Foundation Engineering

1. Shallow Foundation

Dr. Waleed Eid

Civil Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering & Petroleum
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Shallow Foundation Failure Modes
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory
4. General Bearing Capacity Equation
5. Factor of Safety
6. Modification for Water Table

2
1. Introduction:
Types of Foundation:
Shallow Foundation:
Foundation that transmits the load
to the soil immediately below the
building.
Isolated or Spread Footings
Strip Footings
Mat or Raft Foundation
3
1. Introduction:
It’s an enlargement at the bottom of
a column or bearing wall that
spreads the applied structural loads
over a sufficiently large soil area.
Each column & each bearing wall
has its own spread footing, so each
structure may include dozens of
individual footings.
4
1. Introduction:
Most common type of foundation
used due to their low cost & ease of
construction.
Most often used in small to medium
size structure with moderate to
good soil condition.

5
1. Introduction:
Spread footings are built in different
Shapes:
Square Footings.
Rectangular Footings.
Circular Footings.
Ring Footings.

6
1. Introduction:

7
1. Introduction:

8
1. Introduction:
Square or Rectangular Circular Footing
Footing

9
1. Introduction:
Ring Footing

10
1. Introduction:
Strip Footings:
are used to support a line of loads,
either due to a load-bearing wall, or if a
line of columns need supporting where
column positions are so close that
individual isolated foundations would be
inappropriate.

11
1. Introduction:

12
1. Introduction:
Mat Foundation:
are used to spread the load from a
structure over a large area, normally the
entire area of the structure.
They are used when column loads or
other structural loads are close together
and individual pad foundations would
interact
13
1. Introduction:

14
1. Introduction:
Deep Foundation:
Foundation that transmits the load
to a deep strata since the soil
immediately below the building is
weak.
Piles
Caissons
Diaphragham Walls
15
1. Introduction:

16
2. Shallow Foundations Failure
Modes
Definitions and Key Terms:
Ultimate bearing capacity qult :The load
per unit area of the foundation at which
shear failure in soil occurs.
Ultimate net bearing capacity qult net: the
load per unit area of the foundation at
which shear failure in soil occurs above
its current overburden pressure

17
2. Shallow Foundations Failure
Modes
Definitions and Key Terms:
Allowable bearing capacity qall : the
working pressure that would ensure an
acceptable margin of safety against
bearing capacity failure.
Factor of safety: qult
F .S . =
qall

18
2. Shallow Foundations Failure
Modes
Design Requirement:
The foundation must not collapse or
become unstable under any
conceivable load.
Deformation (settlement) of the
structure must be within tolerable
limits.

19
 Bearing Pressure
Definitions
Allowable Bearing Pressure qa=< qFs (settlement)
/A

F Plan Area, A

Ultimate Bearing Capacity qult = Ffail / A

20
 Foundation Failure

Rotational Failure Force

Soil Heave
Resistance 21
 General Shear Failure
q

Soil Failure
Lines

Settlement

passive
rigid
radial
shear Dense soils
22
log spiral
 Local Shear Failure
q

minor surface
heave only
Settlement

Medium dense
or firm soils
23
 Punching Shear Failure
q

No surface
heave Settlement

Loose or
Soft Soils
24
 Qult Qult
Qult
1 2 3

Load Load Load

Qult Qult
Qult

Settlement
Settlement
Settlement

Collapse Failure Failure

Failure
Dense sand Medium sand Loose sand
(say Dr>0.7) (say 0.7>Dr>0.3) (say Dr<0.3)

25
2. Shallow Foundations Failure
Modes
A. General Shear Failure:
➢ Occurs in dense and stiff soils.
➢ Well defined failure mechanism.
➢ Continuous slip surface from footing to surface.
➢ Sudden catastrophic failure.

B. Local Shear Failure:

➢ Occurs in medium dense to loose soils.
➢ Well defined failure mechanism under the footing only.
➢ Slip surface do not extend to the soil surface.
➢ Considerable vertical displacement (settlement).
➢ Lower ultimate bearing capacity.
26
2. Shallow Foundations Failure
Modes
C. Punching Shear Failure:
➢ Occurs in very loose and soft soils.
➢ Failure mechanism not well defined.
➢ Soil beneath footing compresses.
➢ Large vertical displacement (settlement).
➢Lowest ultimate bearing capacity.

