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炭素鋼 SM490B, 低合金鋼SCM435, ステンレス鋼SUS304 の水素誘起き裂進 PDF
炭素鋼 SM490B, 低合金鋼SCM435, ステンレス鋼SUS304 の水素誘起き裂進 PDF
日本機械学会論文集
Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese)
DOI:10.1299/transjsme.18-00415
Effect of hydrogen-gas pressure on threshold of hydrogen-induced crack growth for carbon steel
JIS-SM490B, low-alloy steel JIS-SCM435 and stainless steel JIS-SUS304
Abstract
In order to clarify the effect of hydrogen-gas pressure on threshold of hydrogen-induced crack growth (KI,H), elasto-plastic
fracture toughness tests were performed on JIS-SM490B carbon steel, JIS-SCM435 low-alloy steel and JIS-SUS304 stainless
steel. For JIS-SM490B and JIS-SUS304, the values of KI,H at displacement rates of 2×10–5 and 2×10–4 mm/s were almost the
same in hydrogen at pressures of pH2 = 20, 45 and 115 MPa (KI,H ≒ 80 MPa·m1/2 for JIS-SM490B and 150 MPa·m1/2 for JIS-
SUS304). In contrast, for JIS-SCM435, the values of KI,H at displacement rates of 2×10–5 and 2×10–4 mm/s were the same in
hydrogen gas at pressures of pH2 = 20, 45 and 80 MPa (KI,H ≒ 100 MPa·m1/2); however, those of KI,H were degraded in 115-
MPa hydrogen gas (KI,H ≒ 50 MPa·m1/2). Based on the HISCG (Hydrogen Induced Successive Crack Growth) model, an
effect of pH2 on KI,H and an existence of KI,H were also discussed for JIS-SM490B, JIS-SCM435 and JIS-SUS304.
Keywords: Threshold of hydrogen-induced crack growth, Carbon steel, Low-alloy steel, Austenitic stainless steel,
High-pressure hydrogen gas
1. 緒 言
(b) SCM435
(c) SUS304
*:Large-sized material
2. 実験方法
2・1 供試材
表 1 と表 2 に本研究で使用した炭素鋼 SM490B,低合金鋼 SCM435,ステンレス鋼 SUS304 の化学成分と機械
的性質を示す.SM490B(Heat D)の素材は板厚 17 mm の熱間圧延材である.SCM435(Heat K)は,前報(松岡
他,2017)
(松岡他,2018)で報告した大型材(Large-sized material)である.なお,大型材は 35 MPa 蓄圧器(外
径 357 mm,肉厚 25.2 mm)から直接採取された素材であり,採取後の小片に再熱処理を施した小型材(Small-sized
2・2 破壊靭性試験
前報(松岡他,2018)では,低合金鋼 SCM435(Heat K)の大型材と小型材を用い,ASTM E1820(ASTM,2011)
に規定されている弾塑性破壊靭性試験(JIc 試験)
,JIc 試験で除荷部分を取り除いた除荷なし JIc 試験および ASME
KD-10(2010 ASME BPVC SECTION VIII-DIVISON 3 ARTICLE KD-10,2010)で規定されている定荷重試験と定
変位試験を行い,大気中の KIc と 115 MPa 水素ガス中の KI,H を求める方法を検討した.その結果,CT 試験片が大
規模降伏状態にあるときには JIc 試験が有効であり,小規模降伏状態にあるときには除荷なし JIc 試験が有効であ
ることが明らかとなった.そこで,ASTM E1820 で指定されている図 1 のサイドグルーブ付き CT 試験片を用い,
JIc 試験と除荷なし JIc 試験を行った.サイドグルーブは開き角 45°,深さ 1.1 mm,先端曲率半径 0.5 mm の V 溝で
ある.試験片の厚さは B = 14.9 mm であり,V 溝底部の板厚は BN = 12.7 mm である.試験片には,長さ 5.1 mm の
疲労予き裂を応力拡大係数範囲 ΔK = 20 MPa·m1/2,応力比 R = 0.1 の条件で導入した.試験には 120 MPa 水素ガス
中油圧サーボ疲労試験機を使用した.
