Chapter-1 Company Profile: 1.1 Brief History

Internship Training Analysis and Design of Residential Structure Using STADD.
Pro
CHAPTER-1
COMPANY PROFILE
COMPANY: LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED
Address: 19, Kumara Krupa Road
Bengaluru- 560020
TEL: (080) 23311363
1.1 Brief History
Larsen & Toubro Limited, commonly known as L&T, is an Indian multi-national

conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai. It was founded by two Danish engineers taking
refuge in India. The company has business interests in engineering, construction,
manufacturing goods, information technology, and financial services, and has offices
worldwide
Larsen & Toubro is a US$14.3 billion technology, engineering, construction and

manufacturing and financial services conglomerate. It addresses critical needs in key
sectors including infrastructure, construction, hydrocarbon, power, defense and
Aerospace. Its footprint extends across seven countries in addition to India. A strong,
customer-focused approach, conformance to global HSE standards and the constant quest
for top-class quality have enabled the Company to sustain leadership in its major lines of
business for over 75 years.
L&T was rated 58th Most Innovative Company by Forbes International, and 4th
in the global list of ‘green companies’ in the industrial sector by Newsweek. It was voted
among the most admired companies in the country by Fortune India, and rated 8th Most
Powerful Brand in India by Brand Finance. It won The Economic Times Corporate
Citizen of the Year Award - 2013, instituted by one of the world’s most widely sold
business newspapers - The Economic Times. A survey by a leading HR consultancy
M.Tech IIIrd Sem (Strl Engg), Dept. of Civil Engg, Govt. Engg. College, Haveri-581 110 Page 1 of 55
Internship Training Analysis and Design of Residential Structure Using STADD.Pro
affirmed its reputation as a people-focused company, leading to the award for the ‘Most
Attractive Employer’ in the industrial sector.
L&T’s integrated capabilities span the spectrum of ‘design to deliver’Solutions.
Over seven decades of a strong, customer-focusedapproach and a sharp focus on world-
class quality have enabled itto maintain a leadership position in its major lines of
business. The Company has manufacturing facilities and offices in several countries, and
a global supply chain. It delivers landmark project sand products, helping clients in 30
countries to create long-term progress and economic growth.Characterised by
professionalism, high standards of corporate governance and sustainability, L&T
continues to evolve, seeking better ways of engineering to meet emerging challenges.
Ranked among the world’s top 30 contractors, L&T Construction contributes
significantly to building the image and stature of Larsen & Toubro across the world. It
drives L&T’s reputation as ‘the builder of the India of the 21st century’. Many landmark
projects in India – and increasingly overseas – bear L&T Construction’s indelible stamp
of excellence, reflecting a track record spanning over seven decades.
The multiple businesses of L&T Construction have distinct but complementary
capabilities, addressing different segments of Infrastructure and industry. L&T
Construction executes projects on a turnkey basis, with single source responsibility. It
adopts innovative design engineering and has access to a global supply chain.
Mechanization and the ability to mobilize large, highly trained crews enable it to meet
stringent deadlines and rigorous standards.
At every project site and establishment of L&T Construction, the highest priority
is accorded to the environment, health and safety. A safe work culture is intensively
propagated to conform to – and even surpass – international standards.
1.2 SERVICES OFFERED BY DOMAIN ASSOCIATES

Larsen and Toubro builders and developers is an organization providing the entire
range of L&T Hydrocarbon Engineering, Building &Factories and Infrastructure
Development
1.2.1 Hydrocarbon Engineering:
L&T Hydrocarbon Engineering delivers 'design to build' engineering and

construction solutions on a turnkey basis in the oil & gas, petroleum refining, chemicals
& petrochemicals and fertilizer sectors. In-house expertise, experience, and strategic
partnerships enable it to deliver a single point solution for all projects – from front-end
design through engineering, fabrication, project management, construction and
installation and commissioning. Modular fabrication facilities at Hazira (India, west
coast), Kattupalli (India, east coast) and Sohar (Oman) give L&T all-weather delivery
capability.
1.2.2 Building & Factories:
L&T occupies leadership position in the construction of major airports, IT parks,

turnkey hospitals and residential buildings. Building & Factories Business undertakes
projects on a ‘concept to commissioning’ basis. Its technological capabilities encompass
tall towers and eco-friendly ‘green’ buildings. Its track record includes landmark
structures such as the Baha’i temple in New Delhi.
1.2.3 Infrastructure Development:

L&T Infrastructure Development Projects Limited, a subsidiary, leverages
domain expertise in construction and financial services, and is a major player in Public-
Private Projects in India. L&T IDPL develops projects in various models - Build Own
Transfer, Build Own Operate Transfer, Build Own Operate Share Transfer, and other
variants including the annuity model. Major projects being executed by the Company
include Hyderabad Metro Rail - the largest public-private rail project in the world, and
ports at Dharma and Kattupalli. Multiple highway projects around the country have
established L&T IDPL as the leader in the space.
1.2.4 Transportation Infrastructure:
L&T is engaged in the turnkey construction of major infrastructure projects -
expressways, bridges, runways and railway projects. The Company has been a leading
player in rail infrastructure development for more than three decades, and has brought in
new technologies and mechanized construction. L&T is the only private organization in
India qualified to undertake integrated rail construction projects of the Indian Railways.
1.3 Organizational Setup
Sufficient office space with sophisticated equipment’s, powerful broadband,
LAN &Wifi Systems for good connectivity and option for progressive developments.
The following are the man powers of the organization.
Working Director 3Associate Director
1
Structural department
Design Engineers 8
Drafting Engineers 15
Quantity Engineers 1
Site Engineers 6
Electrical department1
Engineers & Drafting 4
Drafting & Diploma Engineers 3
Mechanical, phe& fps department
Engineers 2
Draftsmen 4
Hvac and mechanical department
Design Engineers cum Drafting 2
Diploma Engineers cum Drafting 4
Others
Admin & Receptionist 1
Office Assistants 3
System Administrator 1
1.4 Services
Larsen & Toubro Limited is a leading Indian consulting firm, providing
professional and technical skills, to plan, design and supervise the construction of
following range of Services from conception to delivery.
 Structural Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
 Public Health Engineering
 Firefighting protection System.
 Mechanical Engineering
CHAPTER 2
TASK PERFORMED
2.1 A Brief Description of Software used in Training
The training allowed acquaintance with a number of softwares. The most

frequently software’s include:-
 STAAD Pro V8i
 Auto CAD 2013
2.1.1 STAADPro V8i
This analysis and design software provided to be worth its mettle and handled all the
various challenges that have to be solved during the course of training. STAAD Pro V8i
is the most popular structural engineering software product for 3D model generation,
analysis and multi-material design. It has an intuitive, user-friendly GUI, visualization
tools, powerful analysis and design facilities and seamless integration to several other
modeling and design software products. The software is fully compatible with all
windows operating system but is optimized for windows XP.
For static or dynamic analysis of bridges, containment structures, embedded

