effect of different material and geometry variables on the

dynamic properties of
fractured FG plates is
1. Introduction investigated. The inclination
angle of the straight crack had
Functionally gradient
materials are a new type of
Put the title of the paper here with the greatest effect on the fifth
and fourth natural modes. The
composite material in which font Arial, FGM mixing index had little
could be recognized by the size 15pt, centered, length up to 2 effect on the frequency
patterns. The effect of the
gradual changes in structure
and composition leading to lines different boundary
variation in the configurations on the
characterization of materials. First + Middle (initial) + Last fundamental vibration is the
By contrast, traditional name1a(Superscript―:Corresponding, same. Bakhti Damani et al.
composites have a 1 a
:affiliation, :footnote info), (2021) discussed the quasi-3D
homogenous composition and shear deformation theory and
Sullivan T. Smith2, Tanaka Ikarashi1a and Ahmed its application to dynamic
hence retain the good qualities
of their individual M. Mohamed2b 11pt analysis and bending of
components. Functionally 1 functionally graded plates.
Affiliation (Department, Institute, Address, Country) with font Arial,
graded materials are a new size 8.5pt
This model is superior to
generation of composite 2Department of Civil Engineering, Korean Advanced Institute for others as it minimizes the
materials that have been Science and Technology, variables. The proposed model
developed to meet the 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea considers nonlinear
demands of the evolution in displacements throughout the
the use of highly resistant and (Received keep as blank , Revised keep as blank , Accepted thickness and ensures that the
defect-free materials. It was keep as blank )9pt top and bottom of the plate
first used in the aircraft have free boundary conditions.
industry in 1984 in Japan, and Abstract. This study aimed to develop a model to The Navier technique is used
later was used in a variety of accurately predict the acceleration of structural systems to find analytical solutions.
during an earthquake. The acceleration and applied
applications due to its unique Comparisons with various
force of a structure were measured at current time step
design characteristics which 2D,3D, and quasi-3D solutions
and the velocity and displacement were estimated
vary in microstructure and through linear integration.……9.5pt
show the validity of the
composition to regulate proposed formulation.
changes in thermal and Keywords: complex terrain; typhoon wind field; Pengchong Zhang et al. (2020)
structural performance or CFD simulation; surface roughness length; developed a semi-analytical
functional qualities. topography9.5pt strategy based on SBFEM and
Completely exploited, for precise integration PIA. For
instance, the refractoriness of the first time, kinetic energy is
ceramic can be combined with the toughness of metal used to construct a global mass matrix of piezoelectric
without affecting the toughness of either the metal or lamellar composite plates. These results are consistent with
ceramic side. Abbas Heydari (2018) investigated the precise values for both global frequency and local mode
nonlocal damped vibration and buckling of arbitrarily shape responses. Compared to layer-based theories, this
tapered bidirectional functionally graded solid circular seems to be the more accurate explanation. Setti Elmascri et
nano-plates are studied using a modified spectral Ritz al. (2020) developed the free vibration of simply supported
approach BDFGSCNP. Two-directional variations of the FGM plates over a wide temperature range by developing
young modulus and mass density are modeled by a an original hyperbolic shear deformation plate theory. When
multivariable function. M.Mohammadimehr et al. (2018) applied to a plate without a traction barrier, the theory
studied the free vibrations and buckling of coupled suggests that the transverse shear stresses would be
microcomposite plates using SSDT and MGSGT. The parabolically distributed. The proposed theory is not only
governing equations of motion were established using correct but also simplifies the prediction of natural
Hamilton's principle as a mathematical representation. An frequencies in temperature controls for FGM plates with
orthotropic elastic medium was tested on sandwich plates strain effect. Behrouz Karami et al. (2020) has used the
composed of doubly bonded microcomposites. In Kerr foundation to study the size-dependent free vibration
microplates, an increase in the Winkler andPasternak of porous nanoplates in a humid atmosphere. Using
constants increases the natural frequency and the critical Hamilton's principle, the governing equations are
buckling stress. Vahid Khalafi and Jamshid Fazilati (2021) established and then solved analytically. The elastic Kerr
investigated free vibrations of FGMs with straight and foundation is chosen as a strongly affected foundation type.
curved fractures. A NURBS-based multi-patch is geometric The results show that very small scale variables have a
analysis formulation is used. Nitsche technique is used to significant effect on higher order frequencies, which can be
satisfy the inter-patch connectivity requirements. Then, the explained by size effect processes. Moreover, holes in the
 Sullivan T. Smith, Tanaka Ikarashi and Ahmed M. Mohamed
material properties often contribute to the stiffening of the
FG nanoplates'
vibration frequency. Mohammed Sehoul et al. (2021)
investigated the free vibration response of laminated
composite plates with NP-RSDT. Transverse shear
deformations are parabolically distributed as a consequence
of this theory, while the shear stress at the free surfaces of
the plates remains zero. Using a unique discretization
