Advances in Environment, Biotechnology and Biomedicine

Economic Technical Assessment of Electric Power Generation Using

Small Wind Turbines in Household Sector (with a Case Study in Iran)
EHSAN.KARAMI
Oil Design & Construction Co.
No. 40, Sadr St., Valiasr Ave., Before Fatemi Ave.
TEHRAN, IRAN
karami.e@gmail.com http://www.odcc.ir

Abstract: - This paper considers electric power generation in household sector, using small wind turbines,
and analyzes the factors that affect cost per generated electricity unit. Initially, a region is selected amongst
those that encompass greater portions of Iran's wind energy generation and then the parameters of weibull
distribution of wind speed are estimated in the region. This is done precisely because of the importance it has in
specifying turbine capacity factor and the quantity of electrical power generated. Science rotor diameter and
hub height of turbine have been determined as two effective factors in cost per electricity unit (CPU), they are
applied for sensitivity analysis according to different diameters and heights. Considering obtained results which
denoted to high correlation between the two factors with respect to CPU, a mathematical equation has been
developed. Regarding the equation, we can specify required information on establishment and setting up wind
energy conversion system (WECS) (i.e. turbine characteristics and geographical features) due to families
income and hence the cost of each kwh electricity consumption. As noticeable usage our proposed model
provides to identify WECS qualities, it is suggested to be applied for further researches.

Key-Words: - Wind energy potential, small wind turbines, wind energy conversion system.
1 Introduction
Fossil energy resources mortality in addition to
environmental pollution and greenhouse gases
emission has led to higher use of new energy
resources. Wind energy is one of the renewable
energies used nowadays as a new resource of
electrical energy generation. Generally, the quantity
of electricity generated by wind turbines in a
particular region, depends on turbine characteristics
and geographical characteristics of the region [1].
Turbine characteristics include turbine power, rotor
25% [10]. To estimate wind energy potential, a
weibull distribution is used which is associated with
wind speed probability distribution [5, 6]. Note that
computing the parameters of wind speed weibull
distribution (i.e. shape and scale parameters) is
difficult and complicated [3]; furthermore, the
quantity of these parameters differ from one region
to another. However, a particular region is picked
out first from those that consist of greater portions
of wind energy potential, based on Iran wind atlas
which is depicted by figure 1, and then the quantity
of intended parameters are estimated. According to

speed varies in the range 2
⁄ to more than

diameter, and the height of turbine hub and
geographical characteristics of the region pertains to
its atmospheric and weather conditions. For
instance, consider the amount of sunlight, heat
grade, height from sea level, and the extent of
rugged areas in a given region or generally all the
factors influencing wind speed in the region [2]. In
all, the second factor has more effect on the amount
of generated electrical energy in comparison with
the first one, as it is the underlying factor of
generating potential wind (i.e. the power of wind to
generate electrical energy) [9]. In other words, the
higher potential of wind energy is, the higher
amount of energy is generated by WECS and the
efficiency of the system enhances, subsequently [8].
According to USA energy organization reports, a
10%-change in wind speed causes the power
generated from turbine increase even more than
Iran wind atlas, the annual average of wind blowing
13
⁄, in 50 meter height above the sea level;
however, there are found many regions in Iran, in
7
⁄. Considering this issue, we chose some north
which the average blowing speed lies between 4 to
parts of Tehran where the winds blow at the speed
mentioned above. This will lead to our findings to
have more correspondence and compatibility to the
general weather conditions of Iran with respect to
the potential of wind energy.
Applying wind turbines to exploit and generate
required energy has been practiced for many times
in Iran [4] but most of them relates to utilizing large
sized turbines in which the generation of great deal
of energy has been concentrated and planned for
[13, 14]. This paper is handled so that to utilize
small sized turbines to supply required electricity

