Assignment

Subject :
Power system Protection
Object:
Assignment 3,4
Submitted to:
Sir Engr: Junaid Alvi
Submitted by:
Salman Javed
REG NO:
2016-UET-IEFR\FD-ELECT-25
ELECTRICAL ENGINERING
Q1:Describe the phenomenon of subsynchronous resonance and briefly

mention its influence upon the stable operation of electrical power system.

ANSWER:

Sub-synchronous resonance is a phenomenon in which one or more of the resonant

frequencies of the turbine generator shaft in thermal power units coincides through the

generator with a natural resonant frequency of the electrical system with long radial

transmission network with series capacitors such that there is a sustained, cyclic exchange of

energy between the mechanical shaft and the electrical system. The definition includes any

system condition that provides the opportunity for an exchange of energy at a given sub-

synchronous frequency of the system. This exchange of energy results in torsional stress on

the turbine generator shaft that can lead to severe damage. In extreme cases, the shaft can

actually fracture. The proper definition of it is” Whenever the load on an alternator is

increased, the rotor speed slightly decreases, this speed is called as subsynchronous speed.

The rotor frequency at this speed is called as subsynchronous frequency. At this frequency

there are chances of resonance occurance between the mechanical spring mass system of

speed governor of turbine generator and series capacitor. This resonance is called as

Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR).”

Sub-synchronous resonance is a very serious problem. Fortunately, it is not a problem that is

encountered very often. The only widely known instance of a turbine generator failure

attributable to this phenomenon was actually two failures at the Navajo Generating Station in

the southwestern part of the US in the early 1970's. The phenomenon was identified as an

interaction between the series capacitors in the network and torsional system.
The primary difference in the protection requirements between induction motors and

synchronous motors is the effect of the excitation system. Loss of synchronism of a

synchronous motor is the result of low excitation exactly as with the synchronous generator.

For large synchronous motors or condensers, out-of-step protection is applied to detect

pullout by counting the power reversals that occur as the poles slip. Small synchronous

motors with brush-type exciters are often protected by operation of an AC voltage relay

connected in the field. No AC voltage is present when the motor is operating synchronously.

This scheme is not applicable to motors having a brushless excitation system. For such a

system, a power factor relay is used

Q2:Differentiate between cold start and hot start of a steam turbine power

plant and describe the procedural steps for sequential turn off of a steam

turbine power plant.

ANSWER:

Start-up procedure of a turbine depends on its casing and rotor temperature. As the turbine is

subjected to high temperature and pressure for long time, it is mandatory requirement that

their is a uniform heating and expansion of turbine. Otherwise due to uneven heating, uneven

expansion will occur which can finally lead to either permanent deformation of turbine rotor

or any other catastrophic failure. The terms which have been asked vary from manufacturer

to manufacturer but the basic difference remains the same. Following are the different start-

up procedures.

Cold start-up - This procedure is followed when the turbine is in stop/stand by condition for

more than 20 hours. In this barring gear will be running for 4 hours during which warming of
 the turbine (Turbine temperature increasing) will be done by raising the vacuum through

gland sealing. This procedure will take 5 hours to bring turbine from zero to rated rpm.

Warm start-up - This procedure is followed when the turbine was bought to its barring

condition, and in that state the turbine is for 8 - 10 hours and the casing temperature is

maintained. In this barring gear will be running & gland sealing will be lined up for warming

up. This procedure will take ~40 minutes to bring turbine from barring rpm to rated rpm.

Hot start-up - This procedure is followed when the turbine was bought to its barring

condition, and in that state the turbine is for less than 6 hours and the casing temperature is

maintained. In this barring gear will be running & gland sealing will be lined up for warming

up. This procedure will take ~25 minutes to bring turbine from barring rpm to rated rpm.

Procedure to be followed depending on turbine total stoppage time.

Cold start-up > Warm start-up > Hot start-up

2. Time required to start up a turbine.

Cold start-up > Warm start-up > Hot star-up.

Turbine stop valve opened slowly until the rotor speed between 300 – 400 rpm.

1. Crack open the steam supply isolating valve and warm up the steam pipe to

the turbine stop valve.
2. Crack open the main stop valve sufficient only to admit steam to the turbine casing,
via the nozzles for warming through purpose.
 ASSIGNMENT NO.4

Q: Compare the overcurrent relay, differential relay, percentage relay and

suprvised differential relay regarding their effective implementation for
transformer protection.

1. Overcurrent relay:
An overcurrent relay is a type of protective relay which operates when the load current
exceeds a pickup value. It is of two types: instantaneous over current (IOC) relay and definite
time overcurrent (DTOC) relay.

