Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Total: 50 points
1. (P71 #3) Consider the first‐order equation 0
a) If , show that , is a weak solution.
b) Can you find any discontinuous weak solutions”
c) Is there a transmission condition for a weak solution with jump discontinuity along the
characteristic ?
Solution: (a) A weak solution must satisfy 0 for all Ω . By changing
variables , to , and , we have that ,
. Also and , we have 2 .
2 , 0 for all R
Ω
So , is a weak solution.
(b) Take with discontinuous as
1, 0
,
0, 0
Therefore, this discontinuous function is a weak solution.
(c) No. The transmission condition is given by
0, 0, 0, 0
So there is no a weak solution with jump discontinuity along 0.
2. (P82 #2) Solve the initial/boundary value problem
0 0 0
,0 , ,0 0 0
0, 0, , 0 0.
(a) Find a Fourier series solution, and sum the series in regions bounded by characteristics.
Do you think the solution is unique?
(b) Use the parallelogram rule to solve this problem; is the resulting solution unique?
Continuous? ?
Solution: (a) If we look for a Fourier series solution, we can try to find , in the form
, sin cos
, sin
Page 1 of 5
Moreover, we substitute it in the partial differential equation 0, we find the
functions must satisfy the ordinary differential equations 0, whose
general solution is
· sin · cos
The constants and are determined by the initial conditions; namely, we use
,0 sin 0
,0 · sin 1
Hence, we can integrate to find
2
0 · sin 0
2 2
1 · sin 1 1
4 2 1 cos
,
0,
Therefore, we find the Fourier series solution as
4
, sin 2 1 sin 2 1
2 1
2 1 cos
, sin sin
(b) We use the parallelogram rule to piece together the solution and the domain decomposition
is as plotted in the figures.
In region C1, the solution is defined by d’Alembert’s formula and
the solution is
1 1
, 0 0 1·
2 2
In region L1, let , in L1 and thus 0, ,
, and , . Using the parallelogram rule we
find that , .
rule we find that , .
Page 2 of 5
In region C2, let , in C2 and thus , , , and , .
Using the parallelogram rule we find that ,
.
Generally, we can find that in region Ci: let , and thus
, , , and
,
In region Li, let , and thus 0, ,
, and , .
and , . Using the parallelogram, we find that , .
Therefore, we find the general solution in the various regions is written as
1 1 ,
, 1 ,
1 ,
The line separating from is 1 1 . In region the
solution is 1 1 and in region the solution is 1 . Thus, we see that
the solution is continuous if letting . Similarly, the line separating from is
1 . In region the solution is 1 1 and
in region the solution is 1 . Thus, we see that the solution is continuous if
letting .
The line separating from 1 is 1 1 . In region
the solution is 1 1 and in region 1 the solution is 1 . Thus,
we see that the solution is continuous between and 1. Similarly, the line separating
from 1 is 2 1 . In region the solution is
1 1 and in region 1 the solution is 1 . Thus, we see that
the solution is continuous between and 1.
In addition, we can see in region , if letting 0, , 0 and in region , if letting
, , 0. If region C1, since , , if letting 0, , 0.
Therefore, the whole solution is 0, 0, ∞ . However, it is easily seen that the
derivatives across region boundaries are not continuous which implies , .
3. (P82 #4) Consider the initial boundary value problem
Page 3 of 5
0 , 0
,0 , ,0 0
0, 0 0,
Where 0 0 0 . If we extend g and h as odd functions on ∞ ∞, show
that d’Alembert’s formula (6) gives the solution.
Solution: by extending g and h as odd functions on ∞ ∞, we try to convert the initial
boundary value problem to an initial value problem.
0 , 0
,0
,0
Where, G(x) and H(x) are odd functions defined as
, 0 , 0
, 0 , 0
Using d’Alembert’s formula, we obtain the solution of the initial value problem as
1 1
,
2 2
To show this solution also solves the original initial boundary value problem, we note that
1) Since , satisfies 0 , 0 , thus it also satisfies
0 , 0.
2) ,0 0 and ,0 0 thus the
initial values are statisfied.
3) Lastly, we test the boundary value:
1 1
0,
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
0
2
Thus, we have shown that the d’Alembert’s formula gives the solution.
4. (P90 #1) (a) If is a ‐function of the one‐variable s, find a condition on the vector
, , so that , , , is a solution of (26).
(Such solutions are called plane waves and are constant on the planes ·
.)
(b) Find the relationship which must hold between the initial data and for a
plane wave solution.
(c) Find all plane wave solutions of (26) with the initial condition , , ,0
1.
Solution: (a) since , , , , we have
· 1,2,3
Due to (26) Δ 0 , we have that 1 0 which implies the
Page 4 of 5
condition is 1/| |.
(b) ,0 · and ,0 · . Also, we have
· 1,2,3
Which implies that .
(c) Since 1, we have
1 1 1
1 1
0 0
From (a), we see that 1/ and thus 2/ 1/ which implies
√2 . Using Kirchhoff’s formula, we have
1
,
4 | | 4 | |
1
1 √2
4 | | 4 | |
1
1 √2
4 | |
1 √2
5. (P90 #3) Use Duhamel’s principle to find the solution of the nonhomogeneous wave equation
for three space dimensions Δ , with initial conditions ,0
0 , 0 . What regularity in , is required for the solution to be ?
Solution: we consider the nonhomogeneous wave equation with homogeneous initial conditions:
Δ ,
,0 ,0 0
By Duhamel principle, we reduce the problem to the special homogeneous equations with
nonhomogeneous initial conditions:
Δ 0 , 0
, 0, 0 , 0
, 0, , , 0
Then
, , ,
solves the nonhomogeneous wave equation. In the three space dimensions, using Kirchhoff’s
formula, we know that
1
, , 0· , · , ·
4 | | 4 | | 4 | |
Hence, we have that
, , , , ·
4 | |
1
, ·
4 | |
So, we will need , to be in x and in t for the solution to be .
Page 5 of 5