structures (tunnels and culverts) pipe racks, steel, concrete, aluminum or timber
buildings, transmission towers, stadiums or any other simple or complex structure,
STAAD.pro has been the choice of design professionals around the world for their
specific analysis needs.
Once when the overall geometry of the structure has been specified, the section
properties of the individual member elements are specified. Thereafter, loading on the
members are specified. Following this, the support condition relevant to the structure is
specified well. The input of the software can easily be inspected and modified with help
of STAAD editor. Thereafter, the analysis can be performed. The analysis yields us the
parameters required for performing the structural design of the structure. The required
value can directly be read from the STAAD output file. The software also allows us to
perform design as per specifications in various codes of practice .
2.1.2 Auto CAD 2013
Auto Cad is a CAD (Computer Aided Design or Computer Aided Drafting)

software application for 2D and 3D design and drafting, developed and sold by Autodesk,
Inc. It is a vector graphics drawing program. It uses primitive entities- such as lines,
polylines, circles, arcs and text as the foundation for the complex. Auto CAD’s native file
format, DWG, and to a lesser extent, its interchange file format, DXF has become the
drawing and detailing works were done by making use of Auto CAD 2013.
2.1.3 Details of Project
Building consists of basement floor which is intended for parking. The ground
floor consists of parking area, club house, electrical room, and one unit of residential
area. Each first, second, third and fourth floor consists of three units of residential area.
The building is constructed on foundation. The building consists of stair case, retaining
wall at basement.
2.1.4 Soil Investigations Report
The soil investigation was carried out for this project at Whitefield Bangalore, in
order to design the foundations for the proposed building. This report presents the details
of soil investigation done, data obtained from various field and laboratory tests, their
compilation and analysis.
2.1.5 Purpose
The purpose of soil investigation including performing field tests with in the borehole
and collecting samples for laboratory tests was to accomplish the following:
• To determine the type and extend of subsurface material up to hard core level and 1 m
hard core cutting.
• To provide engineering parameters and suitable type of foundation for the proposed
building.
2.2 METHODOLOGY
The proposed structure is a residential building with ground + 23 floor (G+23).
The plan is rectangular in nature.
1. Type of structure: Residence
2. Layout: As shown in the plan
3. Number of story:G+23
4. Storied height: 3.05m
5. Depth of the foundation: 1.5m below the ground level.
6. Safe bearing capacity of soil: 400kN/m2
7. Wall: 300mm thick excluding plaster.
8. Live load: As per IS: 875(Part 2)-1987(2.5 kN/m2)
9. Material: Concrete M30 & M40 mix, steel Fe 500.
10. Design philosophy: Limit state method conforming to IS: 456-2000.
11. Design member: All members of the frames are rigid jointed.
12. Area statement:
Plot Area 1875.43 sq.m
G.F. Built up area 824.65 sq.m
F.F. built up Area 824.65 sq.m
2.3 OBJECTIVES
 Test for safe bearing capacity of soil.
 Generating structural framing plan
 Creating model in STAAD PRO
 Application of loads on the member
 Analysis of the structure
 Design the structure (manual design).
2.4 Analysis of structure using STAAD Pro software
2.4.1 Development of model in STAAD Pro
The auto cad file is imported to Staad Pro and the model is developed in Staad Pro
To develop the model in Staad Pro, first select
Prepare the grid lines
Define the material & sections
Add Beam& columns
Loading
Support conditions
Analysis
Run analysis
Post processing
Design
2.5 Proposed Residential Building

This project deals with the structural analysis and design of Residential building,
having G+23 Story. The design parameters were considered as per the Indian Standard
Code of Practice. Architectural plans were provided. With the given plan, the beam
column layout was plotted, with the help of which slabs were identified as one way, two
ways. Loads were worked out using IS: 875-1987 (part 1, 2).
Here the analysis of the structure was carried out using the software package of
“STAAD PRO”. The design was carried out according to IS: 456 - 2000. Design aids of
SP-16 were considered for the design of sections.
2.5.1 LOADS
As an integrated system, the structure must resist and transmit all the effects of
gravity loads and lateral loads acting on it to the foundation and ground below.
The various loads to which a building is subjected to, are as follows:
 Seismic load
 Dead load
 Live load
 Wind Load
2.5.1.1 SEISMIC LOAD
This standard (Part 1) deals with assessment of seismic loads on various structures
and earthquake resistant design of buildings. Its basic provisions are applicable to
buildings; elevated structures; industrial and stack like structures; bridges; concrete
masonry and earth dams; embankments and retaining walls and other structures.
Temporary elements such as scaffolding, temporary excavations need not be designed for
earthquake forces. This standard does not deal with the construction features relating to
earthquake resistant design in buildings and other structures. For guidance on earthquake
resistant construction of buildings, reference may be made to the following Indian
Standards: IS 4326, IS 13827, IS 13828, IS 13920and IS 13935.
2.5.1.2 DEAD LOAD (D.L)

Dead load is calculated as per IS875-1987 (part 1).The dead load in a building
shall comprise of the self-weight of all the frames, walls, partitions, floors and roofs and
shall include the weight of all other superimposed loads, which are permanently attached
to the structure.
The various dead loads taken as per IS 875 (part-1)
 Self-Weight of all the members.

 Slab 125mm thick=0.125x25=3.125kN/m2
 Walls (300 mm) =0.300*25*3.05=22.875kN/m2
2.5.1.3 LIVE LOAD (L.L)

Live load comprises of those loads whose position or magnitude or both may
change with respect to time. Live load is expressed as a uniformly distributed static load.
In our country, floors of various types of buildings have been categorized into different
classes and live loads corresponding to them have been specified in the code IS: 875 –
1987 (part2)
Live loads based on the IS: 875 (Part 2) defines the principle occupancy for which a
building or a part of a building is used or intended to be used. The buildings are classified
according to occupancy clauses 3.1, 3.1.1 and 4.1.1 in the above code.
The various live loads taken for Residential buildings from Table 1 of IS: 875-II
 All types of rooms and toilets =2 kN/m2

 Corridors, passages , balconies and staircase = 3 kN/m2
 Kitchens and laundries = 3 kN/m2
 Roof = 1.5 kN/m2 with Access (Table 2)
 Partition Loads = 1.5 kN/m2 (class 3.1.2)
2.5.1.4 WIND LOAD (W.L)

Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is
traced to the earth’s rotation and differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects
are primarily responsible for convection either upwards or downwards. The wind
generally blows horizontal to the ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical components
of atmospheric motion are relatively small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively
the horizontal wind, vertical winds are always identified as such. The wind speeds are
assessed with aid of anemometers or anemographs which are installed at meteorological
observatories at heights generally varying from 10 to 30 meters above ground.
Very strong winds (greater than 80km/h) are generally associated with cyclonic
thunderstorms, dust storms or vigorous monsoons. In general, wind speed in the
atmospheric boundary layer increases with the height from zero at ground level to a
maximum at the height called the gradient height. The variation with height depends on
the terrain conditions. However, the wind speed at any height never remains constant and
it has been found convenient to resolve its instantaneous magnitude into an average or
mean value and a fluctuating component around this average value. The average value
depends on the averaging time employed in analyzing the meteorological data and this
averaging time varies from a few seconds to several minutes
2.5.1.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS
The loads expected to act on the structure may have the probability of acting at a
time or together hence different design combinations of loads are specified in IS 875.The
design load combinations are used for determining the various combinations of the load
cases for which the structure needs to be designed/checked.The load combination factors
to be used vary with the selected design code. The load combination factors are applied to
the forces and moments obtained from the associated load cases and are then summed to
obtain the factored design forces and moments for the load combination
2.5.1.6 Auto Load Combinations Used in Design
Following 21 load combinations were used as per the IS 875(part 5) using staad.
Load case 7: 1.5DL+1.5LL
Load case 8: 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WLX
Load case 9: 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WLZ
Load case 10: 1.2DL+1.2LL-1.2WLX
Load case 11: 1.2DL+1.2LL-1.2WLZ
Load case 12: 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2EQX
Load case 13: 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2EQZ
Load case 14: 1.2DL+1.2LL-1.2EQX
Load case 15: 1.2DL+1.2LL-1.2EQZ
Load case 16: 1.5DL+1.5WLX
Load case 17: 1.5DL+1.5WLZ
Load case 18: 1.5DL-1.5WLX
Load case 19: 1.5DL-1.5WLZ
Load case 20: 1.5DL+1.5EQX
Load case 21: 1.5DL+1.5EQZ
Load case 22: 1.5DL-1.5EQX
Load case 23: 1.5DL-1.5EQX
Load case 24: 1.5DL-1.5EQZ
Load case 26: 0.9DL+1.5EQZ
2.6 Task Performed
Fig 2.6.1Upper Basement Floor Plan
Fig 2.6.2 Ground Floor Plan
2.7MODELING AND ANALYSIS:

Methods used to achieve objectives: Modeling of structure;
Fig 2.7.1 Line Diagram
Fig 2.7.2 3D modeling in STAAD PRO
 The required model is created using STAAD Pro using transitional repeat in all
directions.
Fig 2.7.3Rendered view of the model
 Assigning the member property: The assumed dimensions are defined in property
and assigned to member by selecting the members.
Fig. 2.7.4 Assigning the member properties
Fig. 2.7.5 Structure under dead load
 Loading: After assigning the support, the different loads such as dead load, live
load and load combinations are applied to the members.
Fig. 2.7.6 Structure under live load
Fig. 2.7.7 Structure under Wind load
Fig. 2.7.8 Load Combination
 Run the analysis.
Fig. 2.7.9 analyzing the structure

 Output: The analysis result can be views in post processing and also selecting
view output file after analysis.
Fig. 2.7.10 Beam result after analysis of structureFig 2.7.10Deflection in BEAM 1
CHAPTER 3
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.1 General
Structural Engineering is concerned with the research, planning, design,
construction, inspection, monitoring, maintenance, rehabilitation and demolition of
permanent and temporary structures, as well as structural systems and their components.
Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability, strength and rigidity of
structures. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a structure
capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its intended life. The primary
purpose of a structure is to transmit or support loads. If the structure is improperly
designed or fabricated, or if the actual applied loads exceed the design specifications, the
device will probably fail to perform its intended function, with possible serious
consequences.
3.2Design Principle of R.C.C Members

The two base philosophies that are adopted in the design of reinforcement concrete
membersare:
1) Working stress method
2) Limit state method
Working stress method is the earliest adopted method or design. In this method
the structural elements rate designed for severe loads only. The method is also called as
elastic methods of analysis since the structural members were designed in such way that
stress in both contexts are within the elastic limit. However one cannot be sure of the
ultimate failure load since elastic behavior of the material ceases after certain level of
stress on material.
Limit state method came to existence due to the advancement on materials of the
desired range of the strength and thus increasing the confidence levels. So research
started in the direction of stressing the material beyond elastic limit to make the full
strength of the material. In the design of the residential building we have used only limit
state methods for design.
3.1.1 SHEAR WALLS

Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. They
are typically wood frame stud walls covered with a structural sheathing material like
plywood. When the sheathing is properly fastened to the stud wall framing, the shear wall
can resist forces directed along the length of the wall. When shear walls are designed and
constructed properly, they will have the strength and stiffness to resist the horizontal
forces.
In structural engineering, a shear wall is a structural system composed of braced
panels (also known as shear panels) to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a
structure. Wind and seismic [1] loads are the most common loads that shear walls are
designed to carry. Under several building codes, including the International Building
Code (where it is called a braced wall line) and Uniform Building Code, all exterior wall
lines in wood or steel frame construction must be braced. Depending on the size of the
building some interior walls must be braced as well. A structure of shear walls in the
center of a large building—often encasing an elevator shaft or stairwell—form a shear
core.
Shear walls resist in-plane loads that are applied along its height. The applied load
is generally transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or collector or drag member. They are
built in wood, concrete, and CMU (masonry).
Plywood is the conventional material used in wood (timber) shear walls, but with
advances in technology and modern building methods, other prefabricated options have
made it possible to inject shear assemblies into narrow walls that fall at either side of an
opening. Sheet steel and steel-backed shear panels in the place of structural plywood in
shear walls has proved to provide stronger seismic resistance.
3.1.1 DESIGN OF SHEAR WALL
Axial force = 123.03kN
Moment = 178.93kNm
Shear force = 128.7kN
1. Material constants
Use M30 grade concrete and Fe 500 steel
2. Preliminary Dimensions
Horizontal length of the wall = 1800 mm
Thickness of wall = 160 mm
As per IS 13920:1993 Clause 9.1.2
Thickness of wall should not less than 150 mm Provided thickness is ok

