Cherique Campbell

May 4, 2020
Biology 6A3
Graded Activity

(a) The consumption of alcohol can be dangerous depending on how one consumes it.
Giving a brief explanation, suggest TWO ways major social consequences of
adolescent abuse of alcohol in the Caribbean (4 marks).
 Crime- Alcohol related crime includes acts of aggression, vandalism and petty crimes or
committed by drunkenness. This is lead to teens in the Caribbean having a criminal
record which will later prevent them for being accepted to university or be considered for
a job.
 Homelessness- Alcohol abuse will lead to lower quality of life such as homelessness.
Addictive disorders disrupt relationships with family and friends and often cause parents
refusing to no longer house these teens. This homelessness will lead to a greater array of
addiction and other negative consequences such as overdose, suicide and personality
disorders.

(b) Distinguish between ‘natural active immunity’ and ‘artificial active immunity’ (2
marks)
 Natural immunity occurs through contact with the antigen or antibody occurs as part of
everyday living and is not deliberate while artificial immunity is the deliberate
introduction of an antigen or antibody into the body.

(c) Distinguish between chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and explain how these
chronic obstructive respiratory diseases can be develop due to cigarette smoking.
(8 marks)
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a collective term used for conditions
that occur in the bronchi and lungs, including: chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Chronic bronchitis often leads to emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation
(swelling) and irritation of the bronchial tubes (tubes are the airways that carry air to and
from the air sacs in your lungs). The irritation of the tubes causes mucus to build up. On
the other hand, emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath.
Emphysema destroys alveoli, which are air sacs in the lungs. The air sacs weaken and
 eventually break, which reduces the surface area of the lungs and the amount of oxygen
that can reach the bloodstream.
When you breathe in cigarette smoke, the chemicals irritate and activate certain
white blood cells (macrophages) and cells that make up the lining of the airways
(epithelial cells).This causes the cells to release multiple types of cytokines, which are
small signaling proteins that cause the airway lining to thicken and airways to become
inflamed. As a result, excessive amounts of sticky mucus are produced and fill the
bronchial tubes, which become thickened, impeding normal airflow through the lungs.
Also, the irritants decrease the number and length of cilia — hair-like appendages that beat
rapidly to move particles, fluid, and mucus through your airways . With the cilia unable to do
their jobs, mucus blankets the lining of the airways, providing a home for bacteria, which
can release toxins that promote mucus production and further damage cilia.
Emphysema is also cause by smoking. Cigarette smoke may also somehow induce
programmed cell death (apoptosis) in alveolar cells. Cigarettes release chemicals that
attract neutrophils. Proteases, particularly elastase, are secreted by these neutrophils.
Proteases are enzymes that are capable of digesting lung tissue and these chemicals are
responsible for the damage seen in emphysema. Oxidants and free radicals in smoke also
inhibit the enzyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin, which normally protects alveoli from proteases.

(d) Define the term ‘antibody’. Make an annotated schematic drawing of an antibody
molecule. (5 marks)
 Antibody, also called immunoglobulin, a protective protein produced by the immune
system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen.

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(e) Describe the how B-lymphocytes are involved in the immune response (5 marks)
 B-cells, like other white blood cells, arise from hematopoietic stem cells that
reside within the spongy bone marrow, especially in certain bones like the hip bone and
vertebrae. The primary responsibility of B-cells involves the body's response to foreign
invaders through what is known as humoral immunity. B-cells become "activated" when
they encounter foreign antigens, as in foreign markers on the outside of bacteria cells
during an infection. B-lymphocytes responds by dividing repeatedly by mitosis. A large
number of genetically identical cell is formed from stimulated B cell. This is known as
clonal expansion. Some of these cells differentiate into plasma cells. Plasma cells
produce large proteins called immunoglobulins, or antibodies that attach to the surface of
foreign agents. These antibodies bind with antigens on the invading agent, resulting in the
destruction of the agent. Other generated clone B cells do not produce antibodies but
serve as memory cell, which store information about the pathogen in order to provide
future immunity.
(f) Discuss the impact of AIDS and dengue in the Caribbean (6 marks)
 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Lack of understanding about the disease cause
discrimination against people who are currently suffering from the debilitating virus.
Discrimination also occurs when those infected with HIV are job hunting, looking for a
place to live, or wanting to be in a public area. Some people were killed. The cost of HIV
treatment is expensive for individuals infected with the disease.  Due to disease
progression and lack of proper treatment, there are less workers due to death from
HIV/AIDS and the economy suffered. However, AIDS lead to voluntary testing centers,
free condoms and organizations for prevention control.
 Dengue virus, an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes (i.e., A.
aegypti ). Health authorities in Jamaica are implementing measures such as strengthened
integrated vector control, enhanced surveillance of cases, social mobilization, clinical
management, enhanced laboratory diagnostic capacity, and emergency risk
communications. keeping areas around houses tidy and free of possible breeding places
was advertised and the use of mosquito coils and insect repellents increase. There was
lower productivity was workplaces and school due to illness and death.