UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND ENERGY STUDIES, DEHRADUN

TITLE OF THE PROJECT

Identification of isolated hydrocarbon clustersnear oil-water transition zones

Mid-reiew report of Project (Major-1) in Semester VII

Submitted by Team No: 26

S.No. Student Name Roll No. Sap ID

1 Shayantan Shivam Chakraborty R870218154 500068548

2 Rohit Bindal R870218132 500068616

3 Riya Yadav R870218129 500067090

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
APPLIED PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
With specialization inUpstream

Under the guidance of

Guide’s Name Activity Coordinator’s Name

Dr.Sayantan Ghosh Dr. Pushpa Sharma

(Associate Professor) (Distinguished Professor)

School of Engineering (SOE)

Department of Petroleum Engineering & Earth Sciences, UPES
Bidholi Campus, Energy Acres,
Dehradun – 248007

NOVEMBER 2021
 INDEX

Table of Contents

1. TITLE OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................... 3

2. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 3
3. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 3
4. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 6
5. PROJECT METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 7
6. PROJECT WORKFLOW .................................................................................................................... 8
7. RESULTS & DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 8
8. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 12
9. DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................. 13
10. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….…14

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 1. TITLE OF THE PROJECT

“Identification of isolated hydrocarbon clusters near oil-water transition zones”

2. OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project can be enlisted as follows:

 Locating the presence of isolated oil clusters/dry oil production zones.

 Figuring reservoir engineering, geophysical and petrophysical concepts, applicable
towards the completion of our project.
 A final comprehensive model, which can prove to be self-descriptive- to locate such
hydrocarbon clusters.
 Eliminate the need of later brine production and expenses on brine treatment facilities.

3. INTRODUCTION

The main purpose of this project is to identify the location of hydrocarbon clusters’ occurrence.
While a few earlier researchers have taken steps in this regard; our aim is to identify core
reservoir engineering, geological and geophysical concepts, which will help us determine the
location of these clusters.

Throughout the research, the importance of the Transition Zone (TZ) will be crucial. Depending
on the height above the Free Water Level (FWL), Transition Zone usually produces both oil
and water at different ratios. In normal conditions, wells that are drilled in the Transition Zone
will produce at some water cut. Depending on the height above the Free Water Level (FWL),
the Transition Zone normally produces both oil and water in varying proportions. Wells drilled
in the Transition Zone under typical circumstances Will produce some water cut. However,
owing to some complications which occur because of structural changes such as geological
tilting, re-migration of hydrocarbon takes place, resulting in dry oil production in the transition
zone. For which a new term called the “Wedge Zone” is introduced.

Wedge Zone- The water saturation increases down the flank towards the Oil Water Contact.
This gradual change is because the micropores that bound more water increase downwards
or hydrocarbon clusters decrease downwards because of cementation; the process of
wettability change incorporating adsorption through films percolation theory, and capillary
force or Geological Tilting.

The wettability of the transition zone is variable, with the most water-wet circumstances at the
bottom and the most oil-wet conditions at the top. The mineralogy of the rock, the composition
of the oil and water, the temperature, initial water saturation, and other factors all influence the
wettability of a crude oil/water/rock system. The increase in water saturation with depth is the
primary determinant of wettability changes within a transition zone. Because oil saturation is
high at the top of the TZ, oil contacts more pores and Throats. If surface-active components
in the oil, such as asphaltene, are adsorbed on the mineral surfaces, these pores and throats
can become oil-wet. Because the pores and throats at the bottom of the TZ are not contacted
by oil, they stay water-wet. (Parker, A. & Rudd, J.. (2000). Understanding And Modeling Water
Free Production In Transition Zones: A Case Study. 10.2118/59412-MS.)

At the top of the TZ, the reservoir is least water-wet (mostly oil- or mixed-wet), gradually
becoming more water-wet as the water saturation increases. The clusters will join at some
point within this TZ, resulting in a continuous water phase and, as a result, the production of
both oil and water. The process of wettability change, which includes percolation theory,
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adsorption through films, and capillary force, is responsible for the development and
distribution of these clusters. (Jackson, Matthew & Valvatne, Per & Blunt, Martin. (2005).
Prediction of Wettability Variation Within an Oil/Water Transition Zone and Its Impact on
Production. SPE Journal - SPE J. 10. 185-195. 10.2118/77543-PA)

Further introspection guided us towards, ‘Paleo-Oil’. Considerable amounts of paleo oil are
widely assumed to be located in the naturally waterflooded zone or residual oil zone (ROZ),
below free water level (FWL), for both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs around the world.
Unfortunately, the investigation of ROZs, paleo oil characterization and fundamental analysis
are limited.

