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Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production in Biyad Oil Reservoir

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Hadhramout University Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, Volume 12, Issue 1, June 2015

Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production

in Biyad Oil Reservoir
Amer Badr BinMerdhah* Mazen Ahmed Muherei*
Abass Mohammed Al-Khudafi* Salim Saleh Bamumen*
Abstract
Petroleum reservoirs are often surrounded from the edge or the bottom by water aquifers that support the reservoir
pressure through water influx. In response to a pressure drop in petroleum reservoir, the water aquifer reacts to offset,
or retard pressure decline by providing a source of water influx or encroachment. This work was conducted to
determine the water influx into Biyad oil reservoir by using a material balance equation (MBE) and Van Everdingen
and Hurst unsteady state model and comparing between their results. This work also predicts the reservoir future
performance for the next two years. The results confirmed that the reservoir had a water drive and the original oil in
place was 247 MMSTB. The water influx for the next two years was predicted by a material balance equation and
unsteady state model and the results were in a good agreement with the average absolute error which is equal to
(1.335%).
Keywords: Oil production, Water influx, Biyad oil reservoir, material balance equation, Van Everdingen and Hurst
unsteady state model.

Introduction:
Reservoir-aquifer systems can be classified on
the basis of flow geometry as either edge water
or bottom water drive (Figures 1 and 2). In edge
water drive, water moves into the flanks of an oil
reservoir as oil is produced. Bottom water drive
occurs in reservoir with a large areal extent and
gentle dip where the oil-water contact completely
underlies the oil reservoir.
There are several ways to estimate the flow of
water from the aquifer to a reservoir. Many
authors have presented different models for
estimating the water influx. These models apply
to different flow regimes including steady-state
and modified steady-state [14], pseudo-steady-
state [11], and unsteady-state [9,15].
Van Everdingen and Hurst presented the most
commonly used water-influx model[15]. This
model is basically a solution of the radial
diffusivity equation; hence, it yields an accurate
estimate of water encroachment for practically
all flow regimes, provided that the flow
geometry is actually radial. Van Everdingen and
Hurst solutions are for both the constant-
terminal-rate case and the constant-terminal-
pressure case of finite and infinite edge-water
aquifers.

Figure 1: Ideal radial flow model for edge-water drive system [2]

*Petroleum Eng. Department, Hadhramout University,

Mukalla, Hadhramout, Yemen . Received on 29/9/2014 and
Accepted for Publication on 30/3/2015
Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production………………. Amer Badr BinMerdhah et al

Figure 2: Ideal flow model for bottom-water drive system [2].

Description of Biyad oil reservoir:
Block 10, operated by TOTAL E&P Yemen,
produces an average of 28,000 STB/day mainly
from its two fields, Kharir and Atuf [10]. On the
Atuf field, the main reservoir is located in the
Biyad sandstone formation.
Biyad oil reservoir contains fourteen wells,
twelve of them are producing oil and two wells
are using for water injection as shown in Figure
3. The reservoir mechanism is edge water drive,
but after a period of production electric
submersible pumps (ESP) is used to lift the oil
from the reservoir to the surface. The produced
water has been returned to the formation to offset
the reservoir pressure decline. The Biyad
formation and production data used in this study
are given in Table 1.
The objective of this paper is to investigate the
water influx into a sandstone Biyad reservoir by
using MBE and Van Everdingen and Hurst
unsteady state model and comparing between
their results. This work was also intended to
predict the reservoir future performance for the
next two years.
Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production………………. Amer Badr BinMerdhah et al

Table 1:Biyad formation and production data

Formation Data
Initial reservoir pressure, psia 1623
Bubble point pressure, psia 40
Water saturation 70 %
Formation porosity 19 %
Formation permeability, md 832
Formation temperature, ºF 181
Salinity, ppm 335000
Water viscosity, cp 0.43
Radius of reservoir, ft. 15000

Production Data

Date Pressure Cum. Np Cum. Wp Cum. Wi Bo Bw

year (psi) (STB) (STB) (STB) (bbl/STB) (bbl/STB)