ISBN: 978-1-61804-122-7 33
 Advances in Environment, Biotechnology and Biomedicine
for the household sector, with the focus on
development of disperse generation, and can be
taken in feasibility study of establishing them in the
country.
Calculating the quantity of weibull distribution
parameters, based on wind speed, the trend of
determining the CPU by turbines is discussed next.
Then because of high correlation between CPU and
rotor diameter and the height of turbine hub as two
important factors in identifying the features of
WESC, the corresponding mathematical equation
has been developed. Using the calculated equation,
the details of WESC can be identified based on the
CPU each family has to pay. Required stages are
explained as follows.
Fig. 1:Iran wind atlas [7].
2 Wind and wind turbine characteristics
As stated before, some of north parts of Tehran,
the capital of Iran, are chosen to empower the
results to be applicable and be extended to the
whole country. According to the information gained
from an anemometer installed in the height of 10
speed is estimated about 4.2
⁄ with the standard
meter above the sea level, average annual wind
deviation of 2.87
⁄, which can be helpful in
determining the main parameters of wind speed
weibull distribution with respect to the following
As a general rule, wind turbines used to generate
electricity are divided by three categories (i.e. small,
medium, and large sized) based on the generation
power. The categorization is originated so that small
sized wind turbines can generate up to 2kw, medium
sized turbines are capable of generating between 2-
100kw, and the large sized ones are able to generate
more than 100kw [11,12]. Consequently, as the
turbines applied for supplying the electricity needs
of the household sector are able to generate at most
the power of 10 kw, small sized ones are allocated
for.
Large sized turbines are not recommended for
the household sector as they are not economical
according to two issues. Firstly, they cost a small
fortune caused by establishment and set up.
Secondly, the volume of electrical energy each
family consumes lies in a rather low level.
Therefore, the kind of turbines utilized for this
sector needs to be in correspondence with families’
income and required power, so that it can both
provide the consuming electricity and both be
economically justifiable. A convertor is commonly
used to transform generated electricity by turbine
from direct current (DC) to alternative current (AC)
and a battery is attached to the turbine to save extra
generated energy to feed the network when there is
virtually no wind blowing. These are all the parts
that the WESC is made up of and is illustrated in
figure 2.
Fig. 2: Schematic of W ECS

  .
equations [15].
3 The power of Turbine
  

(1)

Turbine power refers to the volume of electrical


energy generated by the turbine in a specific time
Γ1  
(2) interval. One of the fundamental elements that
influences the power of turbine, is the wind speed
function, σ shows the standard deviation, and V  is
In equations (1) and (2), Г stands for the Gamma
which has a direct relation with (i.e. the more
powerful the blowing winds are, the more the
associated with the average wind speed; meanwhile,
potential has the turbine to generate electricity).
k and c are shape and scale parameters of wind
Turbine size also affects its throughput power as to
speed weibull distribution, respectively. Considering
whatever extend the blades length are, they have
and 5
⁄, for our case.
above equations, k and c are calculated equal to 1.51
broader touching surface exposed to the blowing
winds and hence the rotation speed enhances,

ISBN: 978-1-61804-122-7 34
 Advances in Environment, Biotechnology and Biomedicine
likewise. Considering what mentioned above, the
power of a turbine can be calculated by equation (3)
with regards to the wind speed and the touching
 1
surface the wind has with the blades [3].
  