Research on oils from the TZ or ROZ focuses mostly on: remaining oil reserves studies
(Christiansen et al. 2000, Fanchi et al. 2000, Koperna et al. 2006; Melzer et al. 2006), the
distribution of fluid saturations and production characteristic as it varies with reservoir depth
(Reed et al. 1984; Parker et al. 2000; Masalmeh et al. 2000; Koperna et al. 2006;), wettability
variation within an oil/water transition zone (Jackson et al 2005), production modes (Skauge
et al. 2000, EfniK et al. 2006, Carnegie 2007, Aleidan et al. 2014), rock-fluid characterization
for miscible CO2 injection (Honarpour et al. 2010), transition zone characterization (Builting
2010, Christiansen et al. 1999). Christiansen et al. 2000 and Fanchi et al. 2000 proposed an
improved method to estimate oil reserves in oil/water transition zone using a numerical
simulator and found that there exists a relationship between oil saturation and depth.

The results show that the amount of recoverable oil in an oil-water transition zone depends on
the distribution of oil saturation, and an experimental corroboration of the trapped oil
relationship. Melzer et al. 2006 and Koperna et al. 2006 have reported significant paleo oil
reserves in the ROZ found in five carbonate formations in the Permian Basin. Three geological
mechanisms were proposed to create this large ROZ in west Texas fields: reservoir tilting that
caused oil to leak from the eastern end, water invasion from the Rio Grande rift, and/or seal
breaches that caused oil to leak out of structure.

Transition zone dry oil mechanism:

Diagenesis: Diagenesis causes severe down flank reductions in porosity and permeability.
Effects of compaction dominate over other diagenetic factors on porosity and permeability
trends. The permeability profile and rock quality over this wedge zone are deteriorating
downwards because of cementation. Permeability decreases while water saturation increases
down towards the free water level. This difference is observed as the history of the oil
entrapment in the reservoir has gone through different phases by changing the Paleo Oil
Water Contact. At first, the Oil entrapment fills the top of the reservoir. Each time the Paleo
Oil-water contact changes and more oil is being trapped in the reservoir, this results in
preserving the pores that are already filled with oil from being subjected to further
diagenesiand affecting the pores that are close to the OWC filled with water.

fig.1: History of oil encroachment within reservoir (SPE 101471)

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Tilting: Tilting is common to several onshore and offshore fields. as an example, within
the Thamama group, where a north to north-east downward tilting of the complete basin
happened, including all the structures and reservoirs previously filled by hydrocarbons.
This basin tilting changed the equilibrium of the structures and their fluid contents and
resulted in the hydrocarbons and water attempting to seek out a new equilibrium.
The effect of the Zagros tilting towards the northeast was to depress the Paleo fluid contact
over the northeastern half of the structure, but raise it over the southwestern half.

This resulted in higher porosities and permeabilities being placed beneath the amount of the
palaeo oil-water contact over the northeastern half, and lower reservoir porosities and
permeabilities being raised to the transition zone (hydrocarbon column) over the southwestern
half. Under these conditions, the first migrated and accumulated oil was flushed out by water
(imbibition), and a residual oil zone was left below the present-day FWL and OWCs.

fig 2: Thamama basin tilting

fig. 3: Effect of tilting on Saturation and capillary pressure (Kirkham, 1996)

Formation of Hydrocarbon clusters: Initially the reservoir rocks are water wet (prior to oil
accumulation). As the reservoir gets charged, oil enters the largest pore throats accessible
(drainage). As further oil accumulates, the buoyancy force increases and smaller pores start
accepting the intrusion of oil during drainage, making the pores oil wet (wettability alteration).
The efficiency of this process increases with decreasing water pore volume saturation
(Anderson5). As oil accumulation continues, the oil wet pores start ejecting water under the
process called imbibition whilst the water wet pores (small pores), continue with the drainage
process. Due to this random nature of pore interconnectivity, pockets of water wet pores
become isolated (Percolation). Once a group of pores is bypassed by oil, the cluster becomes
surrounded by an oil wet pore system, which further isolates the water filled cluster by the
process of “capillary holdup” (Namba and Hiraoka30). The occurrence of such pockets
decreases higher up in the oil column due to increased buoyancy force which both increases
drainage of the smaller pores and counter-acts “capillary holdup”.

