjunction with Von-Karman nonlinear assumptions.
Thermal analysis had been done while considering temperature de-
pendent and independent material properties. The noninear vibration
analysis of composite plates laminated with piezoelectric layer having
material uncertainty had been dome by Lal et al. [36].
Sepahvand et al. [37] used polynomial chaos free expansion to
calculate the effect of material uncertainty in the elastic modulus on the
free vibration response of orthotropic plates. Shegokar and Lal [38]
performed a study on the deflection statics of the FGM beam beam
bonded with piezoelectric layers having material uncertainties. Plate
was assumed to be under thermo-electro-mechanical loading. They
employed a direct iteration based FOPT to calculate the second order
statics of the problem. Chang [39] investigated the non-linear dynamic
behaviour of single walled carbon nano-tube using SFEM technique
considering the effect of uncertainty in elastic moduli and mass density.
Kumar et al. [40] studied the stochastic flexural response of lami-
nated composite plates resting on elastic foundation having cubic
nonlinearity. They modeled various material properties, lateral load,
hygroscopic expansion coefficient as random variable. Dash and Singh
[41] calculated the stochastic banding response of laminated composite
plates. They used used a shear and normal deformation theory to ac-
count the effect of large deformation's. Green-Lagrange nonlinear as-
sumptions have been considered to account the non-linearity in system.
A C 0 continuous finite element formulation along with perturbation
technique had been employed to calculate deflection statics of the
composite plates. Talha and Singh [42] used an improved kinematics
for the stochastic vibration analysis of FGM plates. Theory considers the
S.S. Tomar, M. Talha
Fig. 1. Geometry of plate in Cartesian coordinate system [59].
effect transverse and normal shear deformation's. In order to consider
the effect of stochastic nature in the formulation material properties
such as elastic modulus, volume fraction index of FGM plates had been
considered as basic random variables.
Xu et al. [43] employed random factor method to calculate sto-
chastic dynamic characteristics of functionally graded beam and
showed the characteristic effect of constituent volume fraction index on
the dynamic characteristics distribution. Asnafi and Abedi [44] in-
vestigated the dynamic stability and bifurcation of FGM loads under
stochastic random loading conditions. The properties of the plates were
assumed to be varying in accordance with power law, exponential law
and sigmoid law. They employed probability density function to eval-
uate the instability region and the response of the FGM plates had been
solved using exact solution of Fokker Planck Kolmogorov equation.
Chakraborty et al. [45] used PCFE (polynomial correlated function
expansion) approach to perform the free vibration stochastic analysis
on the composite plates. Garca-Macas et al. [46] studied the free vi-
bration response of CNT reinforced FGM plates. The analysis had been
performed with finite element methodology and probability theory was
used to incorporate the uncertainties in the material properties.
Mukhopadhyay et al. [47] calculated the effect of noise on sto-
chastic free vibration behaviour composite laminated shallow shell
structures. Authors used surrogate based methodology to quantify
material uncertainties. Dey et al. [48] presented a Kriging model to
analyse the free vibration response of composite shallow doubly curved
shells. They used Mindlin's first order plate theory for formulation.
Later same group of authors performed many studies which can be seen
in Refs. [49–53]. Corradi et al. [54] performed a large number of ex-
periments to calculate capacity and strength uncertainty of various
types of wood beams. A special attention had been given to timber
beams as they are commonly used for construction purpose. Tomar
et al. [55] presented a critical review on the non-deterministic meth-
odologies for the analysis of the composite structures. They performed a
thorough survey on the various on the research work which had been
performed in the last couple of centuries in the stochastic domain.
Wu et al. [56] performed the static analysis on the Euler Bernoulli
FGM beam while considering the uncertainties in various governing
parameters such as geometry, material properties and loading's. Per-
turbation theory along with finite element methodology had been used
to model the uncertainties and calculating second order deflection
statics of the beam. Karsh et al. [57] studied the stochastic dynamic
response of the twisted FGM plates using neural network based ap-
proach integrated with finite element formulation. They considered the
uncertainties in the material and geometric properties of the plates and
showed that the uncertainties significantly affect the dynamic beha-
viour of the functionally graded twisted plates. Same group of authors
presented another study [58] on the FGM plates considering the low
velocity response. They employed power law to calculate the material
properties whereas the modified Hertzian contact law had been used to
calculate the contact forces. Fuzzy logic based non-probabilistic method
781
Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793
has been used to quantify the uncertainties. They proved that the
sources of uncertainties effects the low velocity impact of the FGM
plates.
The present analysis aims to investigate stochastic bending and free
vibration response of functionally graded skew sandwich plates. The
formulations have been performed with Reddys higher order shear
deformation theory (HSDT) by employing isoparametric C 0 continuous
finite element. The governing equation's have been derived using var-
iational approach. FOPT has been used to account the effect of material
uncertainties in the functionally graded sandwich plate. Comparison
and convergence studies have been performed to show the effectiveness
and reliability of the present formulation. Separately developed Monte
Carlo simulation methods for validation purposes. Various results have
been shown to demonstrate the effect of skew angles, aspect ratio,
thickness ratios, volume fraction index, and boundary conditions on the
second order statics of defection and fundamental natural frequencies.
2. Material properties and plate geometry definition
Consider a rectangular sandwich FGM plate shown in Fig. 1 with
sides a, b and height h respectively. Assuming that the mid-plane of
plate coincides with the x-y plane.
The gradation of FGM layer follows the power law distribution. The
effective material properties are calculated using rule of mixtures
(Vc + Vm = 1),
Peff = Pc Vc + Pm Vm (1)
Where, Peff represents the effective material properties such as young's
modulus, Poisson's ratio, mass density and coefficient of elastic ex-
pansion, whereas Vc , Vm represents the volume fraction of the ceramic
and metal, respectively.
Plate having FGM core with homogeneous face sheet shown in Fig. 2
considered to follow given volume fractions [61],
Vc = 1, z [h1, h/2]
( ) ,z
n
Vc =
z h2
[h2, h1], hf = h1 + h2
hf
VC = 0, z [ h /2, h2] (2)
In order to consider the effect of thermal environment material
properties are assumed to be the function of temperature.
P (t ) = P0 (P 1 T 1 + 1 + P1 T + P2 T 2 + P3 T 3), (3)
Where, P0, P 1, P1, P2, P3 represents coefficient of temperature and are
unique to the type of materials. A linear temperature distribution has
been employed across the thickness of the plate which is written as,
z 1
T (z ) = Tb + T +
h 2 (4)
Where, T = Tt Tb , Tt and Tb represents the temperature at top and
bottom face of the functionally graded sandwich plate.
S.S. Tomar, M. Talha Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793