水素ステーションや燃料電池自動車において水素機器の使用環境を考えると,100 MPa 前後の高圧水素ガス中
の強度特性に加えて,低圧の水素ガス中の強度特性も必要となる.高圧ガス保安法の例示基準の見直し(経済産
業省,2014)において,ガス圧力の最小値が 20 MPa に改められた.そこで,KI,H の水素ガス圧力依存性を調べる
ため,水素ガス圧力 pH2 = 20,45,80,115 MPa を選択した.試験に用いた水素ガスの純度は 5N(99.999 %)で
あり,酸素量 1 vol. ppm 未満,水分量 2.6 vol. ppm 未満が保証されている.
水素ガス中の変位速度は V = 2 × 10–5 と 2 × 10–4 mm/s とした.これは,前報(松岡他,2018)において,115 MPa
水素ガス中で SCM435 の大型材と小型材の KI,H を V = 2 × 10–5~2 × 10–1 mm/s で求めたところ,V = 2 × 10–5,2 ×
10–4,2×10–3 mm/s の KI,H がほぼ同等であったことによる.また,カナダ規格 CHMC 1(ANSI/CSA, CHMC 1-2014,
2014)では,ASTM E1820 で規定されている JIc 試験を水素ガス中で行う際の応力拡大係数速度 k として,k = 0.1
~1 MPa·m1/2/min が指定されている.本研究で使用した油圧サーボ試験機の荷重 P(kN)とアクチュエータ変位
δ(mm)の間には P = 28 × δ の関係があるので,V = 2 × 10–5 と 2 × 10–4 mm/s は k = 0.11 と 1.1 MPa·m1/2/min に相当
する.一方,大気中の試験においては V = 2 × 10–3 mm/s とした.
3. 実験結果および考察
Load P [kN]
Load P [kN]
40 40
-3
-3
In air, v = 2×10 mm/s In air, v = 2×10 mm/s
30 30
LSY LSY
20 20
-4
-4
In 20 MPa H 2, v = 2×10 mm/s In 115 MPa H 2, v = 2×10 mm/s
10 10 SSY
SSY
P≦16.4 kN (a/W = 0.5) P≦16.4 kN (a/W = 0.5)
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
COD [mm] COD [mm]
(a) In 20 MPa H2 (b) In 115 MPa H2
Fig. 2 Relationships between load and crack opening displacement (P-COD curves) of SM490B.SSY is small scale yielding,
and LSY is large scale yielding.
60 60
SCM435, Heat K -3 SCM435, Heat K -3
Room temperature In air, v = 2×10 mm/s In air, v = 2×10 mm/s
Room temperature
50 50
Load P [kN]
Load P [kN]
40 40
LSY LSY
30 30
SSY SSY
-4
20 In 20 MPa H 2, v = 2×10 mm/s P≦31.8 kN 20 -4
In 45 MPa H 2, v = 2×10 mm/s P≦31.8 kN
(a/W = 0.5) (a/W = 0.5)
10 10
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
COD [mm] COD [mm]
(a) In 20 MPa H2 (b) In 45 MPa H2
60 60
SCM435, Heat K -3 SCM435, Heat K -3
In air, v = 2×10 mm/s Room temperature In air, v = 2×10 mm/s
Room temperature
50 50
Load P [kN]
Load P [kN]
40 40
LSY LSY
30 30
SSY In 115 MPa H2 SSY
-4
20 P≦31.8 kN 20 v = 2×10 mm/s P≦31.8 kN
(a/W = 0.5) (a/W = 0.5)
-4 95% Secant line
In 80 MPa H 2, v = 2×10 mm/s
10 10
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
COD [mm] COD [mm]
(c) In 80 MPa H2 (d) In 115 MPa H2
Fig. 3 Relationships between load and crack opening displacement (P-COD curves) of SCM435.SSY is small scale yielding,
and LSY is large scale yielding.