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 Fig. 4: Wettability data above FWL Fig. 5: isolation of water wet pore clusters
during percolation (Parker; Rudd, 2000)

Uplifting or Tilting leads to variable OWC as mentioned above. In regions where the FWL rose,
the oil wet pores would remain oil-wet and resist the entry of water (drainage), hence the OWC
would remain unchanged. In regions where the FWL fell, the method of wettability change
would continue and a replacement OWC would be established, provided a sufficient
concentration of surfactants remained within the oil. If surfactant concentration was
reduced due to adsorption, before FWL movement, then the saturation profile would align
more closely with a purely water wet system below the paleo-OWC. Water doesn't form a
continuous phase and hence is immobile. Thus, the total water saturation (Sw) of the depicted
system would give effective irreducible water saturation. As we move down the oil column, the
occurrence of those clusters increases (i.e., Sw increases), until they become interconnected
and hence water becomes mobile at Critical water saturation.

4. LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review of previous studies on seismic attributes and water saturation correlation:
Water Saturation is demonstrated to be well correlated with seismic quantities like amplitude,
impedance, and instantaneous amplitude. Researchers also appear to have a consensus on
the applicability of seismic data and AVO technique in providing reliable information about
liquids and their identification inside reservoirs (Varela, 2003; Li et al., 2007; Van, 2000.; Zhou
et al., 2009).

3D seismic data was used to investigate oil saturation in a sandstone deposit in China (Pan
and Ma, 1997).Pan and Ma usedactual values of oil saturation from three wells, with 3D
seismic data interpolation throughout the reservoir, making their final results largely reliant on
the output of limited number of wells. Balch et al. (1999)used artificial intelligence and seismic
data to predict the water saturation distribution in a sandstone reservoir in Mexico.

If primary drainage controls initial water saturation within the transition zone, we predict that
initial production behaviour will remain same regardless of the wettability. However, if the initial
water saturation has been changed as a result of the movement of the free water level (FWL)
during reservoir filling, both the initial water saturation and production behaviour are affected
depending upon wettability. (Matthew D.Jackson, PerH.Valvatne, ,and MartinJ.Blunt.; 2005)

Koperna et al. 2006 reported updates on four pilot projects to recover residual oil from
TZ/ROZ, two in the Wasson oil field, one in the Seminole San Andres Unit and a in the Salt
Creek. Two CO2-EOR practices were discussed and the performance of residual oil
production for these practices was simulated using CO2-PROPHET with a full-Scale Reservoir
6
Simulator. They show that 12 billion barrels can be recovered out of the 30.7 billion barrels of
TZ/ROZ resources in these five Permian Basin oil plays based on reservoir modeling of
injecting CO2-EOR to the TZ/ROZ. Dry oil produced from Wedge Zone instead of transition
zone was investigated by Efnik et al. 2006. A large amount of dry oil has been producing from
four wells drilled in flank of the field, in which reposition these new wells according to the
concept of Wedge Zone. The water saturation profiles for four wells illustrate a gradual
increase in water saturation towards the free water level indicating that it is mainly due to the
variety of the rock quality related the diagenesis with the entrapment history of reservoir.
Skauge et al. 2000 used a simulation model built using geological description characteristic to
predict oil recovery by liquid CO2 immiscible injection into the transition paleo zone. The
results showed that high oil recovery factors could be achieved. The mechanisms of displacing
oil by liquid CO2 immiscible injection were vaporization and swelling of oil. Recently, Aleidan
et al. 2014 have investigated experimentally the potential of CO2 to mobilize paleo oil by
monitoring the produced oil versus remaining oil of the original oil in carbonate core.
Experimental study includes core flooding tests by CO2 injection, HPHT PVT Cell visualization
of paleo oil and NMR analysis. The results of these experiments are compared to NMR
analysis to confirm the amounts of oil mobilized oil after the CO2 flood and qualitatively
determine the type of oil mobilized. A study on the characterization of the transition zone was
conducted by Christiansen et al. 1999, Jackson et al 2005, and Builting 2010. Christiansen et
al. 1999 utilized the unconsolidated pack samples, spherical glass beads (70-100 mesh,
strongly water-wet), proppant sand (20-40 mesh, strongly water-wet) and plastic beans (20-
40 mesh, Strongly oil-wet) to study experimentally the variety of oil saturation with height, and
trapping oil relationship as a function of initial oil saturation in transition zone. The results from
two experiments were reported for unconsolidated pack samples, spherical glass beads with
strongly water-wet and proppant sand with strongly oil-wet and show experimentally that oil
saturation is a function of depth of transition zone, trapped oil relationship for both glass beads
and proppant beads samples.