Fig. 2. Cross section of Sandwich FGM plate with FGM core and homogeneous face sheets [60].

W0 W0
x = 0, y =0
x y (7)

Final displacement vector at a node ‘i’ can be written as,

{ i} = {U0, V0, W0, T

x, y, x, y} (8)

3.2. Strain displacement relationship

Fig. 3. Nide noded isoparametric element in local coordinate and global co-
ordinate system. The strain displacement relationship for sandwich FGM plate can be
represented as,
9 9 9
{ }= Ni { }i; x= Ni x i ; y= Ni yi ={} { th} (9)
i=1 i=1 i=1 (14)
Where, ε and t represents the linear strain vector and thermal strain
3. Mathematical formulation vector.
0
3.1. Displacement field x
1 1
1 0 3
1
0
y 2 1 0 3
2 2 2
The origin of Cartesian coordinate system is assumed to be lying on = yz = 3
0
+z 0 + z2 1 + z3 0 ;
the edge of the sandwich plate shown in Fig. 1. Reddy's higher order zx 0
4
0 2
2 0
shear deformation theory has been adopted for the mathematical for- xy
0
1
0 3
5
3 3
(10)
mulation. As this theory includes the effect of transverse shear de-
formation and rotary inertia. According to Reddy's theory displacement Where
field at a point can be written in terms of third order polynomial,
0 U0 0 V0 W0 W0 V0 U0
1 = , 2 = , 30 = y + , 40 = x + , 50 = + ,
U U0 x x x
x y y x x y

V = V0 + z y + z2 y + z3 y
1
1 = x
, 1
2 =
y
, 1
3 = x
+
y
, 2
1 = 3C2 ( + y ),
2
2
x y y x y
W W0 0 0 0 (5)
= 3C2 ( x + x ),
Where, U,V and W represents inplane and transverse displacement at a
point, U0, V0, W0 are the displacements corresponding to mid-plane. y
3
1 = C2 ( x
x
+ x
x
), 3
1 = C2 ( y
y
+
y
y ), 3
1