Δ 2
  Γ *1  3,
(3)
In the above equation, P is the power of
generated electricity, calculated on the basis of watt
(w), V is the speed of wind blow, and A stands for
the area where the wind covers. According to what
 0.785% 
is shown in figure 2, this area is formed by rotation
of turbine blades in a circular mode; furthermore, ρ
is associated with the air density which is assumed
as a fixed coefficient and equal to 1 for different
heights, in this paper. This assumption leads the
error of estimating the wind blow to decrease to
lower than 5% [16, 17]. So, equation 3 is rewritten
  0.3925%&
as follows:
(4)
Note that in equation (4), D indicates the
diameter of turbine blades which is equivalent to the
diameter of the area supported by the rotation of
turbine blades and exposed to the blowing winds.
It should be referred to rated power (Pr),
minimum wind speed at which the turbine can
generate electricity (Vi), maximum wind speed at
which the turbine is able to generate at most that
much of energy which does by its maximum power
(V0), and rated speed (Vr) as other characteristics of
a turbine. Pr is calculated based on Vr according to
equation 4. Notice that, the reduction in throughput
power of turbine in intense winds is caused by that
they prevent the blades to rotate appropriately.
Thus, the turbine efficiency decreases and the power
generated, likewise. In equation (4), V should be
chosen in the range between Vi and V0, so that we
can determine the volume of electricity power
winds blow with the highest probability at) and V 
properly. In this paper, Vmp (which denotes the
have been applied, besides Vr to identify suitable
powers (i.e. Pmp and  P) can be calculated for each of
criterion for calculating the CPU; therefore, two
above speeds. According to equation (5), wind
speed is estimated based on the parameters of
weibull distribution and most probable power can be
Note that, to calculate  P according to equation (4),
obtained by replacing Vmp by V in equation 4 [18].
should be calculated first according to equation 6
[6].
+1 -
()   * ,

(5)
3
Γ 1 + 
 . k 1
1
Γ 1  
(6)
k
ISBN: 978-1-61804-122-7
and V  is the third power of average wind speed.
In equation 6, Г stands for a Gamma function
According to what mentioned in equation (2), V  is a
function of weibull parameters of the wind speed.
Therefore, equation 6 will be rewritten as follows:
k
(7)
equation (7) equals to 2 approximately, P  can be
Since the quantity of Gamma function in
rewritten by substituting V  from equation (4).
calculated using the equation (8) which can be

&
 is effect by the
According to equation (8), P
(8)
scale parameter of weibull distribution and rotor
diameter. In most papers dealing with this issue, Pr
is used to calculate the volume of electricity
generated and also the CPU [1, 8, 25, 26] but since
calculating the power generated from the turbine is
variable factor, it is better to use 
P as an appropriate
done based on wind speed and the speed is a
criteria. In fact, wind speed varies due to
geographical conditions of the region and also the
height of turbine from the base, during day and
night hours. It can be inferred from equation (4) that
the variability of wind speed results in the
variability of generated power by turbine;
consequently, using Pr to estimate the CPU, which
is not influenced by the changes in WECS, cannot
be justified logically. In the last column of this
table, the CPU is calculated on the basis of USD per
each kwh (1USD = 9956 rials).
4 Calculating the CPU
The CPU is an underlying element in choosing a
WECS, especially to our intention which is looking
for exploiting small sized wind turbines for
household consumptions. To calculate the CPU, the
present value of WECS costs should be determined
first, and then total amount of generated electricity
should be known. Then the CPU is calculated
 4
according to equation (9):
45 
678
(9)
In equation 9, PVC stands for the present value
of WECS and Eout indicates total electrical energy
generated from the wind turbine, which are
calculated as follows.
4.1 total throughput of electrical energy
Total throughput of electrical energy (TTEE) is
calculated based on the maximum capacity of the
turbine and the volume of energy that can be
generated by it according to equation (10):
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 Advances in Environment, Biotechnology and Biomedicine
678   9 4: (10)
In the above equation, E regards the volume of
energy that can be generated and Cf is the turbine
capacity factor. As the PVC of WECS is identified
for the whole life cycle of the applied system, which
has been presumed 20 years, the TTEE should be
obtained according to the investigation period.
Supposing the mentioned life cycle as the decision
  20 9 365 9 24 9 
criterion, TTEE can be determined by equation (11).
(11)
In equation (11), the possible quantity of energy
generated (E) is calculated based on two types, the
). Cf is
energy generated with maximum probability (Emp)
and average possible volume of energy(E
defined as the throughput in comparison with the
potential of the turbine in electricity generation
when the efficiency is 100%. Equation (12) shows
that Cf depends on turbine characteristics and
geographical conditions [19, 20].
 
