Quadratic Functions

4-1 and Transformations

Vocabulary

Review
1. Circle the vertex of each absolute value graph.

y y y

x x x

Vocabulary Builder
parabola
parabola (noun) puh RAB uh luh y y
x
Related Words: vertex, axis of symmetry,
quadratic function

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vertex
Definition: A parabola is the graph of a x
quadratic function, a function of the form
y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c. axis of
symmetry
Main Idea: A parabola is symmetrical around
its axis of symmetry, a line passing through
the vertex. A parabola can open upward or downward.

Use Your Vocabulary

2. Circle each function whose graph is a parabola.

y 5 26x 1 9 y 5 22x2 2 15x 2 18 y 5 x2 1 4x 1 4 y 5 16x 2 22

3. Cross out the function(s) whose graph is NOT a parabola.

y 5 5x 2 2 3x 1 6 y5x23 y 5 2x 2 1 6x 2 7 y 5 0.2x 1 7

Chapter 4 82
 Problem 2 Graphing Translations of f(x) 5 x2

Got It? Graph g(x) 5 x 2 1 3. How is it a translation of f(x) 5 x 2 ?

Use the graphs of f(x) 5 x 2 and g(x) 5 x 2 1 3 at the right for y
6
Exercises 4 and 5.
4. Circle the ordered pairs that are solutions of g(x) 5 x 2 1 3. 4
Underline the ordered pairs that are solutions of f(x) 5 x 2 .
2
(23, 0) (23, 9) (0, 23) x
4 2 O 2 4
(0, 0) (0, 3) (0, 9)
2
(3, 0) (3, 9) (3, 12)

5. Underline the correct word to complete each sentence.

For each value of x, the value of g(x) 5 x 2 1 3 is 3 more / less than

the value of f(x) 5 x 2 .

The graph of g(x) 5 x 2 1 3 is a translation 3 units up / down of the

graph of f(x) 5 x 2 .

The graph shows f(x) 5 x 2 in red / blue and g(x) 5 x 2 1 3 in red / blue .

Problem 3 Interpreting Vertex Form

Got It? What are the vertex, axis of symmetry, minimum or maximum, and
domain and range of the function y 5 22(x 1 1)2 1 4?
6. Compare y 5 2(x 2 1)2 1 4 with the vertex form y 5 a(x 2 h)2 1 k. Identify
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a, h, and k.

a 5 22 h 5 21 k5 4

7. The vertex of the parabola is (h, k) 5 Q 21 , 4 R .

8. The axis of symmetry is the line x 5 21 .

9. Underline the correct word or symbol to complete each sentence.

Since a is , / . 0, the parabola opens upward / downward .

The parabola has a maximum / minimum value of 4 when x 5 21 .

10. Circle the domain.

all real numbers x # 21 x#4 x$4

11. Circle the range.

all real numbers x # 21 x#4 x$4

83 Lesson 4-1
 Translation of the Parabola

12. Use one of the functions below to label each graph.

y 5 (x 1 3)2 y 5 x2 2 1 y 5 (x 2 2)2 1 3 y 5 (x 1 1)2 2 2

y y y y

x x x x

y 5 (x 1 1)2 2 2 y 5 x2 2 1 y 5 (x 1 3)2 y 5 (x 2 2)2 1 3

Problem 4 Using Vertex Form

Got It? What is the graph of f (x) 5 2(x 1 2)2 2 5?

13. Multiple Choice What steps transform the graph of y 5 x 2 to y 5 2(x 1 2)2 2 5?
Reflect across the Stretch by the Stretch by the Reflect across the
x-axis, stretch by the factor 2 and factor 2 and x-axis, stretch by
factor 2, and translate translate 2 units translate 2 units the factor 2, and
2 units to the left and to the right and to the left and translate 2 units to
5 units up. 5 units up. 5 units down. the left and
5 units down.