Jackson et al 2005 used 3D network model, a pore-scale network model in conjunction with
conventional reservoir-scale simulation to predict the variety of wettability within an oil/water
transition zone and its impact on production. This model involves the variety of wettability with
varying degree of advancing contact angles for water-wet and mixed-wet Berea sandstone.
The result from numerical simulation showed that the initial production can be the same
regardless of wettability change if the initial water saturation in TZ is dominated by the primary
drainage process, in which oil is filed into the reservoir first. However, the initial water
saturation and initial production are different depending on the wettability of sample if the initial
water saturation in TZ has been modified by means of movement of the free water level
following reservoir filling and wettability alteration. They emphasized that the oil in TZ cannot
be moved below free water level if the TZ remained uniformly water-wet, and then the paleo
oil saturation will be approximately constant that equals to water flood residual oil saturation
until close to paleo-OWC, and if wettability of reservoir varies with depth in TZ, a significant
interval of mobile oil may exist below free water level from which dry oil is produced. Builting
2010 proposed an upscaling saturation-height technology to improve the transition zone
characterization for Arab carbonates. Based on the different and very specific study of
upscaling the capillary pressure data (a large amount of mercury-injection data) limestone and
statistical analysis for Arab-D limestone, a closed-form analytic expression was derived for
upscaling capillary pressure function. This expression shows a significant improvement of
estimating hydrocarbon-volume for the TZ.

5. PROJECT METHODOLOGY

To develop a better understanding about our project, we on four sections. All roads shall lead
towards one goal, i.e.: to figure out the location of isolated hydrocarbon clusters. It will include
research in the following directions:

 Reservoir modelling: saturation height functions, wettability and other allied concepts
(Jackson, Matthew & Valvatne, Per & Blunt, Martin. (2003). Prediction Of Wettability
7
 Variation And Its Impact On Waterflooding Using Pore- To Reservoir-Scale Simulation.
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 39. 10.2118/77543-MS.)
 Geophysical Method: AVO and various other attributes using 3D-seismic (Alao, Peter
& Olabode, Solomon & Opeloye, Saka. (2013). Integration of Seismic and
Petrophysics to Characterize Reservoirs in “ALA” Oil Field, Niger Delta.
TheScientificWorldJournal. 2013. 421720. 10.1155/2013/421720)
 Petrophysical: electrical logs, wireline logging (Deng, Shaogui & Wang, Yang & Hu,
Yunyun & Ge, Xinmin & He, Xuquan. (2013). Integrated petrophysical log
characterization for tight carbonate reservoir effectiveness: A case study from the
Longgang area, Sichuan Basin, China. Petroleum Science. 10. 336-346.
10.1007/s12182-013-0282-5.)
 Geological: depositional environment, structure, rock types (Lian, Peiqing & Ma, Cuiyu
& Ji, Bingyu & Duan, Taizhong & Tan, Xuequn. (2017). Numerical Simulation Modeling
of Carbonate Reservoir Based on Rock Type. Journal of Engineering. 2017. 1-10.
10.1155/2017/6987265.)

6. PROJECT WORKFLOW

Tasks to be Targeted % of work

SL. No.
Performed Completion Time Completed
Preparation of synopsis for 10%
1. 11th September
project.
Collecting relevant literature and
2. theory on identifying isolated oil 25th September 20%
clusters
Completing set targets for
reservoir modelling, geophysical
3. methods and petrophysical 15th October 50%
methods to locate such
hydrocarbon clusters.
Accumulating all research material
4. to reach towards our final objective November, 2021 75%
for the project.
5. Submission of semester report. December, 2021 100%

7. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Guided by our literature review and allied readings, we narrowed down the screening
parameters deemed necessary to evaluate the presence of isolated hydrocarbon clusters
inside a given reservoir to: Saturation and Wettability. Furthermore, these two paramters can
also be linked with each other, which makes the process of identifying dry oil producton zones
simpler.

We can estimate the location of isolated oil clusters and production of dry oil from a particular
Vinam Sharma
field by analysing and predicting the wettability and saturation trends and variations in the field
with the help of various methods.