> +>
+* ? , +* @ , 
+>
+* A ,
4: 
 
* @, + * ?,
(12)
 
In equation (12), k and c are the parameters of
wind speed weibull distribution and Vi, Vr , and Vo
refer to minimum, rated, and maximum speed of the
wind, respectively. Identifying TTEE, it is necessary
to calculate PVC of WECS, which is explained in
the following.
4.2 calculation of PVC
Present value technique is one of the most
important and premium techniques for assessing
projects economically. To specify PVC, all costs
relevant to WECS should be categorized first and
then each one should be determined individually.
These costs are divided by purchasing, accessories,
establishment, and set up ones. Of course,
operational and maintenance costs are incurred
during the utilization. Therefore, the PVC is
calculated according to the equation (13) [27]. In
this equation, n shows the life cycle (20 years) and i
1  ?E + 1 1
the index of interest rate which equals to 15%.
 4  B  46(C D F+GD F
?1  ?E 1  ?E
(13)
Investment costs are shown by I, including
equipment and facilities (turbine, converter, and
battery), execution costs (to establish the whole
system), and connection costs (i.e. the expenditure
for connecting cables and so on) which are
considered as a fixed portion of purchase cost
(30%).
Each of the cost types used in equation (13) is
explained in the following:
ISBN: 978-1-61804-122-7
46(C encompasses operational and maintenance
46(C present value is specified annually by equation
costs of utilizing the WECS in the given period.
(13). It is calculated as a percentage of turbine
annual cost (which can be specified by division of
turbine purchase cost by its useful life).
S regards scrap value that the whole WECS has
at the end of its life. Scrap value is specified based
on a fixed portion of establishment and purchase
costs of turbine (10%).
Up to this stage, we can determine PEUC for
both highest probable power and average power,
knowing about throughput quantity and PVC,
shown in table 1 (See Appendix A). According to
the table, there is little difference between the CPU
generated by turbine and the same issue generated
by current hydro-power plants in Iran, when there is
no subsidy (nearly 0.075-0.08 USD per each kwh).
Of course this difference is much little in rotor
diameter and turbine hub height.
Note that, what makes the WECS premium is the
question of the cost of distribution and transition
besides the substantial difference in the end cost for
consumers. The cost may be reduced up to 50% in
urban regions, in particular, as most of the buildings
are high so that the cost required for the hub
decreases and CPU does, likewise. Considering
these facts, wind turbines can be good substitutions
for non-renewable resources of electricity
generation.
In the next stage, the relation between factors
affecting CPU are presented in order to specify
WECS characteristics and the way of developing the
mathematical formulation.
5 Specifying mathematical relations
This part intends to present a formulation to
identify all qualities of a WECS with respect to
families’ income and the payment for CPU,
likewise. According to what mentioned in equation
(9), CPU depends on PVC, from one side, and Eout,
on the other hand.
PVC is influenced by physical characteristics of
WECS, whose most important part is the wind
turbine. According to the explanations at the end of
third section of this paper, average power was
selected as an appropriate tool to calculate CPU,
rather than the most probable power and the fixed
power. So, total throughput of the electrical energy
is calculated due to the average energy which is
generated by average turbine power. On the other
hand, according to equation (8), average power
depends on rotor diameter and weibull distribution
scale parameter of wind speed. In other words, it
36
 Advances in Environment, Biotechnology and Biomedicine
can be stated that the CPU depends on two factors,
turbine rotor diameter, used to specify turbine size,
and weibull distribution scale parameter of wind
speed. As the scale parameter is a function of the
height from the sea level, its quantity varies by
different heights as equation (14) [24]:
H& I
&  
* ,
H
(14)
In equation (14), c1 pertains to the quantity of
scale parameter of wind speed distribution in the of
height h1=10 m and c2 refers to the same issue in the
height h2 which should be calculated. In fact,
changes in the rotor diameter and the hub height
result in changes PVC and total throughput. In order
to tackle with the sensitivity analysis and
recognizing the relation between the rotor diameter