Effective depth of the wall section, dw = 0.8 lw
= 0.8*1800
= 1440mm
3. Horizontal Reinforcement
Factored shear force Vu = 128.7kN
As per IS 13920 Cl.9.2.1
τv =Vu/tw*dw
= 128.7*10^3/160*1440
= 0.25 N/mm2
Assuming minimum reinforcement ratio in the horizontal direction
Pt = 0.25% (IS 13920, Cl.9.1.4)
Design shear stress, τc = 0.37 N/mm2
τc, max = 3.5 N/mm2
τc> τv, so shear reinforcement is not required
Pt = 100*As/bd
As=0.25*160*1000/100
= 400mm^2
Provide 8 mm Dia bars @ 100 mm c/c as horizontal reinforcement (402.12 mm2)
4. Vertical reinforcement
Axial Force= 123.03 kN
Ast=Axial Force/0.87*fy
= (123.03 *10^3/(0.87*500))
= 282.82mm^2
Provide 8 mm Dia bars @ 300 mm c/c as horizontal reinforcement (301.59 mm^2)
5. Flexural strength
The moment of resistance of a slender rectangular shear wall section with uniformly
distributed vertical reinforcement may be estimated as follows. (From IS 13920: 1993
annex a.)
When, xu / lw<xu */ lw
ρ=Ast/tw*dw
= 402.12 *10^3/160*1800
= 1.39
∅ =0.87*fy*ρ/fck
=0.87*500*1.39/40
=15.11
β=0.87*fy/0.0035*Es
= 0.87*500/0.0035*2.1*10^5
= 0.590
λ= Pu/fck*tw*lw
= 123.03 *10^3/(40*160*1800)
= 0.0106
xu / lw= [(∅+λ)/(2∅+0.36)]
= [(15.11+0.0106)/(2*15.11+0.36)]
= 0.49
xu */ lw=0.0035/(0.0035+0.87(fy/Es))
=0.0035/(0.0035+0.87(500/2.1*10^5))
=0.628
(Mu/(fck*tw*lw^2))= ∅[(1+ λ)/∅)(1-0.46* xu/lw)-( xu/lw)^2(0.168+ β^2/3)]
Muv=2282.4kNm
Mu < Muv
Section is safe in flexure
3.1.2 BEAMS
Choose the initial section dimensions. Factors to be considered are the basic
span/depth ratio, the minimum requirements for durability and fire resistance. Remember
to take account of cover and the size of the shear links in determining the overall depth
(h) and the effective depth (d). A rough guide for the width of the section is about half the
depth. Analyze the structure using standard structural analysis techniques. Choose the
location of the section to be designed and read the moment (M), that the section must
resist from the bending moment diagram.
3.1.2 DESIGN OF BEAM
Grade of the concrete : 40 fck N/mm2
Grade of the steel : 500 fy N/mm2
Moment acting in the beam : 240.40MzkN-m
Length of beam L =3650mm(from c/c)
Depth of the beam D =L/10 to L/16
=3650/10 to 3650/16
=365 to 228.12
=600mm
Cover of the beam, d' =30mm
Width of the beam b =300mm
Effective depth of the beam, d =D-d^' mm
=600-30
=570mm
Mulimit =0.138×fck×b×d2
=0.138*40*300*570^2
=538.034*10^6 N-mm^2
If Mu<Mulimit then singly reinforced beam.
Area of steel = (Mu/ (0.87×fy× (d-0.42×x_m))
=538.034/ (0.87*500*(600-0.42*75.81))
=972.69mm^2
Minimum area of steel = (0.85×b×d)/fy
= (0.85*300*570)/500
= 290.70mm^2
The diameter and also spacing of the beam is selected.
Check for shear
Vu maximum in KN,
τv =Vu/(b×d)
=196.54*10^3/ (300*570)
=1.14 N/mm^2
Pt =Ast/ (b×d) ×100
=972.69/ (300*570) *100
=0.56
From IS 456-2000,Table19,
τc = 0.578N/mm^2
if τv>τc then it is Not safe, then Design Shear Reinforcement
Design of shear reinforcement
Shear stress 1.149 N/mm2
% of steel 0.16 %
Legged stirrups 2 Nos
Dia of the stirrups 8 mm
Area of the stirrups 100.53 mm2
Spacing of the stirrups least of the following or else 300 mm C/C
Spacing of the stirrups (Sv) 370 mm
0.75*d =0.75*570 427.5 mm
16*Dia of the bar=16*16 260 mm
Providing 260mm center to center
3.1.2 Reinforcement Details for Beam
3.1.3 DESIGN OF SLABS
Basically the slabs are of two types, based on the ratio of larger side (ly) to shorter
side (lx) as it is recommended in IS 456:2000, to design the slabs having ly/lx ratio
greater than two as one way slab and less two as two way slab.
3.1.3.1 One Way Slabs
Reinforced concrete slabs supported on two opposite sides or on all four sides
worth the ratio of long to short span exceeding 2 are referred to as one-way slabs. The
slabs are designed as beams of unit width for a given type of loading and support
condition. The span/depth ratios specified in IS 456:2000 code for beam is also
applicable for slabs. One way slab may be either continuous, simply supported or
cantilever slabs. For the determination of the moments and stresses in the continuous
slabs the coefficients given in the table 7 & 8 of IS 456:2000 respectively can be sued for
the most of the cases. However for the case of triangular and points loads any
conventional methods of analysis of statically indeterminate structure are to be used.
Simply supported and cantilever slabs can be analyzed in conventional methods.
3.1.3.2 Two Way Slab
In case of hostels and residential buildings with slab and beam construction, the
floor and roof slabs are supported on all the four sides. Two way slabs should have their
longer span not exceeding two times the shorter span so that significant flexural moments
are maximum at the centre of the slabs with larger magnitude of moment developing
along the shorter span.
The moments developed in the slabs are influenced by the following factors:
Short and long span length (lx and ly). The most appropriate method of analyzing
two way slabs is using field line pattern and Johnson’s field theory. However field
analyses are tedious and time consuming. Hence for practical utility, moment coefficients
given in table 22 of IS 456:2000 can be used upon the boundary condition.
For the design of slabs, imposed loads are considered as given in IS 875 (Part 2) –
1987
3.1.3.3Classification of Slabs
Slabs are classified based on many aspects
1. Based on shape: Square, rectangular, circular and polygonal in shape
2. Based on type of support: slab supported on walls, slab supported on beams, slabs
Supported on columns (Flat slabs).
3. Based on support or boundary condition: simply supported, cantilever slab,
Overhanging slab fixed or continues slab.
4. Based on use: Roof slab, floor slab, foundation slab, water tank slab.
5. Basis of cross section or sectional configuration: Ribbed slabs /grid slab, solid slab,
filler slab, folded plate.
6. Basis of spanning direction:
One way slab-spanning in one direction
Two way slab-spanning in two directions
3.1.3.1 Design of One way Slab

Condition:
One short edge discontinuous (Restrained slab)
𝑙𝑦/𝑙𝑥=7.01/3.48= 2.014> 2. Hence this slab will be designed as a one way slab
Here model is residential building as per IS 875 (Part 2) 1987 take live load as 2kN/m2.
1) To calculate loads and effective span,
Assume d = 100mm
Assume total depth D = 125mm
Dead load = 0.125× 25 = 3.125kN/m2
Dead load due to finish = 1.0kN/m2
Total dead load = 3.125+1.0
=4.125N/m2
Live load = 2kN/m2
Factored load Wu = 1.5× (2+4.125)
=9.1875kN/m2
Effective span is the lesser of the following [clauses 22.2 of code IS 456]
1] Clear span + effective depth = 3.48 + 0.10 = 3.58m
2] c/c of supports = 3.48 + 0.30 = 3.78m
Hence, effective Span = 3.58m.
2) Calculate Mu and Vu
wul2
Mu = 10
9.187×3.582
= 10
= 11.774 kN-m
wul
Vu = 2
9.187×3.52
= 2
= 16.44 kN-m
3) Check for depth for bending moment
Assuming balanced section
Mulim = 0.133 fckbd2

[Where b=1000mm for slab]
Mu 0.5
d= (0.133×fck×b)
0.5
11.774×106
(0.133×40×1000 )
= 47.04mm < 100mm

Hence, the assumed depth is adequate.
4) Calculate the reinforcement
The depth is greater than that required for bending. Hence the section is
underreinforced.
To calculate𝑥𝑢/𝑑and Ast
xu 6.68 Mu
= 1.2 − √1.44 −
d fck × b × d2
xu 6.68 X 11.774 × 106

= 1.2 − √1.44 −
d 40 × 1000 × x1002
= 0.084 < 0.460

Hence, it is under reinforced
𝑥
Z = d× (1-0.416𝑑 )
= 100× (1-0.416×0.084)= 96.50mm

Mu
Ast =
0.87 × fy × z
11.774×106
=
0.87 ×500 × 96.50
= 280.483 mm2
Alternatively,
The reinforcement can also be calculated in the following way using SP-16
M 11.774×106
2
= = 1.174
bd 1000×1002
From table -3, Page No-49, Pt = 0.282
0.282×1000×100
Ast=
100
= 282 mm2
Provide 8mm diameter bars at 250mm c/c
Distribution steel [clause26.5.2.1]
0.12bD
Asty =
100
0.12×1000×125
= 100
= 150mm2.
Provide 8mm diameter bars at 250mm c/c.

