(L7) - (NEET 2.0) - Digestion and Absorption - 1st June

Digestion and Absorption
Digestion of Fats and

LECTURE 7 Nucleic acids
AIR- 1 (AIIMS)
AIR - 1 (AIPMT)
AIR - 1 (DPMT)
Dr. Sachin Kapur

M.Phil, Phd.
20+ years Teaching Experience
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Digestion of Fats and
LECTURE 7 Nucleic acids
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Digestion of Lipids (Fats)
➔ Most abundant lipids in diet are triglycerides, which consist of

a molecule of glycerol bonded to three fatty acid molecules.
Lipases
➔ Enzymes that split triglycerides and phospholipids are called lipases.

Types of Lipases
➔ There are three types of lipases that can participate in lipid

digestion.
Lingual lipase
Gastric lipase
Pancreatic lipase
➔ Some lipid digestion occurs in stomach through the action of

lingual and gastric lipases.
➔ Most lipid digestion occurs in small intestine through action of
pancreatic lipase.
➔ Triglycerides are broken down by pancreatic lipase into fatty

acids and monoglycerides.
➔ The liberated fatty acids can be either
◆ Short chain fatty acids (with fewer than 10–12 carbons)
◆ Long-chain fatty acids.
Digestion of Fats
Buccal Cavity
➔ Negligible fat digestion occurs here.

➔ Lingual lipase of saliva digests approximately 20% fats in
stomach and small intestine.
Digestion of Fats
Oesophagus
➔ No fat digestion occurs here.

➔ It does not secrete any digestive enzyme.
Digestion of Fats
Stomach
➔ Gastric lipase secreted by chief cells digest small amount of fats in case of infants only.
Digestion of Fats
Small Intestine
➔ It is the chief site for digestion of fats.

➔ It receives three digestive juices.
◆ Bile juice
◆ Pancreatic juice
◆ Intestinal juice
Digestion of Fats
Bile Juice
➔ It is produced by liver and stored in gallbladder.

➔ It contains bile salts
◆ Sodium taurocholate
◆ Sodium glycocholate.
➔ These help in emulsification of fats.
Bile Duct System
➔ Right and left hepatic ducts collect bile from all

bile ducts of liver lobes.
➔ These ducts unite to form common hepatic duct
which leaves liver.
Emulsification of Fats
➔ Fats are insoluble in water but fat digesting enzymes are soluble in water.
➔ So by emulsification water insoluble fats are made water soluble.
Role of Bile Salts
➔ Bile salts have two terminals.

◆ Hydrophilic carboxy or polar terminal which is soluble in water
◆ Hydrophobic sterol terminal which is soluble in fats.
Role of Bile Salts
➔ Bile salts are amphipathic.

➔ It means that each bile salt has a hydrophobic (nonpolar) region and a hydrophilic
(polar) region.
Role of Bile Salts
➔ Amphipathic nature of bile salts allows them to emulsify a

large lipid globule.
➔ Hydrophobic regions of bile salts interact with the large lipid
globule, while the hydrophilic regions of bile salts interact
with the watery intestinal chyme.
Role of Bile Salts
➔ Bile salts form a layer around fat globules to produce micelles.

➔ Consequently, the large lipid globule is broken apart into

several small lipid globules, each about 1 m in diameter.
➔ The small lipid globules formed from emulsiﬁcation provide a
large surface area that allows pancreatic lipase to function
more effectively.
Pancreatic Juice
➔ It is richest digestive juice.

➔ It contains pancreatic lipase.
Pancreatic Lipase
➔ Pancreatic lipase is most important fat digesting enzyme.

➔ It acts on emulsified fats and breaks it into fatty acids and glycerol.
End Products of Fat Digestion
➔ End products of fat digestion are fatty acid and glycerol.

➔ These do not enter into blood capillary because capillary has
a basement membrane, which prevents their entry.
Digestion of Fats
End Products of Fat

Digestion
➔ End products of fat digestion are fatty acid and glycerol.

➔ These enter into small lymph vessels called lacteals.
Absorption of Fats
Role of Colipase
➔ Colipase is also secreted in the pancreatic juice.

➔ It binds to the –COOH-terminal domain of the pancreatic
lipase.
➔ It is secreted in an inactive proform and is activated in the
intestinal lumen by trypsin.
Role of Colipase
➔ It is critical for action of lipase because it allows lipase to

remain associated with droplets of dietary lipid even in the
presence of bile acids.
Cholesterol Esterase
➔ It is activated by bile acids.