and the hub height with PCEU, different turbines
are tested due to their sizes and heights,
demonstrated by table 2 [21, 22, 23]. According to
the results, total throughput is more sensitive to size
and height rather than PVC. This means that an
increase in the two subjects leads to a more
remarkable throughput rather than the rise in PVC
(see equation (9)).
Since the CPU is associated with two factors, the
mathematical formulation is developed under two
phases (i.e. changes in CPU are looked in for each
size via different heights).
Table 2: details of four small wind turbines
Pr (kw) D (m) Vi (m/s) Vr (m/s) Vo (m/s)
5 3 2.1 12 40
6 3.2 2.1 12 60
7 3.5 2.1 12 65
10 4 2.1 12 65
Considering the results demonstrated by figure 3,
we may conclude a high exponential approximation
for the relation between the CPU and the hub height.
This approximation is so efficient that it provides a
higher correlation coefficient for the hub height and
CPU, compared with the other approximations
(about %99.6). To specify coefficients in the
relation, according to figure 3, the difference
between CPU and hub height approximates to zero,
when the rotor diameter increases. Thus, the figures
overlap for the hubs with great diameters and the
final estimation can be obtained almost by a %1.1
ISBN: 978-1-61804-122-7
error according to equation (15), when the rotor
45  0.2>+0.15H
diameter surpasses 3 meters.
(15)
Now, it is time to follow the formulation with the
rotor diameter for different hub heights. Observe the
results in figure 4. To define the relationship
between CPU and rotor diameter, second degree
polynomial equations led to better approximations
(with a %95.6 correlation coefficient). The error is
more than %5 in this stage, as the graphs are more
distant compared with the last stage graphs. In order
to project the coefficients of this stage more
precisely, the average graphs drawn for h=24 and
h=30, are applied as they yield less error. The
45  0.0015% & + 0.0175%  0.1285
attained polynomial is depicted by equation (16).
(15)
Therefore, the CPU can be determined by using
equations 15 and 16, knowing about the WECS. It is
just needed for CPU to be substituted by the cost of
each kwh of electricity for families.
The cost of each kwh of electricity is calculated
for each family by division of the quantity printed
on the bill by the quantity of consumed electricity.
Then, the hub height and rotor diameter can be
determined by the use of equations (15) and (16).
Having the quantity of these two factors, other
information is obtained easily and hence the
required WECS.
Fig. 3: changing CPU in relation to h for each D
Fig. 4: changing CPU in relation to D for each h
6 Consequence
As the man is trying to utilize the best resources
of energy throughout the world, it is needed to
establish new steps in exploiting perpetual and
37
 Advances in Environment, Biotechnology and Biomedicine
natural ones. Wind energy is one the most
advantageous resources to supply required electrical
energy for the household sector by the use of small
sized turbines, which has been focused in this paper.
It is intended to generate required electrical energy
for each subscribers in a disperse matter.
The rotor diameter and hub height of the turbine
are determined as the impressive factors in total
throughput of electrical energy, establishment cost,
set up cost, and the cost per electricity unit
generated by the wind turbine, according to
implemented analyses. Then, a mathematical
formulation was developed based on these two
factors in a sensitivity analysis, by considering the
effect of each one on the cost per unit
independently.
In this paper, the mathematical relationships
between CPU and the hub height of turbine and the
rotor diameter have been obtained by precise
exponential and polynomial approximations,
respectively. Applying the developed equations,
having the features associated with CPU, hub
height, and rotor diameter, the main information of a
WECS can be easily determined. They are also used
to specify the required details of establishing and
setting up large sized turbines.
As a special case, the results show that the
investigated system is useful for rural regions,
farms, and deprived parts where do not access
electricity transition lines and also for the buildings
with the height of more than 15 meters in urban
regions. In fact, the cost of generated electricity can
efficiently compete the traditional methods of
supplying electrical energy, in these cases.
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APPENDIX A
Table 1: Sensitivity analysis of the CPU.