Spacing less than 5d = 5×100
= 500mm >250mm.
Hence adequate.
5) Check for shear

Vu 16.44×10 3
Nominal shear stress = =
bd 1000×100
= 0.164N/mm2
432×100
Pt=
1000×100
= 0.432
0.436
Assume tension steel at support = = 0.216
2
From table 19 of IS 456, τc= 0.352N/mm2 > 0.203N/mm2. Hence the slab is safe in
Shear, even without shear enhancement using factor K.
6) Check for deflection (clause23.2.1)
Basic span to depth ratio = 20
area required
Fs = 0.58fyarea provided
282
= 0.58×500×315
= 259.61mm2
L
(d)max = 1.7×20 = 34
3580
= 105.294 ≈ 125𝑚𝑚
34
(𝑙/𝑑)provided =3580/125= 28.64< 34

Hence deflection satisfied.
3.1.3.2 Design of Two way Slab (S2)
Data:
Span of room = 5.5X4.4m
Live load = 3 kN/mm2
Grade of steel = 500 N/mm2
Dimensional ratio =ly/lx= 5.5/4.4 = 1.26 {Hence it is two way slab.}
Assume,
Overall depth=125mm
Effective depth = d = 100 mm
Effective span along x- direction
a) c/c distance = 5.7m

b) clear span+ effective depth = 5.5 +0.10= 5.510m
...lx = 5.7 m
Load calculation:
Total load W = 9.18kN/m²
Factored load Wu= 13.77kN/m²
Referring to IS 456-2000 code B.M co-efficient are as follows,
From table 26, page no.91
Shorter span, αx longer span, αy
-ve moment coefficient 0.049 0.037
+ve moment coefficient 0.037 0.028
Calculation of maximum bending moment:
-ve moment at continuous edge:
For shorter span =αxwulx2
= 0.049x13.77x5.72
= 21.92kN-m
For longer span = αywulx2
= 0.037x13.77x5.72
= 16.55kN-m
+ve moment at mid span:
For shorter span = αywulx2
=0.037x13.77x5.72
= 16.553kN-m
For longer span = αywulx2
= 0.028x13.77x5.72
= 12.526kN-m
Equating the Mu lim to maximum B.M
Mu lim =0.133fckbd2
21.92x106=0.133x40x1000 d2
... dx= 64.189mm<100mm {Hence ok}
Minimum area of steel Reinforcement:
For fy500 grade of steel =0.12%bD
= (0.12/100) x1000x125 =150mm2
Area of steel required:
At support,(Along x-direction)
Ast×fy
Mu (-ve) =0.87xfyxAstxd [1- ]
𝑏×𝑑×fck
Ast×500
21.92x106 =0.87x500xAstx100 [1-1000×100×40 ]
Ast(req.) =540.41mm2
Assuming 8 mm ϕ bar,
1000×area of 1 bar 1000×50.26

Spacing = = =200mm
Total area 540.41
... Provide 8mm ϕ bar at 200mm c/c.
At mid span, (Along x-direction)
Ast×fy
Mu (+ve) =0.87xfyxAstxd [1- ]
𝑏×𝑑×fck
Ast×500
16.553x106 =0.87x500xAstx100 [1-1000×100×40 ]
Ast(req.) = 400.51mm2
Assuming 8mmϕ bar,
1000×area of 1 bar 1000×50.26

Spacing = = =250mm
Total area 400.51
...Provide 8mm ϕ bar at 250mm c/c.
At support, (Along y-direction)
Ast×fy
Mu (-ve) =0.87xfyxAstxd [1- ]
𝑏×𝑑×fck
Ast×500
16.555x106 =0.87x500xAstx100 [1-1000×100×40 ]
Ast(req.) = 400.51mm2
Assuming 8mmϕ bar,
1000×area of 1 bar 1000∗50.26

Spacing = = =250mm
Total area 400.51
...Provide 10mm ϕ bar at 250mm c/c
At mid span, (Along y-direction)
Ast×fy
Mu (+ve) =0.87xfyxAstxd [1- ]
𝑏×𝑑×fck
Ast×500
12.526x106 =0.87x500xAstx100 [1-1000×100×40 ]
Ast(req.) = 300mm2
Assuming 8mmϕ bar,
1000×area of 1 bar 1000×50.26

Spacing = = =200mm
Total area 300
...Provide 8mm ϕ bar at 200mm c/c
6) Check for deflection (clause23.2.1)
Basic span to depth ratio = 20

area required
Fs = 0.58fyarea provided
940.92
= 0.58×500×1357.16
= 201.05N/mm2
𝐿
(𝑑 )Max = 1.7×20 = 34
4400
= 73.52 ≈ 120mm
34
(𝑙/𝑑) provided =4400/120= 29.33 < 34
3.1.3.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR SLABS