and x represents the rotation of the normal to the mid-plane about y

and x axis, x , y , x , y are the higher order terms of Taylor's series = C2 ( y
x
+ x
y
+ x
y
+ x
y )
expansion. Value of the higher order terms are calculated with the help
of zero transverse stress conditions at top and bottom surface of the Thermal strain vector can be represented as,
plate. After applying these boundary condition following C1 continuous
1
displacement field is obtained, 2
W0 th = 0 T
U U0 x x 0
V = V0 + f1 (z ) y + f2 (z ) W0 0 (11)
y
W W0 0 0 (6) Where, 1 and 2 represents the coefficient of thermal expansion in in-
plane directions respectively.
Where, f1 (z ) = C1 z C2 z 3,
f2 (z ) = C3 C1 = 1, C2 = C3 = z 3, 4/3h2
The complexities associated with the analysis of C1 continuous finite
element is well known. To overcome these difficulty a C 0 continuitous 3.3. Constitutive relationship
displacement field have been prepared with panalty approch, due to
this some artificial constants are imposed to the displacement field The constitutive relation depicts the relationship among stress and
[62], strains of the sandwich FGM plate and is written as,

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S.S. Tomar, M. Talha Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793

ne ne
xx Q11 Q12 0 0 0 1
U= U (e ) = { } e (T ) [K (e) ]{ } e
yy Q12 Q22 0 0 0 2 (19)
e=1 e=1
yz = 0 0 Q44 0 0 { l t }or{ i} = [Q¯ ij]{ i}
zx 0 0 0 Q55 0 Where, ‘ne’ represent the number of elements present in the domain of
the plate and K (e) be the element stiffness matrix for the plate can be
xy 0 0 0 0 Q66 (12)
written as,
Where , [Q¯ ] and [ ] represents the stress vector, reduced elastic coefficient
matrix and strain vector respectively. The terms in the elastic coefficient matrix K (e) = [B]Ti [D][B ]i (20)
can be written as.
Where,
E (z , T ) (z , T ) E (z , T )
Q11 = Q22 = , Q12 = , Q44 = Q55 = Q66 D = [T ]Ti [Qij][T ]i
1 (z , T )2 1 (z , T ) 2
E (z , T )
=
2(1 + (z , T )) (13) 4.1.2. Kinetic energy
Material properties in matrix [Qij ] are graded according to equations The kinetic energy of the plate is given by,
(1)–(3) respectively. NL
1 1 hk + 1
T= {X}T {X} dv = {X}T {X} dz dA
2 2 A
k=1
hk
(21)
4. Finite element implementation v

Where, ρ and X represents the mass density and the velocity vector for
In the present finite element formulation C 0 continuous 9 noded the plate respectively. The velocity vector can be written as,
isoparametric Lagrangian element has been employed as shown in
{X} = [N¯ ]{ } (22)
Fig. 3. Each node of the element contains 7 degree of freedom (DOF)
per node and hence 63 DOF per element. The generalized displacement Where, [N̄] is the function of the thickness coordinate can be written as,
vector and element geometry at a point can be written as [63],Where, i
represents the displacement vector at ith node and x i , yi are the Cartesian 1 0 0 f1 (z ) 0 f2 (z ) 0
coordinates at ith node. Ni represents the interpolation functions which [N̄] = 0 1 0 0 f1 (z ) 0 f1 (z )
can be written as [64], 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 (23)

N1 = 4 (
1 2 )( 2 ), N2 = 4 (
1 2 + )( 2 ) The kinetic energy of FGM laminate will be summation of each
1 2 1 2
element. By applying the finite elements approximation the global ki-
N3 = ( + )( 2 + ), N4 = ( )( 2 + )
4 4 netic energy expression can be written as,
1 2 )( 2 1 2 2)
N5 = (1 ), N6 = ( + )(1 ne
2 2 1 T
1 2 )( 2 1 2 2)
T= { } (e) [M ](e) { } (e)
N7 = 2
(1 + ), N8 = 2
( )(1 2 e=1 (24)
N9 = (1 2 )(1 2)
(15) Where, m represents the elemental mass matrix for element ‘i’.

4.1. Energy calculation 4.2. Work done due to transverse load

4.1.1. Strain energy The work potential generated due to distributed force acting on the
The strain energy for FGM plate element ‘i’ is given by Ref. [65], top surface of the plate,