27
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
Methods for calculating bearing
capacity:
Full scale load tests
Load tests on model footings
Limit equilibrium analysis
Detailed stress analysis such as the
FEM method
28
 Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Solutions for Weightless Soils:
Solutions with f = 0 :
➢ Prandtl smooth punch : qult = 5.14c
➢ Prandtl rough punch : qult = 5.7c
Solutions with f  0 :
➢ Rough punch

passive active

log spiral

29
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
Assumptions:
1. Strip footing
2. Df < B, where B is the footing width
3. General shear failure
4. The angle θ = φ’ (later was found to be
45+φ’/2)
5. The shear strength above the footing base is
negligible
6. Soil above the footing can be replaced by an
equivalent surcharge q = γ Df
7. The base of the footing is rough (ignored shear)
30
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory

Strength
Footing ignored

q Df

31
 3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
For strip footings:
qult = c΄.Nc + s΄ZD .Nq + 0.5g΄BNg

f΄

c΄
32
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
For strip footings:
qult = c΄.Nc + q.Nq + 0.5g΄BNg

f
Df g΄.Df
q = g.D
c
B
soil density, g΄ (kN/m3) 33
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
For strip footings:
qult = c΄.Nc + q.Nq + 0.5g΄BNg

Bearing Capacity Factors for soil

cohesion, surcharge and weight
are functions of friction angle, f, to be
determined from equation or graph

34
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
 f 

 e 2 (3 4 − 2 ) tan f  
N c = cot f  − 1 = cot f (N q − 1)
 2 cos 2   + f   
   
4 2 

 3 4 −
2 f  tan f 
 2 

e
Nq =
 f 
2 cos  45 + 2

 2 
35
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory

1  K pg 
N g =  − 1
 tan f 
2  cos f
2
 

Where Kpγ =passive earth pressure

coefficient

36
 Bearing Capacity Factors
(Table 3.1)
1000
Nc
Bearing Capacity Factor

Nq
100 Ng
Nq = 41.44

Nc = 12.86
10

Ng = 3.64

35o
15o 20o
0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50
37
Friction Angle (deg)
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
For square footings:
qult = 1.3 c΄Nc + q Nq + 0.4 g΄BNg

For circular footings:

qult = 1.3 c΄Nc + q Nq + 0.3 g΄BNg

38
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
For local shear failure cases
Terzaghi suggested the following
equations:
For strip footings:

qult = 0.67 c΄Nc + q Nq + 0.5 g΄BNg

39
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
For square footings:
qult = 0.867 c΄Nc + q Nq + 0.4 g΄BNg

For circular footings:

qult = 0.867 c΄Nc + q Nq + 0.3 g΄BNg

40
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
Example 1:
For the plan of a 1.25 m square
footing shown determine the gross
allowable load, Qall (Qall = qall x area
of the footing) that the footing can
carry. A factor of safety of 3 is
needed (Assume General Shear
Failure).
41
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
Example 1: (Analysis problem)
Q

γ =15kN/m3
1m Φ’=20º
c’=9.6kN/m2

1.25m
42
43
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
qu = 1.3c' N c + qN q + 0.4g BN g
From Table 3.1
f ' = 20, N c = 17.69, N q = 7.44, N g = 3.64
q = gD f = 15 1 = 15kN / m
So,
qu = 1.3(9.6)(17.69) + (15)(7.44) + 0.4(15)(1.25)(3.64)
qu = 220.77 + 111.6 + 27.3 = 359.7 kN / m 2

44
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
qu 359.7
qall = = = 119.9 kN / m 2

Fs 3
Hence,
Qall = 119.9  B = 119.9 1.25  187.3kN
2 2

45
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
Example 2:
Redo Example 1 assuming local
shear failure

46
47
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
qu = 0.867c1 ' N 'c + qN 'q +0.4gBN 'g
From Table 3.2
f ' = 20, N c = 11.85, N q = 3.88, N g = 1.12
q = gD f = 15 1 = 15kN / m
So,
qu ' = 0.867(9.6)(11.85) + (15)(3.88) + 0.4(15)(1.25)(1.12)
qu ' = 98.63 + 58.20 + 8.40 = 165.23kN / m 2
48
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
qu ' 165.23
qall = = = 55.08kN / m 2
Fs 3
Hence,
Qall = 55.08  B = 55.08 1.25  86.1kN
2 2

49
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
Example 3: (Design problem)
For the square footing shown , the
footing will carry a gross mass of
30,000 kg. Using a factor of safety
of 3, determine the size of the
footing - that is, the size of B.