3.1.4 STAIR CASE
The purpose of a staircase is to provide pedestrian access to the different levels

within the building. The geometrical forms of the staircase may be quite different
depending on the individual circumstances involved.
There are two main components of a staircase: stairs and landing slab. The stair
and landing slab can arrange in different forms to get different types of staircase. The
shape and structural arrangement of a staircase would generally depend on two main
factors: type of construction of the structure around the staircase, that is, load searing
brick structure or reinforced concrete frame structure and availability of space. Rise and
going are the two terms associated with a stair. The term rise refers to the vertical height
of a step and going represents the horizontal dimension. Over the years several types of
stair cases have been developed with varying geometrical shapes and structural behavior.
The most common types are classified as follows:
a) Dog-legged stair case.
b) Open well stair case.
c) Tread-riser stair case.
d) Isolated cantilever stair case.
3.1.4 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE
Data – Assume the width of landing = 1200mm.
It is proposed to provide a Dog legged stair case and keeping in view the functional
Requirements its width will be kept 1000mm.
Assume
No. of flights =2
Rise = 150mm
Tread = 300mm
Bearing = 300mm
Clear height between two floors He =3.05mm
Grade of concrete fck =40N/mm2
Grade of steel fy =500N/mm2
Depth of waist slab D =125mm
Clear cover c =15mm
Diameter of bar Ø =25mm
Effective depth of slab d =98mm
Effective span =4500 mm
No of treads =7
No of risers =8
LOADS :
ON GOING
Dead load
SW of waist slab = 0.3*0.125*25
= 7.27kN/m2
SW of step = 25*0.5*0.15/0.30
= 6.25kN/m2
Finishes =0.50kN/m2
Live load
Live load =3kN/m2
Total load =17.017kN/m2
FACTORED LOAD =25.526kN/m2
ON LANDING
Dead load
SW of waist slab = 25*0.130
= 3.250kN/m2
Finishes = 0.5kN/m2
Live load
Live load =3kN/m2
Total load =6.750 kN/m2
FACTORED LOAD =10.125kN/m2
1 2.1 1
RA =38.69175659
RB =37.18748933
Mmax =51kN-m
Vmax =54kN
Mu1 =0.133 fck b d2
dreq =97.91050079 mm>dprov 97.5mm
Mu/bd^2 =5.364891519
% of steel required =1.524
Ast = (% of steel required/100)*(1000*effective depth of slab)
= (1.524/100)*(1000*98)
= 1486.29mm2
Spacing=((3.14*dia of bar^2/4)*(1000)/Ast)
=330mm c/c
Provide 25mm Ф @325 mm c/c 1510.38
Distribution steel=0.12%bD
=0.12/100*1000*98
=117mm2
Required 8mm Ф @450mm c/c
CHECK FOR SHEAR:
Maximum shear force
Vu =54kN
tv =Vu/bd
= 54*10^3/1000*130
=0.42 N/mm2
Pt =1.162 %
From table-19 of IS456-2000
tc =0.718 N/mm2
Check for tv <tc
Nominal reinforcement is provided
tc max =3.921224299 N/mm2
Also tv<tc max/2
Section is safe
CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:
Percent of steel provided, Pt =1.162 %
IS456-2000(clause23.2.1 c fig4)
fs =0.58*fck*Ast required/Ast provided
= 0.58*500*1486.29/1510.38
=285.37N/mm^2
Modification factor K =0.96 (As per SP-24)
Eff depth required, dreq= Effective span/(26*Modification Factor)
= 4500/(26*0.96) =178.49mm
Depth provided, dpro =98 mm
CHAPTER 4
4.1 ACTIVITIES PERFORMED IN SITE VISIT
I have been working with the site engineer and observed various construction
activities on the site. The site engineer is always explaining works performed in the office
and I have worked with the Site Engineer while performing activities on the site. As a
new person to join the site; my first task was getting accustomed with the professional
workers and other stake holders on the site. After this I have focused on my activities by
ensuring proper interaction with my Site Engineer, and other workers.
This report covered the practical and theoretical consideration of construction

process of building. Each and every building has super-structure and sub-structure
whether the building is residential or commercial. A superstructure is an upward
extension of an existing structure above its foundation or basement. Slab, Beam, Column
and Stair are the main parts of the super-structure. In this report I am going to discuss the
monitoring and controlling of construction process of super structure. Objective of the
study to acquire knowledge about the steps involving construction process.
In this construction project all works done on the site, but materials are supplied
by the construction company itself. Construction project is marriage hall with an area of
23.00X54.735m
4.1.1 Reading and interpreting drawings
Drawings are the means by which the designer conveys the physical, quantitative,
and visual description of the project to the contractor. The drawings are a two-
dimensional representation of the physical structure that meets the objectives of the
owner. They are also known as plans or blueprints
Drawings at the construction site include:
1. Architectural drawing
2. Structural drawing
This drawing is the main language between the architect, designer and any worker
at the site or office to build the model in position as specified by the designer and the
client, based on the agreement. Thus to work as an engineer in the construction site it is
mandatory knowing drawings and any other specification. Drawings are the most
common means of communication for all types of projects.
4.1.2 Activities on the Site
Apart from the office work I have participated on site works being with the Site
Engineer. Site work consists of many kinds of activities. Some of these are concrete
mixing, bar bending and placement, formwork preparation, concrete casting, curing and
chiseling, plastering and soling works. Some major site activities are presented here.
4.1.2.1 Follow up and control of formwork preparation
The formwork preparation involves the participation of carpenters majorly and

assistants such as daily labourers. I have been assigned to check the work progress and
accuracy of form work preparation for beams, slabs and columns. Making sure the
dimension, elevation, material usage and speed of work is required. Checking the
alignment, perpendicularity and strength of formwork components is another activity.
Calculating and measuring their productivity in running the work i.e. area of form work
completed per day by certain combination of workers.
4.1.2.2 Checkup of reinforcement works
Reinforcement bar work; as a critical part of the structural system; should be

given due attention and thoroughly checked prior to the concrete casting process. After
they have finished the slab mesh and the beam reinforcement work; the number, diameter
and length of bars are checked. The different bar types such as main reinforcements,
negative bars and distribution bars should be provided correctly at each point of need.
4.2 MATERIALS USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION
4.2.1 Cement
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This
paste first sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called
hydration, between the cement and water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the
aggregate together into a stone like hard mass & thus provides strength, durability &
water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grade of cement.
4.2.2 Aggregate
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes.
4.2.3 Types of Aggregates
Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate
4.2.3.1 Fine Aggregate (Sand)
The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75
micron (.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.
Function of Fine Aggregate
The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids
existing in the coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less
quantity of cement and increase the workability of the concrete mix.
4.2.3.2 Coarse Aggregate
The aggregate, which entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve is known as coarse
aggregates. At the site the coarse aggregate was 10mm & 20mm (graded) were used
which costs 10,000 per lorry load.
Function of Coarse Aggregate
The coarse aggregates are used in mixing of concrete. It is mixed cement, sand
with water. These aggregates increase the strength of bonding in aggregates. Coarse
aggregates are used in construction of plan cement concrete (PCC), foundation, beams
and columns reinforced cement concrete (RCC) etc.
4.2.4 Reinforcement
The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its
strength is called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending
moment, torsion and compression.
4.2.4.1 Function of Reinforcement
Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in

compression and week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the
concrete members. At the site contractor using the high strength steel bars and T.M.T.
(Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of diameter 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, &18 mm as per
requirement of the design
4.2.5 Water
It is an important ingredient of concrete because it combines with cement and