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14. Circle the graph of f(x) 5 2(x 1 2)2 2 5.
y y y y
x x x
x

Problem 5 Writing a Quadratic Function in Vertex Form

Got It? The graph shows the jump of a dolphin. The axis of symmetry y
8
is x 5 2, and the height is 7. If the path of the jump passes through the
point (5, 5), what quadratic function models the path of the jump? 6
15. The vertex is Q 2 , 7 R . 4
16. Substitute h and k in the vertex form f (x) 5 a(x 2 h)2 1 k. 2
2
y 5 aQx 2 2 R 1 7 x
0
0 2 4 6 8

Chapter 4 84
 17. Substitute (5, 5) for (x, y) and solve for a.

y 5 a(x 2 2)2 1 7
5 5 a(5 2 2)2 1 7
5 5 9a 1 7
22 5 9a
a 5 229

18. Write the quadratic function that models the path of the water.

f(x) 5 229(x 2 2)2 1 7

Lesson Check • Do you UNDERSTAND?

Vocabulary When does the graph of a quadratic function have a minimum value?
19. Circle the parabola that has a minimum value.

y y

x x

20. The graph of y 5 x 2 is a parabola that opens upward / downward .

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21. The graph of y 5 2x 2 is a parabola that opens upward / downward .

22. When does the graph of a quadratic function have a minimum value?

Answers may vary. Sample: The graph of a quadratic function has a

_______________________________________________________________________

minimum value when a S 0 and the parabola opens upward.

_______________________________________________________________________

Math Success

Check off the vocabulary words that you understand.

parabola vertex form quadratic function axis of symmetry

Rate how well you can graph a quadratic function in vertex form.

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85 Lesson 4-1
 Factoring Quadratic
4-4 Expressions

Vocabulary

Review
1. Complete each factor tree.

24 54

2 9
12 6

3
4 3 3 3 2

2 2

Vocabulary Builder
2x 2  x  10  (2x  5)(x  2)

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factor (noun) FAK tur expression factors
Other Word Forms: factor (verb)

Main Idea: The factors of an expression are similar to the factors of a number.

Definition: The factors of a given expression are expressions whose product equals
the given expression. When you factor an expression, you break it into smaller
expressions whose product equals the given expression.

Example: The factors of the expression 2x 2 2 x 2 10 are 2x 2 5 and x 1 2.

Use Your Vocabulary

2. Circle the prime factors of 24xy.

24 ? x ? y 2?4?x?y 23 ? 3 ? x ? y

3. Circle the prime factors of 54a 2b.

54 ? a2 ? b 5 ? 4 ? a2 ? b 2 ? 33 ? a2 ? b

Chapter 4 94
 Problem 1 Factoring ax 2 1 bx 1 c when a 5 t1

Got It? What is the expression x 2 1 14x 1 40 in factored form?

4. Complete the factor table. Then circle the pair of factors whose sum is 14.

Factors of 40 1, 40 2, 20 4, 10 5, 8

Sum of Factors 41 22 14 13

5. Circle the expression written as the product of two binomials.

(x 1 1)(x 1 40) (x 1 2)(x 1 20) (x 1 4)(x 1 10) (x 1 5)(x 1 8)

Got It? What is the expression x 2 2 11x 1 30 in factored form?

6. Underline the correct word(s) to complete each sentence.
I need to find factors that multiply / sum to 30 and multiply / sum to 211.

At least one of the factors that sum to 211 must be positive / negative .

The two factors that multiply to 30 must both be positive / negative .

7. Circle the factors of 30 that sum to 211.

1 and 30 2 and 15 3 and 10 5 and 6

21 and 230 22 and 215 23 and 210 25 and 26

8. Factor the expression.

x 2 2 11x 1 30 5 Q x 2 5 RQ x 2 6 R
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Got It? What is the expression 2x 2 1 14x 1 32 in factored form?

9. Rewrite the expression to show a trinomial with a leading coefficient 1.

2x 2 1 14x 1 32 5 (21)(x 2 2 14x 2 32)

10. Reasoning You are looking for factors of 232 that sum to 214. Which of the factors
has the greater absolute value, the negative factor or the positive factor? How do
you know?

Answers may vary. Sample: Since the sum is negative, the negative
_______________________________________________________________________

factor must have the greater absolute value.