1998 1,623 0 0 0 1.11837 1.0366679

1999 1,400 221,832 21,885 0 1.1206 1.036703
2000 1,200 622,985 109,374 0 1.1226 1.036736
2001 1,100 1,249,711 416,621 37,750 1.1236 1.036753
2002 900 2,140,227 1,287,960 450,500 1.1256 1.0367881
2003 800 3,258,262 2,807,023 1,358,833 1.1266 1.0368061
2004 700 4,626,225 4,680,176 2,591,667 1.1276 1.0368246
2005 650 6,251,832 6,983,173 4,271,583 1.1281 1.0368339
2006 600 8,125,469 9,744,110 6,458,500 1.1286 1.0368434
2007 550 10,218,047 13,108,741 9,297,000 1.1291 1.0368529
2008 500 12,514,049 17,097,549 12,766,000 1.1296 1.0368625
2009 450 15,013,535 21,818,169 16,966,000 1.1301 1.0368722
2010 400 17,690,890 27,323,760 22,000,333 1.1306 1.0368820
2011 350 20,492,313 33,656,260 27,896,917 1.1311 1.0368918
2012 300 23,315,021 40,158,754 33,961,250 1.1316 1.0369018
2013 270 24,021,153 49,986,965 34,012,210 1.1317 1.0369130
2014 240 26,100,320 54,876,954 36,987,653 1.1322 1.0369180
Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production………………. Amer Badr BinMerdhah et al

Figure 3: Biyad oil reservoir.

Calculation of Natural Water Influx: Material Balance Method:

The calculation of water influx into the
hydrocarbon reservoir from the aquifer is so
important, whereas it is helpful in determining
the effect of the aquifer on the production of
hydrocarbon reservoir. There are two methods
for calculating the natural water influx into oil
reservoir as follows:
Or
The material balance method is a good choice for
precise calculation of the natural water influx
[3,4]. Havlena and Odeh [12,13] expressed
material balance equation for undersaturated oil
reservoir that is effected by the water-drive
[12,13] as the following form:

(1)

(2)
(3)

(4)

(5)
(6)
(7)
Water formation volume factor, water and formation compressibilities can be calculated by using the
following equations [1]:
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production……………….
When a new field is discovered, one of the first
tasks of the reservoir engineer is to determine if
the reservoir can be classified as a volumetric
for each pressure and time observation is plotted
versus cumulative production Np or time, as
shown in Figure 4. Dake (1978 and 1994) [6,7]
suggested that such plot can assume two various
shapes, which are:
Figure 4: Classification of the reservoir
Van Everdingen and Hurst unsteady state
model:
Van Everdingen and Hurst expressed their
mathematical relationship for calculating the
water influx in a form of a dimensionless
parameter that is called dimensionless water
influx WeD. The dimensionless water influx is
Amer Badr BinMerdhah et al
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
a. All the calculated points of F/(Eo+Ef,w) lie on
a horizontal straight line (see Line A in
Figure 4). Line A in the plot implies that the
reservoir can be classified as a volumetric
reservoir.
b. If the calculated points of F/(E o+Ef,w) rise, as
illustrated by the curves B and C, this
indicates that the reservoir has been
energized by water influx.
also expressed as a function of the dimensionless
time tD and dimensionless radius r D, so they made
the solution to the diffusivity equation
generalized and applicable to any aquifer where
the flow of water into the reservoir is essentially
radial as shown in Figure 5.
Hadhramout University Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, Volume 12, Issue 1, June 2015

Figure 5: Idealized radial flow model [1].

The two dimensionless parameters t D and rD are given by:

kt
t D  6.328103 (20)
 c r 2
wte
r r
D (21)
a
r (22)
e
ct  cw cf
The water influx is then given by:
We  B pWeD (23)
2
B  1.119 ct re 
h 360 (24)
The van Everdingen-Hurst water influx relationship can then be expressed in a more generalized form as:
W e  B  pW eD
(25) pn  12  pn2  (26)
pn 
The application of Equation (25) is well-illustrated in several reservoir engineering publications [5].
Edwardson improved three sets of simple polynomial expressions for calculating the dimensionless water
influx WeD for infinite-acting aquifers in three different dimensionless time regions.[8]
0.5
W t
a. For tD < 0.01
eD  2 D   (27)

 
b. For 0.01< tD < 200
1.2838 Dt1.19328t D  0.269872tD3 2  0.00855294 t D 2
1 0.616599 t D  0.0413008t D
WeD 
(28)
c.
t
For
> 200  4.29881 2.02566t (29)
W
D 
ln t D 
D

eD
Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production……………….
Results and Discussion:
This section includes the main aims of our study
which are to determine the drive mechanism,
calculate the original oil in place (OOIP), and
predict the water influx. Beside, the relations
between them. will be illustrated.
Determination of reservoir drive mechanism:
.
Water influx calculations for given data:
a. From Figure 7, the Original oil in place (N) =
247,098,662.6 STB and the water influx
constant (B) = 68.068 bbl/psi.
b. The water influx is calculated using material
balance Equation (6) and Van Everdingen
Amer Badr BinMerdhah et al
The reservoir mechanism is determined By
plotting vs. Np as shown in Figure 6.
From this figure, the reservoir mechanism is
water drive due to the shape of the curve which
is in a concave shape
and Hurst unsteady Equation (25). Their
results are shown in Figure 8. As may be seen
in Figure 8, the points almost make straight
line, so the water influx results from each
method (MBE and Unsteadystate Model)
agree very well.
Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production………………. Amer Badr BinMerdhah et al

Figure 8: We (Unsteady Model) versus We (MBE).