2
4 𝐾𝐾
𝑤𝑤 − 𝑎𝑎 ≥ � � (1)
π 𝜎𝜎y
𝐸𝐸 𝐽𝐽in
𝐾𝐾in = � (2)
1−𝜐𝜐2
𝐸𝐸𝐽𝐽in
𝐾𝐾f ≤ 0.6� , 𝐵𝐵, 𝑏𝑏0 ≥ 10 𝐽𝐽in⁄𝜎𝜎y (3)
1−𝜐𝜐2
60 60
SUS304, Heat E SUS304, Heat E
Room temperature Room temperature
50 50
Load P [kN]
Load P [kN]
40 40
-3 -3
In air, v = 2×10 mm/s In air, v = 2×10 mm/s
30 30
20 LSY 20 LSY
-4
10 In 20 MPa H 2, v = 2×10 mm/s 10 -4
In 115 MPa H 2, v = 2×10 mm/s SSY
SSY
P≦12.4 kN ( a/W = 0.5) P≦12.4 kN ( a/W = 0.5)
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
COD [mm] COD [mm]
(a) In 20 MPa H2 (b) In 115 MPa H2
Fig. 4 Relationships between load and crack opening displacement (P-COD curves) of SUS304.SSY is small scale yielding,
and LSY is large scale yielding.
1000 1000
SM490B, Heat D SM490B, Heat D
Room temperature Room temperature
800 800
0.15 mm 1.5 mm
0.15 mm 1.5 mm Exclusion line
Exclusion line 0.2 mm Exclusion line
0.2 mm Exclusion line
J [kJ/m ]
J [kJ/m ]
Offset line
2
2
J [kJ/m ]
2
2
600 0.15 mm 0.2 mm 600 0.15 mm 0.2 mm 1.5 mm
Exclusion line Offset line In 20 MPa H2 Exclusion line Offset line Exclusion line
-4
v = 2×10 mm/s ( )
400 400 In 45 MPa H2
-4
v = 2×10 -5 mm/s ( )
v = 2×10 mm/s ( )
-5
200 v = 2×10 mm/s ( ) 200
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
∆a [mm] ∆a [mm]
(a) In 20 MPa H2 (b) In 45 MPa H2
1000 1000
SCM435, Heat K SCM435, Heat K
Room temperature Room temperature
800 800 -3
-3 In air, v = 2×10 mm/s
In air, v = 2×10 mm/s
J [kJ/m ]
J [kJ/m ]
2
2
600 0.15 mm 0.2 mm 1.5 mm 600 0.15 mm 0.2 mm
Exclusion line Offset line Exclusion line Exclusion line Offset line
1.5 mm
Exclusion line
400 400
In 80 MPa H2
-4
v = 2×10 -5 mm/s ( )
v = 2×10 mm/s ( ) In 115 MPa H 2
200 200 -4
v = 2×10-5 mm/s ( )
v = 2×10 mm/s ( )
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
∆a [mm] ∆a [mm]
(c) In 80 MPa H2 (d) In 115 MPa H2
Fig. 6 Relationships between J integral and crack extension (J-Δa curves) of SCM435. Jin for tearing crack extension is defined
as the intersection of R curve and 0.2 mm offset line .
1000 1000
SUS304, Heat E SUS304, Heat E
Room temperature Room temperature
800 800
0.15 mm 0.15 mm
Exclusion line 0.2 mm Exclusion line
0.2 mm 1.5 mm
J [kJ/m ]
J [kJ/m ]
Offset line
2
2
400 400
1.5 mm
Exclusion line
2
𝑃𝑃max⁄𝑃𝑃95% ≤ 1.1 , 𝑊𝑊 − 𝑎𝑎 ≥ 2.5�𝐾𝐾95% ⁄𝜎𝜎y � (4)
1/2
1/2
100 100
-0.098
KI,H = 151PH2
50 50 -0.111
KI,H = 173PH2
0 0
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
Hydrogen gas pressure, pH2 [MPa] Hydrogen gas pressure, pH2 [MPa]
(a) SM490B (b) SCM435
300
SUS304, Heat E
Room temperature
250
KIC or KI,H [MPa・m ]
In air ( KQ)
1/2
200
In H 2 (KI,H)
150
FCG test
air, R = 0, f = 160 Hz (NRIM, 1980)
air, R = 0.1, f = 1 Hz (Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
90 MPa H2, R = 0.1, f = 1 Hz (Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
JIC test -3
air, v = 2×10 mm/s -4
20 MPa H2, v = 2×10-4 mm/s
45 MPa H2, v = 2×10 -4mm/s
115 MPa H2, v = 2×10-5 mm/s
115 MPa H2, v = 2×10 mm/s
-2
10
SM490B, Heat D
Room temperature
Fatigue crack growth rate da/dN [m/cycle]
-3
10 115 MPa H2, -11 3.29
da/dN = 6.21×10 ∆K
-4 20 MPa H ,
10 2 -11 3.29
da/dN = 3.54×10 ∆K
-5
10
-12 3.29
-6 Air, da/dN = 2.00×10 ∆K
10
-7
10
-8
10
10 100 500
1/2
Stress intensity factor range ∆K [MPa・m ]
Fig. 10 da/dN-ΔK relationships of SM490B obtained by FCG and JIC tests in air and 115 MPa hydrogen gas. JIc test results (○,
△, ○, ◇) were on the extension of upper fatigue crack growth test result (―).side.