approach, a numerical analysis of square antisymmetric
cross-ply and angle-ply laminated plates was performed.
The numerical results were compared with analytical
solutions using the finite element method (FEM). All results
were found to be legitimate. Hongwei Feng et al. (2020)
study on functionally graded nanocomposite sandwich
plates changed the aspect ratio, waviness, internal pores and
graphene platelets GPLs. The equations of motion were
solved semi-analytically using the two-dimensional
Generalized Differential Quadrature Method (2DGDQM)
and a series solution. While analyzing the natural
frequencies of the plates, he recognized elements such as
elastic coefficients, boundary conditions and material
properties. Babak Safaei (2020) proposed to embed a
porous core between layers of laminated composite plates to
study the effect on the natural frequencies of the resulting
porous laminated composite sandwich plate (PLCSP) sitting
on an elastic foundation with two parameters. In order to
solve the derived Eigenvalue equation, a finite element
method (FEM) was developed. The natural frequencies of
the proposed PLCSPs were studied in terms of porosity
parameters, laminated composite fiber orientation,
geometric dimensions, boundary conditions and elastic
foundation. Arameh Eyvazian et al. (2019) investigated the
instability behavior of sandwich plates with
magnetorheological (MR) fluid cores and piezoelectric
reinforced face sheets. A proportional derivative controller
(PD) was developed to control the vibration behavior and
loss tangent of the structure, and the Halpin-Tsai model was
used to calculate the material properties of the graphene
platelet reinforced face sheets. The core is also sensitive to
external magnetic fields due to its magnetic composition.
Kelvin-Voigt theory is also used to calculate the structural
damping of a piezoelectric layer. Supen Kumar and Sah
Anup Ghosh (2021) investigated the free vibration and
buckling of porous FGM sandwich plates. Sandwich plates
with FGM should be reliably good. Using a
micromechanical model and a high power factor. Using
Navier's solution to evaluate the porosity of an FGM
sandwich plate The FGM sandwich plate has ceramic cores
in the front plates. On the other hand, he investigated the
porosity distributions in logarithmic linear and sinusoidal
geometries with equal and unequal A multidirectional FGM
sandwich plate was affected by layer thickness and porosity
factors. Phuc Pham Minhab et al. (2021) introduced the
high-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) to calculate
the free vibrations of fractured plates of functionally graded
material (FGM) with elastic Pasternak foundations. The
rectangular plate has a central fracture and a thickness that
varies linearly. The vibration frequency of the plate is
studied using phase field theory and finite element method
in terms of material exponent and elastic basis parameters.
He discussed the effect of free vibration of the plate on the
length, fracture angle and plate thickness ratio. He
concluded that as the crack length increases, energy is
released from the fracture sites, which decreases the
stiffness of the plate and reduces the frequency of free
vibration of the plates. V.Kumar et al. (2021) studied the
free vibrations of a porous tapered FGM plate. Based on
two elastic parameters (Winkler and Pasternak), the
displacement of the plate is modeled using first order shear
deformation (FSDT). The Hamilton method is used to study
FGM plates with free vibrations. For each of the boundary
conditions, the partial differential equation is solved using
Galerkin technique. The porosity parameter, volume
exponent, span ratio, aspect ratio, porosity distribution and
boundary conditions all have an influence on the vibration
analysis. For tapered FGM plates, the Pasternak effect
always outperforms the Winkler effect. Mengzhen Li et al.
(2021) developed a basic quasi-3D theory based on the
Reddy shear function and a previously unknown
trigonometric shear function. For functionally graded plate
surfaces, these strain functions satisfy the requirement of a
stress-free boundary. With reference to
Winkler/Pasternak/mathematical model of Kerr and the
concept of Hamilton. The results of numerous three-
dimensional solutions are discussed to allow comparison.
They often outperform Reddy's function. Irwan Katili et al.
(2021) developed a shear- resistant free quadrilateral
element with five degrees of freedom per node using
discrete shear projection (DSPM). constant transverse shear
stresses are obtained using a tangential coordinate system
by applying discrete shear strains along each element side.
Standard bilinear shape functions are used to interpolate the
Cartesian shear strain components over the element range.
The method is successful for simulating FGM plates and
could be further improved for simulating FGM shells. Zhao
Yin et al. (2021) proposed to use scaled finite elements to
analyze the bending and free vibration of porous FGM
plates (SBFEM). The governing equation of SBFEM uses
both virtual work and Green's theorem. Assume that the
elastic modulus and material density of the porous FGM
plate vary with thickness. The radial solution is a numerical
matrix exponential function (PIM). Finally, a stiffness
matrix is constructed. It outperforms the numerical
solutions in the analysis of bending and free vibration of
porous FGM plate. Md. Imran Ali et al. (2021) used DSM
and Wittrick-Williams algorithm to study the free vibration
characteristics of Levy type S-FGM plates. KLPT is used to
solve the governing equation of motion and natural
boundary conditions. Two power law distribution functions
are used to gradually change the material properties. As the
stiffness of the system decreases, the eigenvalue also