_______________________________________________________________________

11. Circle the factors of 232 that sum to 214.

21 and 32 22 and 16 24 and 8

1 and 232 2 and 216 4 and 28

12. Write the factored form of the expression.

2x 2 1 14x 1 32 5 (x 1 2)(x 2 16)

95 Lesson 4-4
 Problem 2 Finding Common Factors

Got It? What is the expression 7n2 2 21 in factored form?

13. The GCF of 7n2 and 21 is 7 .
14. Use the Distributive Property to factor the expression.
7n2 1 21 5 7 Q n2 1 3 R

Problem 3 Factoring ax 2 1 bx 1 c when »a… u 1

Got It? What is the expression 4x 2 1 7x 1 3 in factored form? Check your answers.
15. Complete the diagram below.

4x 2 7x 3
4 r 3 12

16. Complete the factor pairs of ac. Then circle the pair that sums to 7.
Q 1, 12 R Q 2, 6 R Q 3, 4 R
17. Use your answer to Exercise 16 to complete the diagram below.

4x 2  7x  3
4x  3x

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 4x2 (4x)  3x  3

 4x + x  1 , 3 + x  1 ,
3 3

The expressions inside the parentheses must be equal.

Use the Distributive Property to factor out

the GCF, the part inside the parentheses.

 +4x 3, + x  1 ,

Problem 4 Factoring a Perfect Square Trinomial

Got It? What is 64x 2 2 16x 1 1 in factored form?

18. Circle the form your answer will have.

(a 1 b)2 (a 2 b)2

Chapter 4 96
 19. Use the justifications to complete each step.
64x 2 2 16x 1 1 Write the original expression.
2 2
Q 8 x R 2 16x 1 Q 1 R Write the first and third terms as squares.
2 2
Q 8 x R 2 2 Q 8 RQ 1 R x 1 Q 1 R Write the middle term as (2ac)x.

20. Write the expression as the square of a binomial.

(8x 2 1)2

Lesson Check • Do you UNDERSTAND?

Reasoning Explain how to rewrite the expression a2 2 2ab 1 b 2 2 25 as the
product of two trinomial factors. (Hint: Group the first three terms. What type of
expression are they?)
21. Complete: The first three terms of the expression are a 9.

perfect square trinomial difference of two squares

22. Factor the first three terms of the expression.

(a 2 b)2

23. Rewrite the original expression using the factored form of the first three terms.

(a 2 b)2 2 25

24. Complete: The expression you wrote in Exercise 23 is a 9.

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perfect square trinomial difference of two squares

25. Circle the expression written as the product of two trinomial factors.

a2 2 2ab 1 b2 (a 2 b)2 2 25 (a 2 b)(225) (a 2 b 2 5)(a 2 b 1 5)

Math Success

Check off the vocabulary words that you understand.

factor of an expression perfect square trinomial difference of two squares

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97 Lesson 4-4
 Quadratic Equations
4-5

Vocabulary

Review
1. Cross out the equation below that is not a function.

f (x) 5 2x 2 7 y 2 5 3x 2 2 4x y 5 2x 2 1 14x 2 7 g(x) 5 u x 3 u

Vocabulary Builder

zero of a function (noun) ZEER oh

Main Idea: Wherever the graph of a function y 5 f (x) intersects the x axis, f (x) 5 0.
The value of x at any of these intersection points is called a zero of the function.

Definition: A value of x for which f (x) 5 0 is a zero of the function f (x) .

Example: x 5 2 is a zero of f (x) 5 3x 2 6, because f (2) 5 3(2) 2 6 5 0.

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Use Your Vocabulary
Write the zero(s) of each function.
2. y 3. y 4. y
2
2 2 x
x x 2 O 2
2 O 2 O 2

Zero(s): 2 Zero(s): 22 Zero(s): 21, 1

Key Concept Zero-Product Property

If ab 5 0, then a 5 0 or b 5 0.
Example: If (x 1 7)(x 2 2) 5 0, then (x 1 7) 5 0 or (x 2 2) 5 0.
5. If either x 1 7 5 0 or x 2 2 5 0, circle all of the possible values of x.