➔ It catalyzes the hydrolysis of
◆ Cholesterol esters.
◆ Esters of fat-soluble vitamins.
◆ Phospholipids.
◆ Triglycerides.
Intestinal Juice
➔ Intestinal lipase of intestinal juice also digests small amount

of emulsified fats.
Steatorrhea
➔ Pancreatectomized animals and patients with diseases that destroy the exocrine portion
of the pancreas have fatty, bulky, clay-colored stools (steatorrhea).
➔ This is because of impaired digestion and absorption of fats.
Steatorrhea
➔ It is mostly due to lipase deficiency.

➔ Lack of alkaline secretion from pancreas also contributes
by lowering the pH of intestine contents.
➔ Hypersecretion of gastric acid can cause steatorrhea.
➔ Another cause of steatorrhea is defective reabsorption of
bile salts in the distal ileum
Digestion of Nucleic acids
➔ Pancreatic juice contains two nucleases:

◆ Ribonuclease, which digests RNA
◆ Deoxyribonuclease, which digests DNA.
➔ Intestinal juice has
Nucleotidases
Nucleosidases
➔ Nucleotides that result from the action of two nucleases are

further digested by brush-border enzymes called
nucleotidases and nucleosidases into pentoses, phosphates,
and nitrogenous bases.
➔ These products are absorbed via active transport.
Intestinal Movements
➔ Peristalsis is involuntary wave of contraction, which passes from oral

to anal region and propels the food forward.
➔ It is so strong that we can swallow even while hanging upside-down.
➔ It is regulated by medulla oblongata of brain, which sends impulses
to myenteric plexus.
➔ Contraction during peristalsis is produced by contraction of

circular muscles and relaxation of longitudinal muscles.
➔ Relaxation during peristalsis is produced by relaxation of
circular muscles and contraction of longitudinal muscles.
➔ Wave of peristalsis passes through stomach after every 20
seconds.
Segmental Movements
➔ These occur in intestine and can propel food in forward as well as backward
direction.
➔ These result in formation of haustra in colon.
DPP-1
Example 1. The enzyme enterokinase
A. Stimulates release of pancreatic secretions

B. Activates protein digesting enzymes
C. Functions in lipid digestion
D. Functions in carbohydrates digestion
Example 2. From outer to inner the location of Auerbach's plexus in the T.S.
of stomach wall is
A. Longitudinal muscle fibre—Auerbach's plexus-Circular muscle fibre

B. Circular muscle fibre—Auerbach's plexus-Longitudinal muscle fibre
C. Sub mucosa-Auerbach's plexus—Longitudinal muscle fibre
D. Sub mucosa— Auerbach's plexus—Circular muscle fibre
Example 3. All of the following statements concerning the esophagus are
true EXCEPT
A. The esophagus is a muscular tube, 25 cm in length, that originates at the

laryngopharynx and ends at the stomach
B. The esophagus transports food from the oral cavity to the stomach by
peristalsis
C. The esophagus produces mucus and digestive enzymes to initiate the
breakdown of proteins
D. The lower esophageal sphincter muscle contracts to prevent
regurgitation of gastric contents
Example 4. Taste buds are absent in
A. Foliate papillae
B. Circumvallate papillae
C. Fungiform papillae
D. Filiform papillae
Example 5. Which statement best describes the relationship between the
gastric mucosa and vitamin B12
A. The gastric mucosa secretes vitamin B12

B. The gastric mucosa stores vitamin B12
C. The gastric mucosa converts vitamin B12 into other B vitamins
D. The gastric mucosa secretes a substance that promotes the
absorption of vitamin B12
Example 6. Which of the following vitamin is required for synthesis of
collagen and its deficiency impairs wound healing
A. Vitamin K
B. Vitamin D
C. Vitamin A
D. Vitamin C
Example 7. In human beings monophyodont teeth are
A. 6 premolars + 6 molars
B. 8 premolars + 4 molars
C. 4 premolars + 8 molars
D. 12 premolars + 8 molars
Example 8. Match the following
(A) Parotid gland (i) Duct of Rivinus
(B) Submandibular gland (ii) Duct of Stenson
(C) Sublingual gland (iii) Duct of Wharton
A. A (i), B (ii), C (iii)