decreases. However, increasing the density ratio cancels the
tendency of the fundamental frequency parameter to
decrease. The results can serve as a basis for future research
on FGM. Ola Ragb et al. (2021) proposed a solution to the
problem of free vibration of uneven composite plates
surrounded by a nonlinear elastic matrix with three
parameters. The displacement field is obtained via the 1st
order theory.
Transverse shear theory. To solve the problem of nonlinear
 Put the title of the paper here with font Arial
eigenvalues in vibration analysis, the governing equation is
reduced. According to experts, variations in the stiffness
and thickness of the foundation affect the frequency values
and mode shapes. For vibration slabs with material
discontinuities, indirect least squares sliding quadrature
works effectively. Davood Shahsavari et al. (2018)
developed a nonlocal higher-order strain-gradient model
while researching single-layer graphene sheets in a humid
environment. The equations of motion may be created using
Hamilton's principle and higher-order nonlocal strain
gradient theory (bi-Helmholtz). A material characteristic
parameter and two kinds of nonlocal parameters are used in
higher-order nonlocal gradient theory. Its vibrational
responses were investigated in terms of small-scale
variables, hygrothermal conditions, and elastic foundations.
In agreement with experimentally determined flexural
frequencies. Qiuyang Luo et al. (2021) investigated a thick
circular functionally graded plate with two thin
piezoelectric layers using Mindlin plate theory. Due to the
fluctuating material properties of the FG core plate, the
electric potential field is represented by a sinusoidal
function. Analytical solutions exist for the clamped and
supported edges of the plate. This is achieved by studying
the resonant frequencies of an isotropic support plate. The
gradient index of the FG plate is varied to determine the
effects on the free vibrations of the structure. Regardless of
the mode of vibration, the frequency of the system
decreases as the number of layers increasing. Gui-Lin She
et al. (2021) studies graphene nanoplatelets reinforced
polymer composite beams with curved geometry. The
Halpin-Tsai model is used to determine the effective
material properties using a modified mixing rule.
Timoshenko beam theory is used to characterize the
displacement field of a microbeam. Modified strain gradient
theory is used to account for small magnitude effects.
Hamilton's principle is used to solve the size dependent
equations of motion. Finally, the number of GPN layers had
an effect on the efficiency of GNP distribution. As the
number of layers increases, the resonance location shifts to
lower (higher) load frequencies. Gui-Lin She et al. (2020)
investigated force resonance oscillations in a porous curved
nanobeam. The nonlocal strain gradient theory captures the
hardening and softening of nanostructures. The equations
are based on Timoshenko beam theory and Hamilton's law.
Construction of an end-supported porous FG curved
nanobeam using Navier series. Material and nonlocal
components influence the location of nanobeam resonance.
Lengthening the resonance point's strain gradient parameter
Extending the opening angle or increasing the length to
thickness reduces the resonance frequency. Yongping Yu et
al. (2020) studied a micromechanical system with nonlinear
free vibration that was electrostatically activated. Analysis
is used to reveal nonlinear solutions. Parallel plate actuators
are modeled with an undamped spring mass and a dynamic
equation of motion. A periodic solution can be obtained in
two ways: by Galerkin theory or by Newtonian mechanics.
Direct integration provides precision and accuracy. The
period, phase trajectory, and time-dependent displacement
of microelectrostatic actuators are determined. The solution
can be approximated by using nonlinear oscillations with
variable amplitude.
Normally, strong winds have been associated with two
types of wind in typhoon prone region. The first one is the
nature wind and the other one is the typhoon, or say severe
tropical cyclone. Many investigations about the vibration
and buckling (static stability) characteristics of frames of
various types have been carried out. Cheng (2011) have
studied the elastic critical loads for plane frames by using
the transfer matrix method. A general digital computer
method has been described by Cheng and Xu (2012) ……
10pt
2. Section title: Level 1
The system examined, shown schematically in Fig. 1 is
a beam of variable cross section, carrying a so called heavy
tip mass M. Its mass moment of inertia with respect to the
perpendicular axis at the centroid S is denoted by JS. The
publications (Abolghasemi and Jalali 2003, Younesian and
Esmailzadeh 2010, Arvin and Bakhtiari-Nejad 2011) are
considered also with rotating beams in which nonlinear
oscillations are investigated. Analytical and experimental
investigations on vibrating frames carrying concentrated
masses with characteristics of frames have been studied by
using analytical solutions and the finite element method
(Cheng et al. 2013a, b). ……
2.1 Numerical simulation procedure
One can write the extended form of the Hamilton’s
Principle with the notations used in the present study
as……
( ) (∫ )
d d
1 1
U L=
2
∫ EI ( v 1 )2 dx +
''
2
'
EA (u1 )2 dx (1)
0 0
In consideration of different 10m height wind speed v10
and the power law exponent index α results shown in Table
2, the representative upstream typhoon wind fields at
different directions used as the input data for training ANN
model are determined, which is shown in Tables 1-2.……
3. Section title: Level 1
A finite element model is developed to represent a
cracked beam element of length d and the crack is located at
 Sullivan T. Smith, Tanaka Ikarashi and Ahmed M. Mohamed