1 1 Wp = { }T {q} dxdy
Ue = { }Ti { }i dv = { }Ti [Qij]{ }i dv
2 v 2 v (16) A

Sandwich FGM plate consist of more than one number of layers, due Where, ‘q’ represents distributed load vector acting on top surface of the
to which for the calculation of strain energy material property matrix plate.
[Q] has to be calculated for each layer of sandwich plate and summed
for all ‘NL’ nember of layers. New strain energy expression can be 4.3. Skew boundary transformation
written as,
Considering a skew plate shown in Fig. 4 whose boundaries are
1
NL
hk + 1 supported on the two adjacent edges, it is not necessary condition that
Ue = { l}Ti [Qij]k { l}i dz dA the edges of the boundaries are parallel to the axis of the global co-
2 A hk
k=1 (17) ordinates. This fact leads us to define of the nodal displacements in
terms of local coordinates and then transform it in terms of the global
[T ] is the matrix of z extracted from strain terms,
coordinates in order to define the boundary conditions. The transfor-
{ }i = [T ]{¯}i = [T ][B]i { }i (18) mation of the coordinates followed by the simple rules expressed as
[66],
Where, [T] is the matrix made by extracting z terms from strain matrix
and is given by, i = Tg l
i (25)

1 0 0 0 0 z 0 0 0 0 z30 0 Where, i , are the generalized and global displacement vectors at the
l
i
0 1 0 0 0 0 z 0 0 0 0 z3 0 respective i node. These can be defined as,
T= 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 z2 0 0 0 0 T
{ i} = {U0, V0, W0, x, y, x, y}
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 z2 0 0 0 T
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 z 0 0 0 0 z3 { li} = U0l , V0l , W0l , l l l l
x, y, x, y
(26)
The overall strain energy of the FGM sandwich plate will be sum-
mations of the stain energy of each individual element. The transformation matrix at node i can be written as,

783
S.S. Tomar, M. Talha Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793

Fig. 4. Orientation of skew edges of plate. Fig. 6. Comparison of COV ( 2 ) of Al FGM Al2 O3 sandwich plate with MCS
considering Ec as random variable.

Table 1
Material properties of various constituent materials.
Material E (N /m2) Properties ν ρ(kg/m3) Table 3
Variation of non-dimensional central deflection of Al FGM Al2 O3 sandwich
Al 70 × 109 0.30 2707 plate with n = 4.
Al2 O3 380 × 109 0.30 3800
Mesh size Thickness ratio (a/h)
ZrO2 151 × 109 0.30 3000
Ti 6Al 4V 105.7 × 109 0.298 4429 4 10

4 1.538 1.1666
9 1.1968 0.9146
Table 2
16 1.0651 0.8239
Variation of non-dimensional frequency parameter of Al FGM Al2 O3
25 1.0656 0.8225
sandwich plate with n = 1, a/h = 10. 36 1.0596 0.8205
Mesh size Frequency parameter Neves et al. [69] 1.1108 0.8700

1:1:2 1:2:1 (%) differ. 4.6095 5.6857

4 1.4024 1.4966
9 1.3596 1.4538
16 1.3485 1.4429
25 1.3446 1.4391
36 1.3429 1.4375
El Meiche et al. [68] 1.3332 1.4394

(%) Difference 0.7280 0.1304

Fig. 7. Comparison of COV of transverse deflection of Ni / Al2 O3 FGM plate.

Fig. 5. Comparison of COV of square of natural frequency Al/ ZrO2 FGM plate.

784
S.S. Tomar, M. Talha Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793

elemental stiffness and mass matrices as,

KT = TTf K (e) Tf (29)

MT = TTf M (e) Tf (30)

Where, MT , KT represents the transformed global mass and stiffness

matrices.

4.4. Governing equations

In order derive the governing equations of plate variational prin-

ciple have been adopted. The generalized governing differential equa-
tion for combined bending and vibration case can be written as,

[MT ]{q¨} + [KT ]{q} = {F } (31)

Assumption has been made that the system is vibrating in the

principle mode, the eigenvalue problem for bending and vibration re-
sponse of functionally graded skew sandwich plate can be written as,
Fig. 8. Comparison of COV of transverse deflection of Al FGM Al2 O3
[KT ]{q} = [MT ]{q} + {F } (32)
sandwich plate with MCS and FOPT.
Where, = 2 , ω represents the natural frequency of the functionally
c s 0 0 0 0 0 graded skew sandwich plate, q represents the global displacement
s c 0 0 0 0 0 vector, whereas F represents the global transverse load vector.
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Tg = 0 0 0 c s 0 0
0 0 0 s c 0 0 4.5. Perturbation approach
0 0 0 0 0 c s
0 0 0 0 0 s c (27) In the present study in order to account the effect of material un-
certainties in the vibration and bending response of functionally graded
Where, c = cos( ) and s = sin( ), represent the skew angle for the skew sandwich plates first order perturbation approach have been
plate. From the above transformation matrix it may be noted that for adopted. The basic material properties of skew sandwich plates are
the various nodes which are not present on the skew edges transfor- considered as basic input random variables. In the framework of per-
mation matrix have nonzero value only for the principle diagonal ele- turbation technique, let following random field variable's have been
ments, which are equal to unity. Thus the transformation matrix for a assumed,
complete element the element transformation matric can be written as,
(x , y ) = { 1 (x , y ), 2 (x , y ), 3 (x , y ), ………… m (x , y )} (33)
Tf = Tg [I9] (28)
Here elastic constants such as youngs modulus, poisons ratio and
Where, I9 represents the identity matrix of order 9 × 9, the order of the volume fraction index are assumed as independent random vari-
identity matrix will be same as that of number of nodes present in the able. Using finite element considerations, variable's in the random field
element. Elemental transformation matrix will be used to transform the can be written as,