B. A (ii), B (iii), C (i)
C. A (iii), B (i), C (ii)
D. A (i), B (iii), C (ii)
Example 9. Pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin are similar because they are
A. All secreted with acid digestive juices

B. All secreted by pancreas, but activated by the secretions of duodenum
C. Specific endopeptidases acting upon peptide and polypeptide chains
D. Exopeptidases either carboxy-or amino peptidases
Example 10. Which of the following statement is true
A. Secretion of saliva in response to taste of food is acquired reflex

B. Secretion of saliva increases during sleep
C. Secretion of saliva in response to smell, sight or thought of food is
acquired or conditioned reflex
D. None of these
Example 11. At intervals throughout the G.I Tract, which layer is thickened
and modified to form sphincters?
A. Longitudinal muscle layer

B. Outermost serosa
C. Circular smooth muscles
D. Muscularis mucosa
Example 12. Secretion from which of the following cells is not a constituent
of gastric juice?
A. Zymogen cells
B. Parietal cells
C. Mucous neck cells
D. G-cells
Example 13. In stomach there is an additional layer of oblique muscles, it is
present between?
A. Mucosa and circular muscles

B. Circular and longitudinal muscles
C. Longitudinal muscles and serosa
D. Epithelium and muscularis mucosa
Example 14. Sphincters control the rate of movement of G.I Tract contents from
one part of gut to another. These are present at junction of?
A. Oesophagus and stomach

B. Stomach and duodenum
C. Ileum and caecum
D. All of the above
Example 15. Which of the following salivary gland contributes maximum to
the saliva in humans?
A. Parotid gland
B. Submaxillary gland
C. Sublingual gland
D. Infraorbital gland
Objective Question Discussion
Objective Question Discussion
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Digestion and Absorption

Digestion of Fats and

Dr. Sachin Kapur

20+ years Teaching Experience

4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored

Digestion of Lipids (Fats)

➔ Most abundant lipids in diet are triglycerides, which consist of

➔ Enzymes that split triglycerides and phospholipids are called lipases.

➔ There are three types of lipases that can participate in lipid

Digestion of Lipids (Fats)

➔ Some lipid digestion occurs in stomach through the action of

Digestion of Lipids (Fats)

➔ Triglycerides are broken down by pancreatic lipase into fatty

➔ Negligible fat digestion occurs here.

➔ No fat digestion occurs here.

➔ It is the chief site for digestion of fats.

➔ It is produced by liver and stored in gallbladder.

Bile Duct System

➔ Right and left hepatic ducts collect bile from all

Role of Bile Salts

➔ Bile salts have two terminals.

Role of Bile Salts

➔ Bile salts are amphipathic.

Role of Bile Salts

➔ Amphipathic nature of bile salts allows them to emulsify a

Role of Bile Salts

➔ Bile salts form a layer around fat globules to produce micelles.

➔ Consequently, the large lipid globule is broken apart into

➔ It is richest digestive juice.

➔ Pancreatic lipase is most important fat digesting enzyme.

End Products of Fat Digestion

➔ End products of fat digestion are fatty acid and glycerol.

End Products of Fat

➔ End products of fat digestion are fatty acid and glycerol.

➔ Colipase is also secreted in the pancreatic juice.

➔ It is critical for action of lipase because it allows lipase to

➔ It is activated by bile acids.

➔ Intestinal lipase of intestinal juice also digests small amount

➔ It is mostly due to lipase deficiency.

Digestion of Nucleic acids

➔ Pancreatic juice contains two nucleases:

Digestion of Nucleic acids

➔ Intestinal juice has

Digestion of Nucleic acids

➔ Nucleotides that result from the action of two nucleases are

➔ Peristalsis is involuntary wave of contraction, which passes from oral

➔ Contraction during peristalsis is produced by contraction of

A. Stimulates release of pancreatic secretions

A. Longitudinal muscle fibre—Auerbach's plexus-Circular muscle fibre

A. The esophagus is a muscular tube, 25 cm in length, that originates at the

A. The gastric mucosa secretes vitamin B12

A. A (i), B (ii), C (iii)

A. All secreted with acid digestive juices

A. Secretion of saliva in response to taste of food is acquired reflex

A. Longitudinal muscle layer

A. Mucosa and circular muscles

A. Oesophagus and stomach

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