-3 -3
10 10
-4 -4
10 10
20 MPa H2, 45 MPa H2, -11 3.07
-11
da/dN = 6.92×10 ∆K
3.07 da/dN = 9.14×10 ∆K
-5 -5
10 10
-7 -7
10 10
-8 -8
10 10
10 100 500 10 100 500
1/2 1/2
Stress intensity factor range ∆K [MPa・m ] Stress intensity factor range ∆K [MPa・m ]
(a) 20 MPa H2 (b) 45 MPa H2
FCG test FCG test
air, R = 0.1, f = 10 Hz (Miyamoto et al., 2012) air, R = 0.1, f = 10 Hz (Miyamoto et al., 2012)
90 MPa H2, R = 0.1, f = 1 Hz (Miyamoto at al., 2012) 90 MPa H2, R = 0.1, f = 1 Hz (Miyamoto et al., 2012)
-3 -3
10 10
-4 -4
10 80 MPa H2, 10 115 MPa H2, -10 3.07
-10
da/dN = 1.11×10 ∆K
3.07 da/dN = 1.26×10 ∆K
-5 -5
10 10
-12 3.07
-6 -12
Air, da/dN = 3.48×10 ∆K
3.07 -6 Air, da/dN = 3.48×10 ∆K
10 10
-7 -7 w26.3 CT
10 10 v (mm/s)-4
2×10-5
2×10
-8 -8
10 10
10 100 500 10 100 500
1/2
Stress intensity factor range ∆K [MPa・m ]
1/2 Stress intensity factor range ∆K [MPa・m ]
(c) 80 MPa H2 (d) 115 MPa H2
Fig. 11 da/dN-ΔK relationships of SCM435 obtained by FCG and JIC tests in air and 115 MPa hydrogen gas. JIc test results (○,
◇) were deviated from the extension of upper fatigue crack growth test result (―) to the acceleration side.
FCG test
air, R = 0, f = 160 Hz (NRIM, 1986)
air, R = 0.1, f = 1 Hz
115 MPa H2, R = 0.1, f = 1 Hz
JIC test -3
air, v = 2×10 mm/s -4
20 MPa H2, v = 2×10-4 mm/s
45 MPa H2, v = 2×10 -4mm/s
115 MPa H2, v = 2×10-5 mm/s
115 MPa H2, v = 2×10 mm/s
-2
10
SUS304, Heat E
Room temperature
Fatigue crack growth rate da/dN [m/cycle]
-3
10
-4
10
20115 MPa H 2, -11 3.00
da/dN = 8.29×10 ∆K
-5
10
-6 -11 3.00
10 Air, da/dN = 6.53×10 ∆K
-7
10
-8
10
10 100 500
1/2
Stress intensity factor range ∆K [MPa・m ]
Fig. 12 da/dN-ΔK relationships of SUS304 obtained by FCG and JIC tests in air and 115 MPa hydrogen gas. JIc test results (○,
△, ○, ◇) were on the extension of upper fatigue crack growth test result (―).
100
Room temperature
(da / dN)H2, upper / (da / dN)air
SCM435 0.343
(da/dN)H2,upper / (da/dN)air = 7.12pH2
10
SUS304
(da/dN)H2,upper / (da/dN)air = 12.7
SM490B 0.321
(da/dN)H2,upper / (da/dN)air = 6.77pH2
SM490B, Heat D
SCM435, Heat K
SUS304, Heat C
1
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Hydrogengas pressure, pH2 [MPa]
Fig. 13 (da/dN)H2,upper/(da/dN)air against hydrogen-gas pressure pH2.
付 録
前報において,水素チャージ材(松岡他,2008)
(Matsuoka et al., 2011)あるいは水素ガス中(吉川他,2014)
の疲労き裂進展速度の加速現象を説明するため,水素助長継続疲労き裂進展機構(HESFCG:Hydrogen Enhanced
Successive Fatigue Crack Growth)を提案した.
図 A1(a)は水素ガス中での疲労き裂進展加速を説明するための HESFCG の模式図である.大気中の場合(図
)
A1(a-1),Bichler ら(Bichler and Pippan,1999)のストライエーション形成モデルにしたがうと,応力負荷過程
では,き裂先端で長いすべりが起こり,広い塑性域が形成されるので,き裂は大きく開口し,進展する.最大応
力時(B)には,ストレッチゾーン幅 SZW はき裂進展方向に対して傾いた方向に形成され,き裂は大きく開口す
る.除荷過程では,逆すべりによりき裂は閉口していく.最小応力時(C,σ = 0)には,き裂は完全に閉じる.そ
の結果,最大応力時の SZW をき裂面に投影した長さがストライエーション幅 s になる.
一方,水素ガス中の疲労き裂進展試験では,水素はき裂先端に侵入する.水素チャージ試験片では,応力誘起
拡散で水素がき裂先端に集まる.水素は転位運動を助長(HELP(Tabata and Bimbaum,1983)
)するので,水素が
存在するき裂先端の狭い領域で短いすべりが起こる.その結果,応力が増加しても,き裂は開口せず,鋭いまま
で継続的に進展する.最大応力時(B)でも,き裂は開口せず,鋭いままであり,SZW の傾きはき裂進展方向と
一致する.除荷過程では,き裂先端がほとんど開口していないので,逆すべりがほとんど起こらない状態でき裂
は閉じる(C,σ = 0)
.その結果,s は SZW とほぼ等しくなるので,水素により疲労き裂進展速度は加速する.
さらに,大気中と水素ガス中の JIc 試験結果(Matsuoka et al., 2016)
(松岡他,2018)
(松本他,2013)
(松岡,
2016)を考察する際にも,HESFCG は有効であった.図 A1(b-1)に示すように,大気中では,応力負荷過程に
おいて疲労予き裂先端で長いすべりが起こり,最大応力時(B)にはき裂は大きく開口する.応力除荷時には逆す
べりが起こり,き裂は閉口するが,最少応力時(C,σ = 0)にはき裂は開口したままとなる.一方,図 A1(b-2)
に示すように,水素ガス中では,水素が侵入した疲労予き裂先端の狭い領域ですべりが局在化し,き裂は継続的
に進展する.その結果,最大応力時(B)でも,き裂は開口せず,鋭いままである.応力除荷時には,き裂が開口
していないので,逆すべりがほとんど起こらない状態でき裂は閉じる(C,σ = 0)
.このように,水素ガス中では
10000
SCM435 & SM490B 0.01 Hz
In 90115 MPa H 2 at RT
R = 0.1 0.1 Hz
f = 0.0011 Hz
1000
SCM435 f = 1 Hz
&
SNCM439
100
SM490B
10
Ductile crack Brittle crack
1/2
: SCM435, ∆K = 25 MPa・m 1/2
: SNCM439, ∆K = 2225 MPa・m
1/2
: SM490B, ∆K = 30 MPa・m
1
500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Tensile strength, σB [MPa]
Fig. A2 Relative fatigue crack growth rate, (da/dN)H/(da/dN)air, versus tensile strength, σB, for SCM435 and SNCM439. In
hydrogen gas, fatigue crack propagates as ductile crack at σB ≤ 900 MPa, and as brittle crack at σB ≥ 900 MPa.
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