forms a binding paste. The paste thus formed fills up the voids of the sand and coarse
aggregate bringing them into close adhesion.
4.3 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF COLUMN:
Column construction can be classified into three major parts like-
• Before Casting
• During Casting
• After Casting
Before Casting
• Column Layout
• Column schedule
• Reinforcement bar placing
• Tie Binding
• Shuttering of column
• Fixation of column
Reinforcement bar placing
• All reinforcement bars was cleaned before using in construction.
• To cut the reinforcement as per sizes those are shown in the drawing.
• To check the dia of bar as per drawing.
• Check the vertical straightness of steel by fiber and plumb bob.
• Keep clear cover of concrete to protect reinforcement.
• I have measured the spacing of main bar by tape as per drawing.
• I make sure the number of bars as per drawing by counting.
Tie Binding
• 10mm MS bar is used for column tie according to design.
• To make sure the spacing of tie bar by measuring tape as per drawing.
• I confirm the tie bar is bound strongly by sufficient wire.
• To ensure the dimension of the tie and the lapping portion of the tie bar have placed
alternative corner of the column.
Shuttering of column
• The next work is form placing, after checking the leveling and tie placing.
• The form consists of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges
by small steel angles.
• The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or bolts and
nuts.
• The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular shape or size.
• Steel shattering is more suitable for circular or curved structures.
Steps of Beam & Slab Casting
• Centering & Shuttering
• Reinforcement bar placing
• Leveling
• Requisition of materials
• Casting
• Curing
Centering and Shuttering of Beam and Slab
• First step was to cut the wood planks in proper size
• Then Runners were paced
• Runner was supported by vertical wooden member.
• Wood planks were placed over runner.
• Vertical and horizontal level was checked by water leveling.
Material for Wood Shuttering
• Wood
• Vertical wooden member
• Nails
• Still nails
• 24 gauge wire
• MS rod
• Ply wood Sheet
Reinforcement Requirement
Beam –12mm, 16 mm, 20mm, & 25mm.
Slab- 8mm, 10mm, & 12mm for extra top.
Reinforcement bar Placing
• First step was to place the beam reinforcement.
• Then slab reinforcement was placed
Casting of Beam & Slab
• Site Engineer and all labors should take care during casting of floor beam & slab.
• Check there is any gap/ holes in the form and close with putty or thin metal steel not to
permit leakage of cement grout.
• To flow the thickness of slab
• Vibrating must properly.
• Don’t vibrating in same place for long time it is harmful for concrete and it is create
segregation.
• Use vibrator in vertically for compaction of concrete.
4.4 CURING OF SLAB
• Use pond curing for slab
• Making water briar around the slab
• So that water can stay the on the slab Curing should continue at least 14days to 21 days
4.5 COMMON CHECKS
 Clear cover: Measured from nearest surface of main reinforcement and concrete
surface.
 Nominal cover: Cover considered for design purpose which includes stirrups and
links.
 Check Nominal cover as per drawing tolerance 0 to +10 mm for nominal cover
only.
 Check Size and spacing of links and stirrups as per drawing.
4.5.1 Slab / Beam Reinforcement
 Check that beam bars are modified for electric down take conduits with adequate
cover to the conduits.
 Between two electrical conduits 25mm gap shall be given.
 Check position of lap in continuous beams bottom bars over intermediate support,
top bars extreme middle third or as per drawing.
4.6 Transporting, Placing, Compaction and Curing of concrete
4.6.1 Transporting and Handling After mixing, concrete shall be transported to

the formwork as rapidly as possible by methods which will prevent the segregation or
loss of any of the ingredients or ingress of foreign matter or water and maintaining the
required workability.
4.6.2 During hot or cold weather, concrete shall be transported in deep

containers. Other suitable methods to reduce the loss of water by evaporation in hot
weather and heat loss in cold weather may also be adopted.
4.6.3 Placing the concrete shall be deposited as nearly as practicable in its final
position to avoid re handling. The concrete shall be placed and compacted before initial
setting of concrete commences and should not be subsequently disturbed. Methods of
placing should be such as to preclude segregation. Care should be taken to avoid
displacement of reinforcement or movement of formwork. As a general guidance, the
maximum permissible free fall of concrete may be taken as 1.5 m.
4.6.4 Compaction Concrete should be thoroughly compacted and fully worked

around the reinforcement, around embedded fixtures and into comers of the formwork.
4.6.5 Curing Curing is the process of preventing the loss of moisture from the
concrete whilst maintaining a satisfactory temperature regime. The prevention of
moisture loss from the concrete is particularly important if the-water cement ratio is low,
if the cement has a high rate of strength development, if the concrete contains granulated
blast furnace slag or pulverized fuel ash. The curing regime should also prevent the
development of high temperature gradients within the concrete.
4.7SITEVISIT
Fig. 4.7.1 Foundation
Fig 4.7.2 Foundation with Shear Wall
Fig 4.7.3 Upper Basement Shear Wall Construction
Fig 4.7.4 Upper and Lower Basement Walls
Fig 4.7.5 Ground Floor Beam
Fig 4.7.6 Slab Shuttering
Fig. 4.7.7 Wall & Slab Shuttering
Fig 4.7.8 Concrete Pumping
Fig 4.7.9 Centering Checking
CHAPTER 5
5. OUTCOME
5.1 BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
The internship program as it is known was started with a major plan of enabling
students acquire enough technical and practical knowledge concerning how the works are
performed in the practical world in relation to their field of study. Therefore it was a very
interesting period where I was able to grasp technical knowledge, participate in real
construction activity, enjoyed working with experienced professionals and have been
successful in performing activities. Below this I have presented what I have gained in
various types of technical and practical skills.
5.1.1 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
The internship program has given me a chance to enhance my theoretical

knowledge to a great extent. When observing the activities performed on the site; there
were various points which attract and require the closer analysis and assistance from
professionals working there. Since I have been working on an RC structure; I have
utilized the knowledge I have got from the previous courses. I have tried to focus on
relating the concepts from the courses taken with working principles and mechanisms
followed on the site. Reinforcement works were mainly related with the course that I had
taken enabling me understand the application of design concepts covered in the course.
• List of some theoretical concepts obtained:
• Concrete works including ways of material proportioning, mixing, transporting

(conveying), casting and curing.
• Reinforcement works including bar cutting, bending and placement, preparation

of mesh for slabs, staircases, use of distribution bars.
• Method of solving problems on between contractor and consultant.
• Techniques of site management and labour administration.
• Ways of reporting design and drawing problems and asking for design revision.
• Payment and cost related ideas in connection with the Contract agreement.
5.1.2 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Construction projects involve the participation of different parties. A fast flowing

internal communication and interaction between the sections of a certain unit and
between different parts of the working units within the construction site. Based on this
concept; the interpersonal communication activities as guided by the work flow provided
in the organizational structure on the site. When working in the office I have been
followed up and helped by the site engineer I had an interactive relationship with him
during all the internship period, I have also developed communication skills on site works
when working with the foreman and other workers on the site. During the execution of
assigned activities on the site such as checking the appropriateness of certain works,
follow up and supervision activities; I have been interacting with various workers like
carpenters, masons etc. which helped me understand the ways of discussing and
analyzing problems in a constructive way by giving enough chances to hear and respect
the ideas of the workmen.
5.1.3 TEAM PLAYING SKILLS
The activities conducted in the site were undertaken by contributing parts to the
group of workers where certain activities were taken into account by making discussions
and executing a task through bringing the individual effects together into a specific item
of work. The procedures employed in these team based activities were the analysis and
discussion of the activity to be performed where the basic principles and working
procedures are carefully identified and stated. These proven techniques and procedural
steps were then related with the scientific principles by conducting thorough discussions
on the concepts covered on theoretical courses and the incidents they were applied to.
5.1.4 LEADERSHIP SKILLS
Leadership skills; as another important type of practical skill has also been given
attention while conducting activities and participating in assigned tasks which are
important in deciding the perfection and accuracy of some work types. Sometimes the
appropriate and well analyzed decisions are absolutely essential in undertaking activities
since problems arise which makes things difficult and require certain specific actions to
fix problems and complete that piece of work successfully. Decision making skills are
also important by giving a chance to enhance self confidence in handling work tasks and
leading group of workers to perform a certain activity with the required quality and speed
of work.
5.1.5 ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS
Developing the skills and ideologies of entrepreneurship is another important