27 22 2 27

Chapter 4 98
 Problem 1 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

Got It? What are the solutions of the quadratic equation x 2 2 7x 5 212?
6. The equation is solved below. Write a justification for each step.
x 2 2 7x 5 212 Write the original equation.

x 2 2 7x 1 12 5 0 Write in standard form.

(x 2 3)(x 2 4) 5 0 Factor the expression.

x 2 3 5 0 or x 2 4 5 0 Use the Zero-Product Property

x 5 3 or x 5 4 Solve for x.

Problem 2 Solving Quadratic Equations With Tables

Got It? What are the solutions of the quadratic equation 4x 2 2 14x 1 7 5 4 2 x?
7. Write the equation in standard form.

4 x2 1 213 x 1 3 50

8. Enter the equation into your calculator. Use the results to complete the table below.

TABLE SETUP x 0 1 2 3 4
TblStart = 0
$Tbl = 1
IndPnt: Auto Ask
DePend: Auto Ask y1 3 6 7 0 15
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9. Based on the table, one solution of the equation is x 5 3 .

10. Another solution occurs between 0 and 1 . Change the x-interval to 0.05.
Complete the table.

TABLE SETUP x 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

TblStart = 0
$Tbl = .05
IndPnt: Auto Ask
DePend: Auto Ask y1 1.74 1.14 0.56 0 0.54

11. Based on the table, the other solution to the equation is x 5 0.25 .

99 Lesson 4-5
 Problem 3 Solving a Quadratic Equation by Graphing

Got It? What are the solutions of the quadratic equation x 2 1 2x 2 24 5 0?

12. The graph at the right shows the equation.
Circle the zeros of the function.
13. The solutions of the quadratic equation
are 26 and 4 .

Problem 4 Using a Quadratic Equation

Got It? The function y 5 20.03x 2 1 1.60x models the path of a kicked soccer ball.
The height is y, the distance is x, and the units are meters. How far does the soccer
ball travel? How high does the soccer ball go? Describe a reasonable domain and
range for the function.
14. The graph below shows the function. Circle the point on the graph where the soccer
ball is at its highest point and the point where the soccer ball lands. Label each
point with its coordinates.

2 1
+ 26 3 , 21 3 ,
y
20

10
x
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52

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1
+ 53 3 , 0 ,

Reasoning Circle the phrase that completes each sentence.

15. The distance the soccer ball travels is the 9.

x-coordinate of y-intercept x-coordinate of the y-coordinate of

the vertex positive zero the vertex

16. The maximum height of the soccer ball is the 9.

x-coordinate of y-intercept x-coordinate of the y-coordinate of

the vertex positive zero the vertex

17. Underline the correct word to complete each sentence.

The domain should include positive / negative numbers only.

The range should include positive / negative numbers only.

18. Complete.

Domain: 0 #x# 5313 Range: 0 #y# 2113

Chapter 4 100
 Lesson Check • Do you know HOW?
Solve the equation x 2 2 9 5 0 by factoring.
19. Circle the phrase that best describes the expression on the left side of the equals sign.

binomial difference of two squares parabola quadratic expression

20. Factor the expression on the left side of the equal sign.

(x 2 3)(x 1 3)

21. The solutions of the equation are 3 and 23 .

Lesson Check • Do you UNDERSTAND?

Vocabulary If 5 is a zero of the function y 5 x 2 1 bx 2 20, what is the value
of b? Explain.
22. If 5 is a zero of the function then whenever x 5 5,

x 2 1 bx 2 20 5 0.

23. Substitute 5 for x and solve for b .

x 2 1 bx 2 20 5 0
52 1 b ? 5 2 20 5 0
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25 1 5b 2 20 5 0
5 1 5b 5 0
5b 5 25
b 5 21

24. The coefficient b 5 21 .

Math Success

Check off the vocabulary words that you understand.

zero of a function Zero-Product property

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101 Lesson 4-5