Abstract:

I. How does income level affect political participation? Based on relevant literature we have
reviewed at present, we found that political participation varies with income level. Income
level can be categorized into two: low-income and high-income. Majority of the existing
studies indicate that high-income earners participate in political affairs significantly more
than low-income earners
- Comments: Input one sentence why HIGH INCOME LEVEL LEADS TO
PARTICIPATION (then elaborate sa body.)
II. However, when studied in the Philippine context, this relationship is reversed; it was found
that low-income earners are more involved in political affairs as opposed to high-income
earners
- Same thing: why in the context of the Philippines = it is reversed. Another one sentence and
elaborate din sa body.
III. Unfortunately, there is hardly any study that elaborates on the reason behind this
phenomenon
- Comments: Explain WHAT KIND OF STUDIES ARE THESE? How unfortunate is the
literature? What are the LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY or weaknesses?
IV. This study seeks to fill in the gap by initially examining cases that throw light on the
motivations of Filipino citizens for political participation according to their income level.
This kind of knowledge allows for comparison and hopefully elucidate on the reason why it
is that the Philippines does not conform to the norm.
- Comments: CATEGORIZE (EXPLAIN WHY PHILIPPINES REVERSE, OTHERS ARE
NOT). EVALUATION your RRL.
o Explanation why reverse: Patron-Client relations: input this one sa abstract and
elaborate sa body.
V. Low income levels: Find out the reason why low income earners vote more than the rich
- Comments: Find other factors that may affect the attitude / why they vote more aside from
income earners
o i.e. Belief system, preferences
o Income level is only one dimensional
 Input other factors
VI. Same goes for the High income levels variable: Reasons why they tend to participate more in
abroad. But as for the Philippines, why they don’t participate.
Needed:
Abstract -> Introduction to the literature review (brief lang = 1 – 2 pages) (also put here the other
determinants of your X and Y), Trends, and last paragraph of the intro would be the outline of the RRL
(unravel and strengthen your argument) -> RRL.
Main Argument: The case in the Philippines is reversed because blabla -> finding lang siya.. that’s what
you find in the Literature…
So this is what the argument should look like:
- This is the state of the literature (blank..) -> this is the argument
- This is how we are going to contribute to the literature (blank..)
o It has to be articulated in the abstract and further explain and unpack in the body of the
literature review