Prediction of Reservoir Future Performance: As shown in Figure 9, the reservoir pressure

The reservoir future performance for the next
two years (2015 and 2016) was predicted as
follows:
Prediction of reservoir pressure as function of
time
declines rapidly and continuously with
production time due to that water that enters into
Biyad oil reservoir is not enough to replace the
produced oil. From Figure 9, the reservoir
pressure was predicted by the following equation
and its results are presented in Table 2.

(30)
Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production……………….
Figure 9: Pressure versus time.
Prediction of oil and water produced and
water injected as function of pressure:
As shown in Figures 10 and 11, the reservoir
pressure declines rapidly and continuously with
increasing amount of produced oil and water.
This is due to the fact that the water encroached
and injected into the reservoir is not sufficient to
replace the produced oil and water.
Amer Badr BinMerdhah et al
Moreover, the reservoir pressure falls slowly and
continuously with water injected because of that
injected water offset the reservoir pressure
decline as shown in Figure 12.
From Figures 10-12, oil and water produced and
water injected were predicted by the following
equations and their results are given in Table 2:
(31)
(32)
(33)
Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production………………. Amer Badr BinMerdhah et al
Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production………………. Amer Badr BinMerdhah et al

Water influx prediction: Hurst unsteady Equation (25) .The results,

Water influx was predicted using material presented in Table 2, were in a good agreement
balance Equation (6) and Van Everdingen and with the average absolute error equal to 1.335%.

Table 2: Prediction of Water influx

Date P Cum. Np Cum. Wp Cum. Wi Cum. We (Model) Cum. We (MBE) Absolute
No.
year (psi) STB STB STB bbl bbl Error %
1 2015 217.8 27,687,345 59,359,957 40,986,488 46,316,816.68 46,933,308.92 1.313%
2 2016 194.4 29,581,667 63,525,789 44,483,698 50,405,260.77 49,720,983.25 1.357%
Average Absolute Error 1.335%