Rohit Bindal
Methods:
i) Petrophysical approach – Saturation distribution using Resistivity Logs; Sonic Logs
ii) Geophysical approach - amplitude variation with offset (AVO)
iii) Reservoir modeling approach- Two-phase Quasi-Static 3-D pore scale flow network
modeling tool for wettability alteration modeling; Saturation height function (Leverett J
and Corey-Brooks)

1. Petrophysical Approach:
By predicting the saturation profile of the transition zone, we can estimate the presence of dry
oil clusters.
Mostly this phenomenon is prevalent in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs and due to the
heterogeneity: this type of reservoirs contains long saturation-transition zones of large sizes.

Saturation-transition zones are defined as portion of reservoir in between the Free Water Level
and the level at which water saturation reaches a minimum near constant, called irreducible
water saturation.

Methods to estimate the Saturation profile of transition zone of a reservoir:

i) Sonic Logs or with help of P and S waves:

We have different P-wave amplitudes and P-wave absorption for various fluids and by
analyzing these we can tabulate the saturation profile of a particular zone. Also, the P
and S waves have different velocities in different fluids and in different materials
(rocks).

Few graphs are attached to demonstrate these phenomenon.

Fig 6 (Alimoradi et el, 2011)

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 Fig. 7 (Alimoradi et el, 2011)

ii) Resistivity Logs using Archies formula:

Resistivity logs have been incessantly used to determine the saturation of water in
the reservoirs by utilizing the Archie’s Equation (Archie 1942) that shows a
relationship between water saturation to the true permeable formation resistivity,
the formation porosity and the formation water resistivity.

Fig.8

iii) Combination of NMR and resistivity Log:

Useful petrophysical information can be retrieved from NMR log interpretation such
as total porosity, free fluid porosity, pore size distribution, formation permeability,
fluid viscosity and fluid types. The combination of NMR and resistivity logs can be
used to identify the productivity of the reservoir and quantify movable hydrocarbon
saturation within the wedge zone.

2. Geophysical Approach: AVO technique

As a reservoir occurrence, hydrocarbon anomalies are evaluated by amplitude variation
with offset (AVO) attributes (such as AVO synthetic gathers, angle versus refection
amplitude gradient curves and intercept versus gradient plot). AVO attributes which
calibrate hydrocarbon anomalies effect modeled from well logs to seismic data. This
calibration is also the main objective of seismic inversion to identify similar reservoir
seismic signatures. Finally, an impedance model (low-frequency model) is made using
calibrated wells, wavelets, seismic velocities and horizons used to simultaneously invert
seismic data (angle gathers) to a rock property volume. Inverted elastic properties
(impedance and density) attributes are used to estimate probability density functions (pdfs)
of the reservoir facies and supervised Bayesian classification scheme generated
probability cubes for the distribution of different litho-facies.
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 Assessing amplitude variation with offset (AVO) behavior in pre-stack seismic (gathers)
data is an archetypal direct hydrocarbon indicator (DHI). Under certain geological
conditions, DHI principle relies on change in amplitude of seismic (refection) data with
angle/ofset is due to fuid and/ or change of reservoir lithology. Various simplifed AVO
approximations (Bortfeld 1961; Aki and Richards 1980; Shuey 1985; Fatti et al. 1994) to
the Zoeppritz (1919) equation have been published to estimate common attributes
intercept (A) and gradient (B) based on the fact that seismic amplitudes at the
boundaries/interfaces (above and below) are afected by variations of physical properties.

3. Reservoir:

1. Saturation height:

Corey- Brooks: Currently, there are many methods to describe the relationship between
capillary pressure and water saturation. Corey–Brooks function was specially developed
to demonstrate capillary pressure curves. It represents both the long and the short
transition zones well. Also, it fits most capillary curves well. Henceforth this method is the
first choice.
Leverett J: This technique requires detailed sedimentological evaluation to identify the
main reservoir rock types which are then characterized using pore throat analyses and
good quality capillary pressure (Pc) data. An average Leverett J Function relating capillary
pressure data to saturations is then derived for each rock type. It is also imperative to have
a clear understanding of the reservoir’s free water level (FWL). (Kirkham and Twombley
(1995))

2. Wettability:

There are two conditions that play an important role in predicting the variations in
wettability of a reservoir:

i) If there is no injection of water into the reservoir is taking place, i.e. the initial water
saturation is only controlled by primary drainage, then the initial production behaviour
of the reservoir does not depends on wettability variations in the region.
ii) If the initial water saturation is modified by injection water or movement of free water
level or due to leakage, then the production is dependent on the wettability.
In the lower case we can estimate the wettability of any reservoir using in-situ measurements.

Wettability variation may yield dry oil production from transition zones or production from
isolated oil clusters in the reservoir.