achievement that I have got from the internship experience. I have tried to analyze the
step by step development of the contact company by identifying the development cycle
and its core elements functioning as basic components in the makeup of the company it
has given me a chance to observe the organizational structure, back ground and basic
achievements which was important in understanding its entrepreneurial activities.
Understanding the basic principles of entrepreneurship including the existence of vision
and passion and commitment to organize and lead an organization and other
entrepreneurial characteristics such as need for achievement, willingness to take risks,
self-confidence and innovative skills.
During my internship I gained some experience from:
Higher official
Contactor
Labour
a) HIGHER OFFICIAL
As I worked with site engineer, I get some important direction from the higher
official when they visited the site. They told to ensure the site safety, proper management
of site, inform all information to head office.
b) CONTRACTOR
From the contractor I have experienced the following things:
Labour management
Engineering materials management
c) LABOUR
Form the Labour; I have experienced the following things:
• Usually they did not follow drawing
• Sometimes they did not work accurately
• Some inexperienced worker do a lot of mistake
• I have also learned some local terminology from the Labour.
5.2EXPERIENCE AND ASSESSMENTS
1. Communication with company boss, technical and non-technical staff members have
been improved.
2. Professionalism when they assign the difficult task to resolve the complex problems
into simpler solutions.
3. Working in an industrial environment, how to interact with the industrial professionals,

technical, non-technical staff members and how to tackle the problems when theoretical
designs are not meeting the field output.
4. Managing the time effectively inside the company to utilize it for the study of various
technical subjects and discuss it with the company staffs, friends to implement in our
work.
5. Resource management: Using Software’s like STAAD Pro, Auto CAD, Revit, Excel
helped us to understand and utilize it effectively.
6. Practical implementation of theory in various site projects helped us to understand the

concept and its purpose.
7. Comparative difference between theory and practical made us to understand the

subject clearly. How theoretical aspects are differ from practical knowledge.
8. Site visits made us to understand and analyze the theory with practice like placement
of reinforcement in various stages as in foundations, columns, beams, slabs. How the
curtailment has been done in these stages are observed thoroughly.
9. Use of excel sheet in design of foundation, column, beam, slab helped us learning
importance of it in design and analysis.
10. Application of VBA is understood by the use of excel and to develop other software
using VBA.
5.3 SPECIFIC TECHNICAL OUTCOMES OF INTERNSHIP
1. Reading, understanding of architectural drawings and detail drawings of a residential,

commercial structures.
2. In order to enhancement of skills we have developed the standard spreadsheet, to

facilitate automated task calculation and design.
3. Exposure to practical implementation of design and detailing of structures through

various site visit.
4. Use of industry standard software’s such as STAAD, STAAD Pro.foundation for

analysis and design purpose.
5. Use of AUTOCAD for drafting and detailing purpose.
6. Preparing report, documentation of the given project and presenting it to client helped
us to understand the procedure of documentation.
7. Exposure to other industry standard software and their specific domain where they are
customized.
REFERENCE
 Dr. N. Krishna Raju “Design of Reinforced concrete structures”, 3rd edition of

2003.
 Bhavikatti. S. S. “Advanced Reinforced concrete component design”, 2nd edition of
2008.
 Plain and Reinforced Concrete – IS 456:2000, 4th Revision.
 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978 (SP: 16 – 1980).
 IS 875-Part 1 (Dead Load).
 IS 875-Part 2 (Live Load).
 IS 1893-1 (2002): Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1:
General Provisions and Buildings [CED 39: Earthquake Engineering

Chapter-1 Company Profile: 1.1 Brief History

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter-1 Company Profile: 1.1 Brief History

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Internship Training Analysis and Design of Residential Structure Using STADD.

Address: 19, Kumara Krupa Road

TEL: (080) 23311363

1.1 Brief History

Larsen & Toubro Limited, commonly known as L&T, is an Indian multi-national

Larsen & Toubro is a US$14.3 billion technology, engineering, construction and

1.2 SERVICES OFFERED BY DOMAIN ASSOCIATES

1.2.1 Hydrocarbon Engineering:

L&T Hydrocarbon Engineering delivers 'design to build' engineering and

1.2.2 Building & Factories:

L&T occupies leadership position in the construction of major airports, IT parks,

1.2.3 Infrastructure Development:

2.1 A Brief Description of Software used in Training

The training allowed acquaintance with a number of softwares. The most

2.1.1 STAADPro V8i

For static or dynamic analysis of bridges, containment structures, embedded

2.1.2 Auto CAD 2013

Auto Cad is a CAD (Computer Aided Design or Computer Aided Drafting)

2.1.3 Details of Project

2.1.4 Soil Investigations Report

2.4.1 Development of model in STAAD Pro

To develop the model in Staad Pro, first select

Prepare the grid lines

Define the material & sections

Add Beam& columns

2.5 Proposed Residential Building

2.5.1.1 SEISMIC LOAD

2.5.1.2 DEAD LOAD (D.L)

 Self-Weight of all the members.

2.5.1.3 LIVE LOAD (L.L)

 All types of rooms and toilets =2 kN/m2

2.5.1.4 WIND LOAD (W.L)

2.5.1.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS

2.5.1.6 Auto Load Combinations Used in Design

2.6 Task Performed

Fig 2.6.1Upper Basement Floor Plan

Fig 2.6.2 Ground Floor Plan

2.7MODELING AND ANALYSIS:

Fig 2.7.1 Line Diagram

Fig 2.7.2 3D modeling in STAAD PRO

Fig 2.7.3Rendered view of the model

Fig. 2.7.4 Assigning the member properties

Fig. 2.7.5 Structure under dead load

Fig. 2.7.6 Structure under live load

Fig. 2.7.7 Structure under Wind load

Fig. 2.7.8 Load Combination

 Run the analysis.

Fig. 2.7.9 analyzing the structure

Fig. 2.7.10 Beam result after analysis of structureFig 2.7.10Deflection in BEAM 1

3.2Design Principle of R.C.C Members

3.1.1 SHEAR WALLS

Thickness of wall should not less than 150 mm Provided thickness is ok

3.1.2 DESIGN OF BEAM

Grade of the concrete : 40 fck N/mm2

Grade of the steel : 500 fy N/mm2

Moment acting in the beam : 240.40MzkN-m

Length of beam L =3650mm(from c/c)

Depth of the beam D =L/10 to L/16

Cover of the beam, d' =30mm

Width of the beam b =300mm

Effective depth of the beam, d =D-d^' mm

If Mu<Mulimit then singly reinforced beam.

Area of steel = (Mu/ (0.87×fy× (d-0.42×x_m))

=972.69/ (300570) 100

0.75d =0.75570 427.5 mm

16Dia of the bar=1616 260 mm