50
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
Example 3:
30,000kg

ρ =1850kg/m3
Φ’=35º
1m
c’=0

B
51
3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
 = 1850kg / m 3
1850  9.81
g = = 18.148kN / m 3
1000
qu = 1.3c' N c + qN q + 0.4gBN g
qu 1
qall = =  1.3c' N c + qN q + 0.4gBN g
3 3
Qall 294.3
qall = 2 =
B B2
52
 3. Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
Theory
So,
294.3 1
2
= 1.3c' N c + qN q + 0.4gBN g
B 3
=  1.3(0)(57.8) + (18.148 1)(41.4) + 0.4(18.484)( B)(45.4)
294.3 1
2
B 3
294.3
2
= 250.44 + 102.6 B
B
B  0.95m

53
4. General Bearing Capacity
Equation (1973, 1975)
Terzaghi’s equation was modified By
Meyerhof to account for:
1. Foundation Shape (B/L).
2. Depth of Embedment (Df).
3. Load Inclination.
4. Soil Shear Resistance above the
Foundation Level
54
4. General Bearing Capacity
Equation
Based on theoretical and experimental
work:
qult = c΄.NcFcsFcdFci + q.NqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5 g B NgFgsFgdFgi

f΄

c΄
55
4. General Bearing Capacity
Equation.
qult = c΄.NcFcsFcdFci + q.NqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5 g B NgFgsFgdFgi

f
f
D
Df s
q΄ZD = g΄.D
= g.D f
c
c B
B
soil density, g΄ (kN/m3)
56
4. General Bearing Capacity
Equation
qult = c΄NcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5gBNgFgsFgdFgi

Bearing Capacity Factors for soil

cohesion, surcharge and weight
are functions of friction angle, f
determined by equation or from graph
or Table 3.3
57
4. General Bearing Capacity
Equation
qult = c΄NcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5gBNgFgsFgdFgi

 f    tanf 
N q = tan  45 + e
2

 2
N c = (N q − 1)cot f 
N g = 2(N q + 1)tan f 
58
 4. General Bearing Capacity
Equation Factors (Table 3.4)
1000
Nc
Bearing Capacity Factor

Nq
100 Ng
Nq = 33.3

Nc = 10.37
10

Ng = 5.39

35o
15o 20o
0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50
59
Friction Angle (deg)
 4. General Bearing Capacity
Equation
qult = c΄NcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5gBNgFgsFgdFgi

Correction factors for :

Footing shape (s), Footing depth (d), Load
inclination (i ) are determined from
appropriate equations

60
 Wall on
Shape Factors
Column on
Strip Footing Square Footing
Bird’s Eye View

For non-strip footings :

Fcs , Fcq , Fgs  1

Failure lines

Failure lines
61
 Wall on
Strip Footing

Depth Factors

For “buried” footings :

Fcd , Fqd , Fgd  1

q = g.Df

increasedstrength
failure generally
line length
increases with depth
62
 Inclination Factors
VV==1000
906 kN
kN

H = 423 kN
For inclined loads :
Fci , Fqi , Fgi  1

Inclined load = 1000 kN

Load inclination, ᵝ = 25o

Failure surface shallower and shorter

63
64
4. General Bearing Capacity
Equation
Shape Factors: (De Beer 1970)
 B  N q 
Fcs = 1+  
 

 L  N c 

B
Fqs = 1+   tan f 
L
B
Fgs = 1 − 0.4 
L
65
4. General Bearing Capacity
Equation
Depth Factors: (Hansen 1970)
Df
For 1
B
 Df 
Fcd = 1 + 0.4 
 B 
Fqd = 1 + 2 tan f (1 − sin f )
2 Df
B
Fgd = 1
66
4. General Bearing Capacity
Equation
Depth Factors: (Hansen 1970)
Df
For 1
B
 Df 
−1
Fcd = 1 + 0.4 tan  
 B 
 Df 
Fqd = 1 + 2 tan f (1 − sin f ) −1
tan  
2

 B 
Fgd = 1

67
4. General Bearing Capacity
Equation
Inclination Factors: (Meyerhof 1963)


2
 

Fci = Fqi =
1 − 90  

 
 
2

F gi = 
 1 − 

 f 

68
5. Factor of Safety
Factor of Safety =3.0 – 4.0

qu
q all =
F .S .
q u ( net ) = q u − q q = g Df
qu − q
q all ( net ) =
F .S .