 Wettability is varied in a transition zone, at the top there is more chances of oil wet
conditions and at base more water wet conditions are there due to the saturation of
these fluids. The transition zone exhibits variable wettability.
 Wettability depends on mineralogy of rock, the composition of the oil and water, the
temperature and initial water saturation.
Results: i)If there is no injection of water into the reservoir is taking place, i.e. the initial water
saturation is only controlled by primary drainage, then the initial production behaviour of the
reservoir does not depends on wettability variations in the region.
ii) If the initial water saturation is modified by injection water or movement of free water level
or due to leakage, then the production is dependent on the wettability.

11
Flowchart:

fig. 9

8. CONCLUSION

Our motto is to maximize hydrocarbon recovery through identification and targeted oil recovery
from isolated dry oil clusters and reduce the time/expenses incurred behind brine removal and
treatment. Apart from review of scattered existing work, our methodology will be to build a
comprehensive workflow that will include reservoir engineering, geophysical and petrophysical
concepts. This work may help the oil industry minimize its costs and increase efficiency of
hydrocarbon exploration.

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9. DECLARATION

We,TeamNumber:26 (Riya, Rohit and Shayantan) hereby declare that the presented Mid-
Review Report of Major 1 Project , titled: “Identification of isolated hydrocarbon clusters near
oil-water transition zones.” submitted to the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies,
Dehradun is uniquely prepared by us under the guidance of Dr. Sayantan Ghosh(Mentor).

We also confirm that this synopsis is prepared only for our academic requirement and not for
any other purposes. It will not be used with the interest of opposite party of the corporation.

We also declare that wherever we have used materials (data, pictures and text) from other
sources. We have given due credit to them and given their details in the reference.

Shayantan Shivam Chakraborty

Rohit Bindal

Riya Yadav

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 10. REFERENCES

1. P. A. Alao, S. O. Olabode, and S. A. Opeloye, 2013, Integration of Seismic and

Petrophysics to CharacterizeReservoirs in ‘‘ALA’’ Oil Field, Niger Delta.
2. Peiqing Lian, Cuiyu Ma, Bingyu Ji, Taizhong Duan, and Xuequn Tan, 2017, Numerical
Simulation Modeling of Carbonate Reservoir Based on Rock Type
3. Maria Gabriela Castillo Vincentelli and Sergio António Caceres Contreras, 2016, Water
saturation on Albian carbonates reservoirs—ancient Brazilian oil fields
4. Jan Petter Mortenand Friedrich Roth, EMGS, David Timko and Constantin Pacurar, Fugro-
Jason, Anh Kiet Nguyen and Per Atle Olsen, 2016, reservoir characterization of a North
Sea oil field using quantitative seismic & CSEM interpretation
5. Muhammad Zahid Afzal Durrani, Maryam Talib, Anwar Ali, Bakhtawer Sarosh,
Nasir Naseem, 2020, Characterization and probabilistic estimation of tight carbonate
reservoir properties using quantitative geophysical approach: a case study from a mature
gas feld in the Middle Indus Basin of Pakistan
6. Andisheh Alimorad, Ali Moradzadeh and Mohammad Reza Bakhtiari, 2011, Methods of
water saturation estimation: Historical perspective
7. Abu Dhabi: Anthony Kirkham, Mohamed Bin Juma, 1996, Fluid Saturation Predictions in a
“Transition Zone”Carbonate Reservoir
8. G. M. Hoversten, Roland Gritto, John Washbourne, Tom Daley, Pressure and Fluid
Saturation Prediction in a Multicomponent Reservoir, using Combined Seismic and
Electromagnetic Imaging Presented at the SEG annual meeting, Oct 6-11, 2002, Salt Lake
City,UT
9. P. Q. Lian, X. Q. Tan, C. Y. Ma, R. Q. Feng, H. M. Gao, 2016, Saturation modeling in a
carbonate reservoir using capillarypressure based saturation height function: a case
studyof the Svk reservoir in the Y Field
10. Mohamed Saleh Efnik, Hafez Hafez, Masoud Haajizadeh, Mohamed Hamawi,
Maisoon Al-Mansori, and Maher Kenawy, 2006, Producing Dry Oil From a Transition Zone:
Should This Be Called a Wedge Zone?
11. D.K. Voleti, S. Al Mazrouei, and L. Obaid Al Nuaimi, 2014, Water Saturation Modeling
of Complex Carbonate Reservoir: A Case Studyof Challenging Highly Impacted Reservoir
by Diagenesis Processes

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11. PLAGIRISM REPORT:

15