Fig. 9. Variation of COV of square of natural frequency with thickness ratio(a/ h ) considering (a) Ec (b) Em as random variable.

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S.S. Tomar, M. Talha Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793

Fig. 10. Variation of COV of square of natural frequency with volume fraction index(n) considering (a) Ec and Em (b) c and m as random variable.

nn m m
0 0 r r
= Ni i Var ( i ) = i, j i, k Cov ( j, k)
i=1 (34) j =1 k=1 (40)
As, material properties have been considered as random variables. where, Cov ( represents the coefficient of variance between
r
j,
r
k)
r
j
Hence vectors and matrices in eq. (3.38) will be function of and will and rk respectively.
be random in nature.
m m
[KT ] = [KT ( )] Var (q) = diag (qi, j )(qi, j )T Exp r
j,
r
j
{qi } = {qi ( )} j =1 j=1 (41)
{ } = { ( )} (35)
Where, Exp ( r
j,
r
j) represents the expectation matrix which can be
In FOPT random variable are expanded using the Taylor series ex- calculated as,
pansion and upto first order terms of expansions are retained. Here, r r
Exp ( j, k) = [ ][ ][ ]
variables in the random field are expanded about mean values 0 of
random variables, and zero mean random part r [67]. and, [ ] and [ ] are standard deviation and correlation coefficient
matrices respectively.
[KT ] = [KT0] + [KTr ]
{qi} = {qi0} + {qir } 0 ... 0 1 12 ... 1k

{ i} = { i0} + { ir } (36) 0 ... 0 21 1 ... 2k

[ ]= . . ... . , [ ] = . . ... .
. . ... . . . ... .
Considering the variation in random part be very small as compared 0 0 ... k1 k2 ... 1
to mean value. Using the above equation and putting in equation (32)
while collecting terms with same order and neglecting terms above first
order following two equations can be derived, 5. Results and discussions

• Zeroth order equation In this section, stochastic vibration and bending response of func-
[KT0]{qi0} 0 0 tionally graded skew sandwich plates various numerical results have
= {F } + i [MT ]{qi } (37)
been solved. This section have been divided into two major parts
namely convergence and comparison study and the parametric studies.
• First order equation Stochastic results have been demonstrated in terms of coefficient of
[KT0]{qir } + [KTr ]{qi0} = {F } + 0 r
i [MT ]{qi } + r 0
i [MT ]{qi } (38) variance (COV=SD/mean) of square of natural frequencies and de-
flection statics of skew sandwich plates against COV of random vari-
Using first order Taylor series expansion, for small values of random ables (R.V.).
part, terms [KTr ], ir , {qir } can be written as,

i
r
=
m 0 r 5.1. Convergence and comparison studies
j = 1 i, d j
m
qir = q0 r
j = 1 i, j j In this section accuracy and applicability of the present formulation
m
[KTr ]i = [KT0] rj has been demonstrated through various examples. The current ap-
j=1 i, j (39)
proach has been validated against the results available in the published
In the current case, results for vibration and bending case are cal- literature and using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique. This
culated separately. The variance for eigenvalues of frequency and de- section aims to demostrate appropriate mesh size which can be used to
flection can be written as, obtain the results.

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S.S. Tomar, M. Talha Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793

Fig. 11. Variation of COV of square of natural frequency with skew angle (ψ) considering (a) Ec (b) Em (c) c (d) m (e) Ec , Em (f) Ec ,Em , c , m ,n as random variable.

