Differential Calculus

UNIT – III
 Differential Calculus
CONTENTS: Rolle’s mean value theorem (without proof)

 Lagrange’s Mean value theorem (without proof)

 Geometrical Interpretation of Rolle’s &Lagrange’s Mean value theorems

 Cauchy’s Mean value Theorem (without proof)

 Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series

 Definition of Improper Integral

 Definition of Beta and Gamma functions

 Properties of Beta and Gamma functions

 Relation between Beta and Gamma functions

 Evaluation of integrals using Beta and Gamma functions.

Rolle’s Theorem
If 1) f (x) is continuous on [a, b],
2) f (x) is differentiable on (a, b), and
3) f (a) = f (b)
then there is at least one value of x on (a, b),
call it c, such that
f ’(c) = 0.

f is continuous on [a, b]
differentiable on (a, b)
f(a) = f(b)

a b
Rolle’s Theorem
Geometric Interpretation:
When all the three conditions of the Rolle’s theorem are satisfied there exists at least one
point on the curve at which the tangent is parallel to x – axis.

y y

f ′ (c) = 0

y = f(x)
y = f(x)
f(a) = f(b)
x x
a c b a c1 c2 c3 b

Example 1 Example 2
Rolle’s Theorem Every differentiable function is continuous

Example:

( f is continuous and differentiable)

Since , then Rolle’s Theorem applies…

then, x = –1 , x = 0, and x = 1
 Rolle’s
Example:
Theorem
Does Rolle’s Theorem apply?
If not, why not?
If so, find the value of c.
 Rolle’s
Example:
Theorem
Does Rolle’s Theorem apply?
If not, why not?
If so, find the value of c.
Rolle’s Theorem
Example

f(x)continuous on [-1, 1]
not differentiable at 0

not differentiable on (-1, 1)

f(-1) = 1 = f(1)

Rolle’s Theorem Does NOT apply since

 Differential Calculus
Q. Verify whether Rolle’s theorem is applicable to following functions or not.

2.
 Differential Calculus
Q. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function
Sol:
i. Since are both continuous functions in [0, π], therefore, is also continuous in [0,π]
ii. since are differentiable in , is also differentiable in .
iii. and

Thus, all three conditions of Rolle’s theorem are satisfied.

There exists such that
=
f1(c)= 0 => = 0 => = 0 => cos c =sin c => c = (0, )
hence Rolle’s Theorem is verified.
 Differential Calculus
Q. Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the functions in [a, b] where a
Sol: Let

(i) Since f(x) is a composite function of continuous functions in [a,b],

(ii)

(iii)
= log 1 = 0
 Differential Calculus
f(b) =
= log 1 = 0

c=

Rolle’s theorem is verified.

 Differential Calculus
Q. Verify Rolle’s theorem form the function in [a,b], where m,n are positive integers. (b > a)
 Differential Calculus
Q. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function in [, ].
 Differential Calculus
Rolle’s Theorem:
Let be a function such that
(i) continuous in closed interval
(ii) differentiable in open interval and
(iii) then there exists at least one point ‘c’ in such that .
Geometrical Interpretation of Rolle’s Theorem :
Let be a function satisfying the three conditions of Rolle’stheorem. Then the graph
1. in a continuous curve in [a, b].
2. There exists a unique tangent line at every point , where
3. The ordinates at the end points A, B are equal so that the points A and B are equidistant from the X-axis.
4. By Rolle’s Theorem, There is at least one point between A and B on the curve at which the tangent line is parallel to
the x-axis and also it is parallel to chord of the curve..
 Rolle’s theorem
Algebraic Interpretation:
Let f(x) be a polynomial in x. if f(x) = 0 satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem and x = a, x =
b are the roots of the equation f(x) = 0 then there exists at least one root of the equation between a
and b.
 Differential Calculus
Q. Using Rolle ’s Theorem, show that has a zero between 1 and 2.
Sol:
Let f(x) =
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Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors