CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Sources of wastewater

2.1.2 Textile Industry

2.2 Dye from Textile Industry

2.2.1 Problem of dye

2.2.2 Impact to environment

2.2.3 Current technology available for dye treatment

2.2.3.1 Physical treatment

2.2.3.2 Chemical treatment

2.2.3.3 Biological treatment

2.3 Adsorption process

2.3.1 Mechanism of adsorption

2.3.2 Adsorption isotherm

2.3.2.1 Langmuir Isotherm

2.3.2.2 Freundlich Isotherm

2.3.3 Factors affecting the rate of adsorption

2.4 Cellulose as a source material

2.4.1 Structure and properties of cellulose (9850814) (03_13714_cintil)

2.4.2 Surface morphology (10.1007@978-3-319-53655-258)

2.4.3 Sources of cellulose (10.1007@978-3-319-53655-258) (kalia2013)

2.5 Cellulose nanowhiskers as potential adsorbent (AS AN EXAMPLE CASE)

2.5.1 Structure and properties of CNws (837875) (654512) (lm.php)

2.5.2 Modification of cellulose nanowhiskers (837875)( kalia2013 -complete)( rol2019-

converted)

2.5.2.1 Nanofibers structure in cellulose (rol2019-converted)

2.5.2.2 Cellulose-derived nanomaterials

2.6 Characterization of CNC

(BioRes_12_4_6984_Gopinathan_SPS_Genotypic_Variations_Charact_NFC_Banana_Stem_11
344) (chieng2017)

2.6.1 Zeta Potential

2.6.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

2.6.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

2.7 Filter Paper of CNF

2.8 Environmental analysis

2.8.1 Theoretical background to instrumentation DR6000