Vmp Pmp Emp Eout-mp CPUmp

H D C

(m/s) 
(w) 
(kw)

678 (kw)

($/kwh)
CPU
Cf PVC ($)
(m) (m) (m/s)

2.40 48.83 8555.02 1770.90 3.9

9 4.93 0.207 6876.83
4.14 846.55 148315.56 30701.32 0.2249

2.50 55.20 9671.04 2146.97 3.239

12 5.13 0.222 6924.97
4.31 953.82 167109.26 37098.26 0.187

2.58 60.67 10629.68 2497.90 2.804

15 3 5.3 0.235 6973.44
4.45 1051.82 184278.86 43305.53 0.161

2.65 65.74 11517.65 2821.82 2.5

18 5.44 0.245 7022.25
4.57 1137.39 199270.73 48821.53 0.144

2.76 74.27 13012.10 3409.17 2.083

24 5.67 0.262 7071.41
4.76 1287.84 225629.57 59114.95 0.120

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 Advances in Environment, Biotechnology and Biomedicine

2.85 81.77 14326.10 3939.68 1.815

30 5.85 0.275 7120.91
4.91 1414.42 247806.38 68146.75 0.104

2.40 55.56 9734.11 2014.96 3.587

9 4.93 0.207 7197.39
4.14 963.19 168750.89 34931.43 0.206

2.50 62.80 11002.56 2442.57 2.98

12 5.13 0.222 7247.77
4.31 1085.23 190132.30 42209.37 0.172

2.58 69.02 16822.70 3953.33 1.854

15 5.3 0.235 7298.50
4.45 1196.73 209667.10 49271.77 0.148
3.2
2.65 74.80 13104.96 3210.72 2.299
18 5.44 0.245 7349.59
4.57 1294.10 226726.32 55547.95 0.132

2.76 84.50 14804.40 3878.75 1.916

24 5.67 0.262 7401.04
4.76 1465.27 256715.30 67259.41 0.110

2.85 93.04 16300.61 4482.67 1.670

30 5.85 0.275 7452.85
4.91 1609.30 281949.36 77536.07 0.096

2.40 66.47 11645.54 2410.63 3.085

9 4.93 0.207 7411.09
4.14 1152.25 201874.20 41787.96 0.177

2.50 75.13 13162.78 2922.14 2.565

12 5.13 0.222 7462.97
4.31 1298.25 227453.40 50494.65 0.148

2.58 82.57 14466.26 3399.57 2.221

15 5.3 0.235 7515.21
4.45 1431.64 250823.33 58943.58 0.127
3.5
2.65 89.48 15676.90 3840.84 1.978
18 5.44 0.245 7567.82
4.57 1548.11 271228.87 66451.07 0.114

2.76 101.09 17710.97 4640.27 1.649

24 5.67 0.262 7620.79
4.76 1752.89 307106.33 80461.86 0.095

2.85 111.30 19499.76 5362.43 1.437

30 5.85 0.275 7674.14
4.91 1925.19 337293.29 92755.65 0.083

ISBN: 978-1-61804-122-7 40
 Advances in Environment, Biotechnology and Biomedicine

2.40 86.81 15209.11 3148.29 3.046

9 4.93 0.207 9548.12
4.14 1504.98 263672.50 54580.21 0.175

2.50 98.13 17192.38 3816.71 2.530

12 5.13 0.222 9614.96
4.31 1695.67 297081.38 65952.07 0.146

2.58 107.85 18895.32 4440.40 2.189

15 5.3 0.235 9682.26
4.45 1869.90 327606.48 76987.52 0.126
4
2.65 116.87 20475.62 5016.53 1.952
18 5.44 0.245 9750.04
4.57 2022.02 354257.90 86793.19 0.112

2.76 132.03 23131.66 6060.49 1.627

24 5.67 0.262 9818.29
4.76 2289.49 401118.65 105093.09 0.093

2.85 145.38 25470.58 7004.41 1.418

30 5.85 0.275 9887.02
4.91 2514.53 440545.66 121150.06 0.082

ISBN: 978-1-61804-122-7 41