69
6. Modification For Water
Table
Case 1: 0≤D1≤Df

D1
q = D1g + D2 (g sat − g w )
Df D2

70
6. Modification For Water
Table
Case 2: 0≤d≤B

Df
B q = g Df

g = g  + (g − g )
d
B
71
6. Modification For Water
Table
Case 3: d>B Water Table has no
effect on equation terms

B
Df

72
Example:
β=20°

D1

Df D2

For footing shown find B:

Q=150 kN, Df=0.70 m, D1=0.70 m, D2=0.0 m
c=0, ϕ=30°, γ= 18kN/m3 , assume F.S.=3.0

73
Example:
qult = c΄NcFcsFcdFci + qNqFqsFqdFqi + 0.5gBNgFgsFgdFgi
Nq= 18.4
Nγ= 22.40
q= (18)(0.7) = 12.6 kN/m2
γ'= 18-9.81 = 8.19 kN/m3 qult = 3 qall
Fqs= 1.577 qall = 150/B2
Fqd=1+0.202/B qult = 450/B2
Fqi= 0.605 B=1.3 m
Fγs= 0.60
Fγd= 1
Fγi= 0.11
74
Foundation Engineering
2. Deep Foundations

Dr. Waleed Eid

Civil Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering & Petroleum
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Types of piles
3. Installation of piles
4. Load transfer mechanism
5. Estimation of pile capacity
6. Elastic settlement of piles
7. Pile driving formula
8. Pile groups (efficiency & consolidation
settlement) 76
1. Introduction:
Pile foundations are the part of a structure
used to carry and transfer the load of the
structure to the bearing ground located at
some depth below ground surface
Piles are long and slender members which
transfer the load to deeper soil or rock of
high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil
of low bearing capacity Mat or Raft
Foundation

77
1. Introduction:
The main components of the foundation
are the pile cap and the piles
The main types of materials used for
piles are wood, steel and concrete

78
1. Introduction:

79
1. Introduction:

80
1. Introduction:
When to use:
Upper soil strata is too weak,
compressible, expansive or collapsible.
Structure is subjected to horizontal
forces.
Special structures (Transmission lines,
offshore platforms)
Bridge abutments to avoid loss of bearing
due to erosion
81
2. Types of Piles:
Type of piles:
(1) Based on material used (steel,
concrete or wood).
(2) Based on load transfer mechanism.

82
2. Types of Piles:

83
2. Types of Piles:
Steel Piles: Pipes or H-sections
✓Can increase length by welding or
riveting.
✓Can be fitted with a shoe when
driven in hard soil conditions
✓Can be subjected to corrosion-
increase steel thickness, use epoxy
coating or encase with concrete.
84
85
Driving steel pile

86
2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of steel piles:
✓Easy to handle with respect to cutoff
and extension.
✓Can stand high driving stresses
✓Can penetrate hard strata
✓High load-carrying capacity

87
2. Types of Piles:
Disadvantages of steel piles:
✓Relatively costly material
✓High level of noise during pile
driving.
✓Subject to corrosion
✓H-sections may be damaged or
diverted from the vertical
88
2. Types of Piles:

89
2. Types of Piles:
Concrete Piles:
1. Precast piles (reinforcement is
provided to resist bending moment
during pick up and transportation
and vertical loading. Can be used
prestressed).
✓ Square
✓ Octagonal
90
Driving Precast Pre-stressed pile

91
2. Types of Piles:
Concrete Piles:
2. Cast in place
✓ Cased
✓ Uncased
✓ With pedestal
✓ Raymond step-taper

92
2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of precast piles:
✓Can be subjected to hard driving
✓Corrosion resistant
✓Can be easily combined with
concrete super-structures

93
2. Types of Piles:
Disadvantages of precast piles:
✓Difficult to achieve cutoff
✓Difficult to transport

94
2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of cast in place (cased)
piles:
✓Relatively cheap
✓Possibility of inspection before
pouring concrete.
✓Easy to extend

95
Installation of cased pile

96
2. Types of Piles:
Disadvantages of cast in place (cased)
piles:
✓Difficult to splice after concreting
✓Thin casing may be damaged during
driving.