5.1.1. Vibration analysis
Example 1: This example presents the validation study for fre-
quency parameter ( ¯ ) of sandwich FGM plates simply supported (SSSS)
at all edges have been validated against the results of El Meiche et al.
[68]. Table 2 shows that the results obtained by the current formulation
agrees well with the literature El Meiche et al. [68] at various volume
fractions. Author's used a new hyperbolic shear deformation theory
along with the Navier's closed form solution to calculate vibration re-
sponse of the plate. The elastic modulus of metal ( Al ) and ceramic
( Al2 O3 ) have been considered to be 70GPa and 380Gpa , respectively.
The material properties are also given in Table 1. The thickness ratio
(a/ h ) has been taken as 10, frequency parameter ( ¯ ) used in study can

787
S.S. Tomar, M. Talha
Fig. 12. Variation of COV of square of natural frequency considering (a) all properties as R.V. (b) Various boundary conditions.
be written as:
¯ = (b2 / h) 0 / E0
where, ω, b and h are natural frequency, width and thickness of plate. 0
and E0 are constant terms in frequency parameters having values
1Kg / m3 and 1GPa , respectively.
Example:2 In this example validation of coefficient of variation
(COV) of square of natural frequency ( 2 ) of square Al/ ZrO2 FGM plate
with Shaker et al. [24] has been performed. The volume fraction index
(n) and thickness ratio (a/ h ) in the study had been considered as 2 and
10, respectively. Plate is assumed to be simply supported at all edges.
The elastic modulus of metal and ceramic have been considered to be
70 GPa and 151 Gpa, respectively. Shaker et al. [24] employed first and
second order reliability method whereas in present study FOPT has
been used to obtain the second order statics of vibration response of the
FGM plates. Fig. 5 shows that results obtained from the present for-
mulation agrees well while considering elastic modulus (Ec and Em ) as
random variables (R. V .).
Example:3 In this example coefficient of variation (COV) of square
of natural frequency ( 2 ) of simply supported square
Al FGM Al2 O3 sandwich FGM plate is validated with in-
dependently developed Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and FOPT ap-
proach. Elastic modulus of ceramic (Ec ) has been considered as random
variable (R.V.). Thickness ratio (a/ h ) and volume fraction index (n)of
simply supported plates has been considered as 10 and 2, respectively.
The elastic modulus of metal and ceramic have been taken to be 70 GPa
and 380 Gpa, respectively. The results obtained MCS and FOPT matches
well as shown in Fig. 6. Since, the MCS is computationally expensive,
therefore FOPT approach has been used to obtain the results for sto-
chastic vibration response of sandwich FGM plates.
5.1.2. Bending analysis
Example:1 In this example the non-dimensional central deflection
of Al FGM Al2 O3 sandwich FGM plate has been validated with
Neves et al. [69]. Validation has been performed while considering
different values of thickness ratios(a/ b ) whereas, volume fraction index
(n) has been considered to be 4. Neves et al. [69] used quasi 3D HSDT
while incorporating collocation method having radial basis function.
Table 3 shows comparison of results from both the methodologies. It
can be seen that at 6 × 6 mesh the results obtained with current for-
mulation agrees well with the published literature [69].
Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793
Example:2 This example presents the validation of deflection statics
of Ni /Al2 O3 FGM plate having volume fraction index(n) and thickness
(42) ratio(a/ h ) to be 2 and 10 respectively. Elastic modulus of metal (Em ) is
considered to be independent random variable. Fig. 7 shows that results
obtained with current formulation agrees fairly well with the literature
[14]. Yang et al. [14] used semi-analytical method based HSDT to
calculate transverse deflection statics of FGM plate.
Example:3 In this example comparative study have been performed
between transverse deflection statics of Al FGM Al2 O3 sandwich
FGM plate obtained with FOPT and MCS. Plate is assumed to be under
uniformly distributed loading and simply supported boundary condi-
tions. Elastic modulus of ceramic(Ec ) has been considered to be random
variable. The volume fraction index(n) and thickness ratio(a/ h ) to be 2
and 10 respectively. Fig. 8 shows that results obtained with FOPT
agrees with MCS and thus current formulation can be used to produce
results for sandwich FGM plate.
5.2. Parametric studies
Objective of the parametric studies is to represent the effect of
dispersion of various material properties and random variables on the
COV of square of natural frequency( 2 ) and transverse deflection(w) on
Al FGM Al2 O3 skew sandwich plate. The material properties in the
study have been assumed to be varying from 0% to 15%. The thickness
ratio of each layer is consider to be in 1:1:2 ratio moving from top to
bottom layer. The material properties used in the analysis are as fol-
lows:
• Aluminium(Al): Elastic modulus (E ) = 70 GPa, Mass density
m
( ) = 2707 Kg / m , Poisson's ratio ( ) = 0.3
3
• Aluminium Oxide ( Al O ): Elastic modulus (E ) = 380 GPa, Mass
m m
2 3 c
density ( c ) = 3800 Kg / m3 , Poisson's ratio ( c ) = 0.3
5.2.1. Vibration analysis
Example:1 This example presents the variation in COV of square of
natural frequency ( 2 ) of Al FGM Al2 O3 skew sandwich plate with
thickness ratio (a/ h ) by considering elastic modulus (Ec and Em ) as
random variables. Plate has been considered to be simply supported at
all edges. The volume fraction index (n) and skew angle (ψ) of square
sandwich plate is taken to be 2 and 100 , respectively. It is observed from
Fig. 9 that the values of COV of square of natural frequency ( 2 )
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S.S. Tomar, M. Talha Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793