5. Conclusions

A numerical simulation procedure for predicting

directional typhoon wind fields over complex terrain has
been proposed in this study.
• The reduction of natural frequency depends on
the crack depth and crack location.
• Higher drops in the in-plane natural frequency are
observed when the crack is located near the roots or corners
of the frames…………
Fig. 1 Mesh grid of topographic model 10pt

500 500
Table 1 Caption 10pt Acknowledgments
v10=10m/s
Table 2 Caption
height from ground surface (m)

height from ground surface (m)

Intact 400 400 v10=30m/s
Intact DI D2 Intact DI9pt D2DI D2 Intact DI D2 The research described in
v10=50m/s
this paper was financially
Mean 2.63 2.62 Mean 2.67
2.53 3003.34 2.63 9pt2.46
2.62 2.53 3.34 2.67 2.46
OF-1* OF-1 * 300 supported by the Natural
SD 0.041 0.369 0.123 0.290 0.041
SD 0.444 0.2070.369 0.123 0.290 0.444 0.207 Science Foundation ……
9pt
Mean 23.39 23.24 22.55 20023.63 23.12 22.73 200
OF-3 23.39
SD 0.021 0.161 0.161 0.042 Mean 0.251 0.21323.24 22.55v10=10m/s
23.63 23.12 22.73
9pt
OF-3 v10=30m/s
References
*OF-1: Observed Frequency 100 0.021 100
SD 0.161 0.161v10=50m/s
0.042 0.251 0.213
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0 Observed Frequency for 1st0 mode; OF-3: Observed
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 -5 140
0 1605 10 15 dependent
20 25 damped
30 vibration
Frequency for 3rd mode 10pt
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(a) Wind speed profile (b) Wind direction profile bidirectional functionally
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