97
2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of cast in place (uncased)
piles:
✓Initially economical
✓Can be finished at any elevation

98
2. Types of Piles:
Disadvantages of cast in place
(uncased) piles:
✓Voids may be created if concrete is
placed rapidly.
✓Difficult to splice after concreting.
✓In soft soils, the sides may cave in
squeezing the concrete.

99
2. Types of Piles:

100
2. Types of Piles:
Timber Piles:
✓Mainly tree trunks.
✓Maximum length 10-20 meters
✓Can not withstand hard driving
✓Maximum capacity 220-270 kN
✓Steel shoes are used at tip to avoid
damage
101
2. Types of Piles:
✓Crushing of top by hammering is
called brooming.
✓Splicing is possible using steel
sleeves or metal straps & bolts.
✓Timber can last for long time is
saturated environment.
✓Can be protected from insects
attack by treatment of wood.
102
2. Types of Piles:
✓ASCE “Manual of Practice No.17
(1959) classify timber piles into:
➢Class A Piles: carry heavy loads with
minimum diameter of 356mm.
➢Class B Piles: carry medium loads with
diameter 305-330 mm.
➢Class C Piles: for temporary works with
minimum diameter of 305 mm.

103
104
2. Types of Piles:
Advantages of Timber piles:
✓Economical.
✓Easy to handle.
✓Permanently submerged piles are
fairly resistant to decay.

105
2. Types of Piles:
Disadvantages of Timber piles:
✓Decay above water table.
✓Can be damaged under hard
driving.
✓Low load capacity.
✓Low resistant to tensile load when
spliced.
106
2. Types of Piles:
Composite Piles:
✓Steel & concrete
✓Timber & concrete

107
2. Types of Piles:
Pile type Usual pile Max pile Usual load Max load
length (m) length (m) kN kN
Steel 15-60 Unlimited 300-1200 Q all = A ss all
Precast 10-15 30 300-800 800-900
concrete
Pre-stressed 10-35 60 300-3000 7500-
concrete 8500
Cased cast 5-15 15-40 200-500 800
in place
Uncased cast 5-15 30-40 300-500 700
in place
Timber 10-15 30 100-200 270

108
2. Types of Piles:
Type of piles based on load transfer
mechanism:
1. Point bearing pile
2. Friction pile
3. Combination pile

109
2. Types of Piles:
End (point) bearing pile

110
2. Types of Piles:
End (point) bearing piles:
✓Usually terminate in hard, relatively
impenetrable material such as rock or
very dense sand or gravel.
✓These piles transfer the load on to a firm
stratum.
✓ The pile behaves as an ordinary column
and should be designed as such.
111
2. Types of Piles:
Skin Friction piles

112
2. Types of Piles:
Skin Friction Piles:
✓Friction piles obtain a greater part of the
carrying capacity from skin friction or
adhesion.
✓This tends to occur when piles do not
reach an impenetrable stratum.
✓These piles transmit most of the load to
the soil through skin friction.
113
2. Types of Piles:
Combination piles of skin friction and end
bearing

114
2. Types of Piles:
Factors involved in selecting pile type:
1. Load capacity
2. Area precedent
3. Availability of material
4. Length
5. Variability of length
6. Cost
115
2. Types of Piles:
Factors involved in selecting pile type:
7. Drivability
8. Soil profile
9. Noise and installation requirements

116
3. Installation of Piles:
Piles Installation methods:
➢Hammer
➢Vibrating drivers
➢Jetting
➢Partial augering

117
3. Installation of Piles:
Piles Installation methods:
➢Hammer
➢Drop hammer
➢Single acting air/steam hammer
➢Double acting hammer
➢Diesel hammer

118
119
Vibrating hammer

120
121
122