Fig. 13. Variation of COV of transverse displacement with thickness ratio (a/ h ) considering (a) Ec (b) Em (c) c (d) m (e) n (f) Ec ,Em as random variable.

increases with increase in thickness ratio. This is more predominant in
case of Ec as compared to Em . This is due to the fact that the value of
elastic modulus of ceramic is higher than that of metal.
Example:2 In this example the variation of COV of square of natural
frequency ( 2 ) of simply supported Al FGM Al2 O3 skew sandwich
plate with volume fraction index (n) considering elastic moduli (Ec and
Em ) and poisson's ratio's ( c and m ) have been demonstrated. The
thickness ratio (a/ h ) and skew angle (ψ) of skew sandwich plat are
considered to be 10 and 100 , respectively. Fig. 10 shows that COV of 2
varies in cases where Em and m are varying. This is mainly due to the
fact that on increasing the volume fraction index (n) of the plate, metal
fraction in FGM layer increases and hence the variation in the COV can

789
S.S. Tomar, M. Talha
Fig. 14. Variation of COV of transverse displacement with thickness ratio (a/ h ) considering (a) Ec (b) Em (c)
be observed.
Example:3 In this example various results for COV of square of
natural frequency ( 2 ) of Al FGM Al2 O3 skew sandwich FGM
plates with skew angle (ψ) has been demonstrated while varying all the
material properties (Ec , Em , c , m , n) one by one. The thickness ratio
(a/ h ) and volume fraction index (n) of the simply supported plates have
been considered to be 2 and 10, respectively. It can be observed from
Fig. 11 that in all the cases the value of COV of 2 increases with in-
crease of skew angle (ψ). This is due to the increase in mean natural
frequency of the system with skew angle. The numeric values of COV,
2 is more in case of elastic moduli (E and E ) is more than poissons
c m
ratios ( c and m ) as the numeric mean values of elastic moduli are more
than poissons ratios. Due to which small deviation in elastic modulus
largely influences the dispersion behaviour of natural frequency of
system.
Example:4 In this examples, two special cases have been demon-
strated. Firstly by considering the effect of increase of random material
properties one by one on COV of square of natural frequency ( 2 ) later
by considering various boundary conditions. It can be observed from
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Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793
c (d) m as random variable.
Fig. 12a that with increase in number of independent random variables
(R.V.) COV of natural frequency ( 2 ) increases. This shows that the
effect of randomness in material properties have a significant effect on
sensitivity of natural frequency of plate. It is also observed from
Fig. 12b that the value of COV of natural frequency ( 2 ) is comes out to
be maximum in case of SFSF boundary conditions. This can be under-
stood as the this condition offers least constrained condition among
various boundary conditions used, where as the value is minimum in
case of CCCC boundary conditions as it offers highly constrained con-
dition for the plate.
5.2.2. Bending analysis
In this section various results have been shown while considering
square Al FGM Al2 O3 skew sandwich plates under simply sup-
ported boundary condition and with uniform loading conditions of
100 MPa.
Example:1 This examples presents the dispersion of transverse
displacement (w) of square Al FGM Al2 O3 skew sandwich plate
with thickness ratio (a/ h ) while considering all properties (Ec , Em , c ,
S.S. Tomar, M. Talha
Fig. 15. Variation of COV of transverse displacement with volume fraction index (n) considering (a) Ec (b) Em (c)
Fig. 16. Variation of COV of square of natural frequency considering all properties as R.V.
m ,n) as random variables shown in Fig. 13. Plates are assumed to be
under simply supported boundary condition. The volume fraction index
(n) and skew angle (ψ) are considered as 2 and 100 , respectively. It has
been observed that COV (S. D. / Mean ) of transverse displacement (w)
decreases with the increase in thickness ratio (a/ h ) while considering Ec
and c as random variable. While contrary COV of transverse dis-
placement (w) decreases with increase in Em , n and m . In general it can
be observed that COV of transverse displacement (w) is most sensitive
to ceramic elastic modulus (Ec ) and metal poisson's ratio ( m ).
Example:2 In this example the effect of variation of volume fraction
index (n) on COV (S. D. / Mean ) of transverse displacement (w) have
been observed considering Ec , Em , c , m as independent random vari-
ables. The thickness ratio (a/ h ) and skew angle (ψ) of the plate have
been considered to be 10 and 100 , respectively. The variation has been
observed at n = 1, 2, 5 and 10, respectively. It has been observed from
Fig. 14 that dispersion of COV of transverse displacement (w) increases