The ANSI device number is 50 for an IOC relay or a DTOC relay. In a typical application,
the over current relay is connected to a current transformer and calibrated to operate at or
above a specific current level. When the relay operates, one or more contacts will operate and
energize to trip a circuit breaker. The DTOC relay has been used extensively in the United
Kingdom but its inherent issue of operating slower for faults closer to the source led to the
development of the IDMT relay.

Current differential protection scheme:

A differential scheme acts on the difference between current entering a protected zone (which
may be a bus bar, generator, transformer or other apparatus) and the current leaving that zone.
A fault outside the zone gives the same fault current at the entry and exit of the zone, but
faults within the zone show up as a difference in current.

"The differential protection is 100% selective and therefore only responds to faults within its
protected zone. The boundary of the protected zone is uniquely defined by the location of the
current transformers. Time grading with other protection systems is therefore not required,
allowing for tripping without additional delay. Differential protection is therefore suited as
fast main protection for all important plant items."

Differential protection can be used to provide protection for zones with multiple terminals
and can be used to protect lines, generators, motors, transformers, and other electrical plant.
2. Differential relay:
A differential relay is defined as the relay that operates when the phase difference of two or
more identical electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined amount. The differential relay
works on the principle of comparison between the phase angle and magnitude of two or more
similar electrical quantities.

For the operation of the differential relay, it should have two or more electrical quantities,
and these quantities should have a phase displacement (normally approximately 180). Any
types of the relay can operate as a differential relay depends on upon the way it is connected
in a circuit. In other words, it doesn’t depend on the construction of the relay it depends on
the way it is connected to the circuit. Differential protection provides unit protection. The
protected zone is exactly known by the location of current and potential transformers. The
phase difference is achieved by suitable connections of secondaries of CTs and PTs.

The differential protection principle is employed for the protection of generator, generator-
transformer units, transformers, feeders, large motors, and bus-bars. The differential
protection relay is mainly classified into four categories. These are

1.Current Differential Relay

2.Voltage Differential Relay

3.Biased or Percentage Differential Relay

4.Voltage Balance Differential Relay

3. Percentage Differential Relay:

The percentage differential relay is defined as the relay that operates on the phase difference
of two or more similar electrical quantities. It is the advanced form of differential protection
relay. The only difference between them is the restraining coil. The percentage differential
relay consists restraining coil for overcoming the trouble arising out of differences in the
current ratio for the high value of an external short circuit current.

The percentage differential system consists of a restraining coil connected in the pilot wire as
shown in the figure below and the current induced in both the CTs flows through it. The
operating coil places between the midpoint of the restraining coil. The restraining coil
controls the sensitive characteristic of the relay. It restricts the unwanted tripping of the
transformer due to the imbalance current. The restraining coil also restrains the harmonics in
the inrush current.

Working of Percentage Differential Relay:

The torque due to the restraining coil prevents the closing of the trip circuit while the torque
due to the operating coil tends to close the trip circuit contacts. Under normal operating
conditions and through load condition the torque developed by the restraining coil is greater
than the operating coil torque. Thus the relay remains inoperative.
When an internal fault occurs, the operating torque exceeds the restraining torque then the
trip circuit contacts are closed to open the circuit breaker. The restraining torque may adjust
by varying the number of turns of the restraining coil.

4. Supervised differential relay:

In last study about high impedance differential protection, we have calculated stabilizing
resistance value for increasing the protection stability. In that case, we assume the worst
condition of CT, that the CT would be completely saturated. But, In Intermediate conditions,
where the CT is partially saturated, In this condition, to increases the stability margin we use
CT supervision relay.

When carrying load current an open circuit CT will cause unbalance in any current balance
group. As this can cause instability it is normal practice to use a sensitive relay, with an
associated relatively long time delay, to detect this condition. This integration of protection,
CT supervision and associated timers makes it easy to simplify system design and secondary
wiring.

CT supervision Relay Working Principle:

The Current flow in each phase of the CT is monitored by the CT supervision relay. A coil is
connected in Parallel with Current transformer of each phase terminal. The CT super vision
relay monitors all three phase of the Current transformer. Under Normal conditions the
current flow in all three phase is equal the relay become inoperative.

For Example:

This CT supervision relay is connected in parallel with Main protection relay Consider ‘R’
phase wire open in CT-2. The CT-1 load current will start to flow through both relays This is
not a fault current but it causes unnecessary trip. To avoid this trip CT supervision relay is
used. The voltage setting of this relay is very low with time delay So this relay will be
operated for leakage current and Its contact short of CT. Main relay setting is Grater then this
value and instantaneous. So for heavy internal bus bar fault Main protection will operate
immediately.