Conclusions: 4. The reservoir future performance

The work carried out in this study focused on
prediction of water influx and reservoir future
performance in Biyad reservoir. Based on the
results obtained from this study, the following
conclusions can be drawn:
1. The original oil in place for Biyad reservoir
was estimated and it was 247 MMSTB.
2. The drive mechanism in the reservoir was a
water drive, which results in moving the oil to
the wellbore.
3. Cumulative water influx was predicted by
MBE and unsteady Model with the average
absolute error 1.335%. It was 49,720,983 bbl (by
MBE) and 50,405,260 bbl (by Model) at 2016.
(Cumulative Np, Wp, and Wi) for the next two
years was predicted, and they were 29,581,667
STB, 63,525,789 STB, and 44,483,698 STB
respectively at 2016.
Nomenclature:
B = Water influx constant, bbl/ psi
Bo = oil formation volume factor at P, bbl/STB
Boi = Initial oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
Bw = Water formation volume factor, bbl/STB
Cf = Formation (rock) compressibility, psi −1
Ct = Total compressibility coefficient, psi −1
Cw = Water compressibility, psi−1
Ef,w = Expansion of formation and water,
bbl/STB
Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production……………….
Eo = Expansion of oil and its originally
dissolved gas, bbl/STB
F = Underground withdrawal, bbl
h = Thickness of the aquifer, ft
k = Permeability of the aquifer, md
N = Initial (original) oil in place,
STB Np = Cumulative oil produced,
STB P = Reservoir pressure, psi
Pi = initial reservoir pressure, psi
∆p = pressure drop, psi
ra = radius of the aquifer, ft
re = radius of the reservoir, ft
T = Absolute temperature, ºF
Amer Badr BinMerdhah et al
t = Time, days
tD = Dimensionless time
We = Cumulative water influx, bbl
WeD = Dimensionless water influx
Wi = Water injection, STB
Wp = Cumulative water produced, STB
Y = Salinity, ppm
Ө = Angle subtended by the reservoir
circumference
 = porosity of the aquifer
µw = Viscosity of water in the aquifer, cp
Hadhramout University Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, Volume 12, Issue 1, June 2015
References:
1- Ahmed, T. (2010). Reservoir engineering
handbook. Gulf professional Publishing Elsevier.
4th Ed, 1-1463.
2- Al-ghanim, J. A., Nashawi, I. S., and Malallah, A.
(2012). Prediction of water influx of edge-water
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3- Bingguang, H. (1998). Applied reservoir
engineering and performance analysis. Petroleum
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1-243.
5- Craft, B. C. and Hawkins M. F.(1991). Applied
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Inc. Englewood cliffs, NJ. 2nd Ed, 1-226.
6- Dake, LP. (1978). Fundamentals of reservoir
engineering. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, the
Netherlands, 1- 498.
7- Dake, L., (1994). The practice of reservoir
engineering. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1-568.
8- Edwardson, M. (1962). Calculation of formation
temperature disturbances caused by mud
circulation. JPT, Trans. AIME, 416-425.
9- Fetkovich, M. J. (1971). A Simplified approach to
water influx calculations-finite aquifer systems.
JPT, 814-828.
10- Girard, M. and Pradalié, F. Contribution of new
technologies and methods for 3D land seismic
acquisition and processing applied to reservoir
structure enhancement – Block 10, Yemen. SEG
International Exposition and 72nd Annual
Meeting, 1- 4.
11- Hurst, W. (1943). Water influx into a reservoir
and its application to the equation of volumetric
balance, Trans. AIME, Vol. 151, 57-72
12- Havlena, D. and Odeh, A. S. (1963). The material
balance as an equation of a straight line. JPT,
896 - 900.
13- Havlena, D. and Odeh, A. S. (1964). The material
balance as an equation of a straight line, Part II -
Field Cases, JPT, 815 - 822.
14- Schilthuis, R. J., (1963). Active oil and reservoir
energy. Trans. AIME, Vol. 118, 33- 52.
15- Van Everdingen, A. F. and Hurst, W. (1949). The
Application of Laplace transform to flow
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305-324.
 ‫‪Prediction of Water Influx Effect on Oil Production……………….‬‬ ‫‪Amer Badr BinMerdhah et al‬‬

‫التنبؤ بتأثري تدفق املياه على إنتاج النفط يف مكمن بياض النفطي‬

‫الملخص‬
‫المكامن النفطية غالبًا ما تحاط من الجوانب أو األسفل بمجمعات مائية التي بدورها تدعم ضغط المكمن من خالل تدفق المياه‪ .‬وردا على‪ n‬انخفاض‬
‫الضغط في المكمن النفطي‪ ,‬المياه الجوفية تتفاعل مع تعويض‪ ,‬أو تأخير انخفاض ضغط المكمن من‪ n‬خالل توفير مصدر‪ n‬تدفق‬
‫المياه‪ .‬وقد اهتم الباحث بتحديد تدفق المياه إل‪n‬ى مكمن بياض النفطي باستخدام معادلة توازن الماد‪n‬ة و نموذج فا‪n‬ن إفردنجن وهيرست‬
‫والمقارنة بين‪ n‬نتائجمها‪ .‬و كما هدفت الد ارسة إلى التنب‪n n‬ؤ بأدائي‪n n‬ة المكمن المست‪n‬قبلية لس ‪n‬نتين‪ n‬قادمة‪ .‬وأك ‪n‬دت النتائج‪ n‬أن‪ n‬المكمن يحتوي على ال ‪n‬دفع المائي ل‪nn‬دفع‬
‫النف ‪n‬ط باتجاه الب ‪n‬ئر‪ n‬وأن كمي ‪n‬ة النف ‪n‬ط الموجودة في حقل بي ‪n‬اض تقدر‪ 742 n‬مليون برمي ‪n‬ل‪ .‬و أيض‪n‬ا تم التنب ‪n‬ؤ بتدفق المي ‪n‬اه إلى المكمن النفطي لس ‪n‬نتين قادمة بطريق ‪n‬ة‬
‫معادلة موازنة المادة و نموذج فان إفردنجن وهير‪n‬ست وكانت النتا‪n‬ئج في اتفاق جيد مع متوسط الخطأ‪n‬‬
‫المطلق يساوي ‪1...5n.%‬‬

‫كلمات مفتاحيه‪ :‬إنتاج النفط‪ ,‬تدفق الميا‪n‬ه‪ ,‬مكمن بياض النفطي‪ ,‬معادلة توازن المادة‪ ,‬نموذج فان إفردنجن وهيرست‪.‬‬

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