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Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793
c (d) m as random variable.
in case of Em and m on the contrary COV decreases with increase in
volume fraction index (n) while considering Ec and c as random vari-
ables. This is mainly due to the fact that with the increase in volume
fraction index (n) metal volume fraction in FGM layer of sandwich plate
increases. Due to which the sensitivity of transverse deflection (w) can
be easily observed.
Example:3 This example presents the effect of dispersion of volume
fraction index(n) on COV of transverse displacement(w) of
Al FGM Al2 O3 skew sandwich plate considering more than one
material properties as random variable. The Thickness ratio and skew
angle of the plate have been considering to be 10 and 100 , respectively.
Plate is assumed to be under simply supported boundary conditions.
From Fig. 15 it can be observed that with increase in volume fraction
index(n) COV of transverse displacement(w) increases with an excep-
tion at n = 1. It can be understood as elastic modulus of ceramic(Ec )
and metal(Em ) being considered to be random. With results in increase
S.S. Tomar, M. Talha
in COV of transverse displacement(w) due to (Em ) and decrease sue to
(Ec ). Hence due to combined effect of both random variable such in-
teresting result has been obtained.
Example:4 This example shows the effect of increase of random
variable on the dispersion of transverse displacement (w) of
Al FGM Al2 O3 skew sandwich plate. Volume fraction index (n),
thickness ratio (a/ h ) and skew angle (ψ) of plate have been considered
to be 2, 10 and 100 , respectively. It has been observed from Fig. 16 that
COV of transverse displacement (w) increases with increase in number
of independent random variable. This shows that all the material
properties leads to the increase in the sensitivity of the transverse dis-
placement (w).
This example shows the effect of increase of random variable on the
dispersion of transverse displacement(w) of Al FGM Al2 O3 skew
sandwich plate. Volume fraction index(n), thickness ratio(a/ h ) and
skew angle(ψ) of plate have been considered to be 2,10 and 100 , re-
spectively. It can be observed from Fig. 16 that COV of transverse
displacement(w) increases with increase in number of independent
random variable. This shows that all the material properties leads to the
increase in the sensitivity of the transverse displacement(w).
6. Conclusion
Stochastic vibration and bending response of functionally graded
skew sandwich plates have been studied while considering the un-
certainty in material properties. Reddy's HSDT has been used to model
the displacement field. Variational principle has been used to derive
governing differential equations. Finite element methodology in con-
junction with FOPT have been used to calculate the first and second
order statics of natural frequency and transverse displacement of skew
sandwich plate. Convergence and validation studies have been per-
formed to show the reliability of present formulation. Various numer-
ical results have been shown to observe the effect of various random
variables and system parameters on the vibration and deflection statics
of functionally graded skew sandwich plates. The list of conclusions
that can be drawn from current study are as follows:
• COV of natural frequency( ) and transverse displacement(w) varies
2
linearly with COV of random material properties.
• Effect of increase of thickness ratio(a/h) on COV of natural fre-
quency( 2 ) has been comes out to be more while considering Ec as
random variable compared to Em .
• Effect of increase of volume fraction index(n) on COV of natural
frequency( 2 ) have been comes out to be maximum while con-
sidering Em and m as random variable whereas effect is minimum
for Ec and c , respectively.
•
The dispersion of elastic modulus of ceramic(Ec ) have maximum
effect on the sensitivity of natural frequency of skew sandwich FGM
plate on contrary it found to be minimum in case of m .
•
COV of natural frequency( 2 ) increases with increase in number of
independent random variables considering other parameter to be
constant.
•
As plate thickness ratio(a/h) the sensitivity of transverse deflection
(w) increases while considering Em and m as R.V. whereas, on
contrary sensitivity decreases while considering Em , m and n as
random variable.
•
Sensitivity of transverse deflection(w) increases while considering
Em and m as random variable whereas, on contrary it decreases
while considering Ec as random variable.
•
COV of transverse deflection(w) increases with the increase in
number of independent random variables.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.01.035.
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Composites Part B 163 (2019) 779–793
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