Department of Mathematics

Jain Global campus, Jakkasandra Post, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara District -562112

Module 1:
Calculus
Prof. Ramesha M
Department of Mathematics,
FET, Jain(Deemed-to-be-University)
 Contents
 Rolle’s Theorem

 Mean Value Theorems (Lagrange's Mean Value

theorem & Cauchy's Mean value theorem)

 Taylor’s and MacLaurin’s series for Exponential,

Trigonometric and Logarithm functions

 Indeterminate forms and L'Hospital's rule.

Rolle’s Theorem
Rolle’s Theorem and its Geometrical
Interpretation
Statement

If a function f ( x ) is defined in the interval a , b  such that

i. f ( x ) is continuous in a , b 
ii. f ( x ) is differentiable in  a , b 
iii. f (a )  f (b)
Then there exists at least one point c in ( a, b) that is a  c  b such that f (c)  0 .
 Geometrical Interpretation

 There are no breaks or gaps in between and for the given curve and including
at the end points, hence the function is continuous in the .

 Since a unique tangent can be drawn at each and every point in the interval
except at the end points, the function is differentiable in the .

 At the end points and they are at the same height from the - axis.

Conclusion: Therefore there exits at least one point (say) in between and such
that the tangent at is parallel to -axis.
 Problems on Rolle's Theorem

1) Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function in [-1, 1]

Solution:
is continuous in [-1, 1]

⇒ is exist for all values in [-1, 1]

⇒ =1

Hence all 3-conditions of the theorem are satisfied.

Now consider,

Hence Rolle’s theorem verified

2) Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function in in [1, 3]

Solution:
Since f ( x ) is a polynomial, it is continuous in 1,3
⇒ f ( x)  3 x 2  6 x  1 is defined for all x in 1,3
 f ( x) is differentiable
⇒ f (1)  f (3)  0

All three conditions of Rolle's Theorem are satisfied,

Therefore  c such that f (c)  0

6  36  12 6  4 3
 3 c2  6 c 1  0  c  
6 6
2 3 2
 1  1  2.15  (1,3)
3 3

 Rolle's Theorem is verified.

  ( x 2  ab) 
3) Verify Rolle's Theorem for the function f ( x)  log   in a, b ; b  a  0.
 x ( a  b ) 
Solution:
Since f ( x ) is a standard logarithmic function, it is continuous in a , b 
2x 1
 f ( x)   is defined for all in (a, b)
x  ab x
2

 f ( x) is differentiable

All conditions of Rolle's Theorem are satisfied.

  c such that  f (c)  0 x

2c 1
   0  2c 2
 c 2
 ab
c 2  ab c

 c   ab

But c   ab (a, b)

Hence Rolle's Theorem is verified.

 f ( x)   x - a   x - b in []
p q
4) Verify the Rolle’s theorem for the function

Solution:
Since f ( x ) is a polynomial, it is continuous in a , b 
⇒ f ( x)   x - a   x - b  q  p  x -  qa  pb  is defined for all x in  a , b 
p -1 q -1

 f ( x ) Is differentiable
⇒ f (a )  f (b)  0
Hence all the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem are satisfied.
  c such that  f (c)  0

 c  a  c  b   q  p  c   qa  pb   0
p 1 q 1

  q  p  c   qa  pb   0 = 0,

pb  qa
 c  (a, b) ;
pq

Thus the Rolle’s Theorem is verified.

5) Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function f ( x)  e x sin x  cos x  in   , 5 
4 4 

Solution:
  5 
Since f ( x ) is a combination of standard functions, it is continuous in  ,
 4 4 
  5 
⇒ f ( x)  2e x
sin x is defined for all x in  , 
4 4 
  5 
 f ( x) is differentiable in  , 
4 4 
   5 
⇒ f    0 f 
4  4 
Hence all the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem as satisfied.

  c such that  f (c)  0  ec sin c  0  sin c  0

  5 
 c  n , where n  0,1, 2,3..... c     , ;
4 4 
Thus Rolle’s theorem is satisfied.
6) Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function f ( x) 
sin 2 x  
in 0, 2 
e2 x
Solution:
 
Since f ( x ) is a combination of standard functions, it is continuous in 0,
 2 
e 2 x 2 cos 2 x  sin 2 x 2 e 2 x  
⇒f  x  
'
is defined for all x in  0,   f ( x) is differentiable
e 
2x 2
 2

 
⇒ f (0)  f    0
2

Hence all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem as satisfied.

2  cos 2c  sin 2c 
  c such that  f (c)  0  0
e 
2c

 cos 2c  sin 2c  0  cos 2c  sin 2c


 tan 2c  1  c 
8
Thus Rolle’s theorem is satisfied.
7) Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function in [-2, 0]

Solution:
is continuous in [-2, 0]

is exist for all values in [-2, 0]

⇒

⇒ = 0

Hence all 3-conditions of the theorem are satisfied.

Now consider, =0

Hence Rolle’s theorem verified

8) Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function in [0, 1]

Solution:
is continuous in [0, 1]

⇒ + 4is exist for all values in [0, 1]

⇒ =0

Hence all 3-conditions of the theorem are satisfied.

Now consider,

Hence Rolle’s theorem verified