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Differential Equations with Boundary

Value Problems
Authors: Dennis G. Zill, Michael R. Cullen
Exercise 1.1
In Problems 1–8 state the order of the given ordinary differential equation. Determine whether
the equation is linear or nonlinear.

1. 1 4 5 cos

A differential equation is linear if it is in the form ⋯

.

If we compare given differential equation with the standard form a linear differential
equation, we see that it is linear.

2. 0

It is non-linear because of 4th power of .

3. 6 0

It is linear. Note that denotes fourth derivative and not raised to power 4.

4. cos

It is non-linear due to the term cos .

5. 1

It is non-linear because of two things. (1) Presence of dependent variable under radical sign.
(2) Square term of derivative

6.

It is non-linear. It was going to be linear if was

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7. sin cos 2

It is linear.

8. 1 0

It is non-linear due to square term of a derivative which is . Note that in this question
denotes second derivative while denotes square of first derivative. For better
understanding, we can write given differential equation as ′′ 1 0

In Problems 9 and 10 determine whether the given first-order differential equation is linear in the
indicated dependent variable.

9. 1 0; in ; in

Solution:

Clearly it in not linear in .

Write
as or 0 or or 0

We see that it is linear in .

10. 0; in ; in

Solution:

1
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Clearly it is linear in .

Write as or .

We see that it is clearly not linear in .

In Problems 11 –14 verify that the indicated function is an explicit solution of the given
differential equation. Assume an appropriate interval I of definition for each solution.
/
11. 2 0 ;

/ /
1 / / / /
L. H. S 2 2 0 R. H. S
2
/
Since L.H.S. = R.H.S., therefore is a solution of 2 0

dy 6 6
12.  20 y  24 ; y   e 20t
dt 5 5

d  6 6 20t   6 6 20t 
L.H.S.    e   20   e 
dt  5 5  5 5 
6
  (20e 20t )  24  24e 20t
5
 24e20t  24  24e 20t
 24  R.H.S.

6 6 20t dy
Since L.H.S. = R.H.S., therefore y   e is a solution of  20 y  24 .
5 5 dt

13. y //  6 y /  13 y  0 ; y  e3 x cos 2 x

L.H.S.  y //  6 y /  13 y
d 2 3x
2 
e cos 2 x   6  e3 x cos 2 x   13e3 x cos 2 x
d

dx dx
  3e3 x cos 2 x  2e3 x sin 2 x   6  3e3 x cos 2 x  2e3 x sin 2 x   13e3 x cos 2 x
d
dx
 9e3 x cos 2 x  6e3 x sin 2 x  6e3 x sin 2 x  4e3 x cos 2 x  18e3 x cos 2 x  12e3 x sin 2 x  13e3 x cos 2 x
 0  R.H.S.

Since L.H.S. = R.H.S., therefore y  e3 x cos 2 x is a solution of y //  6 y /  13 y  0 .

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In Problems 33– 36 use the concept that , ∞ ∞ is a constant function if and only
if ′ 0 to determine whether the given differential equation possesses constant solutions.

33. 3 5 10

Substitute 0 in given differential equation, we get 3 0 5 10 or 5 10. Solving

for , we get 2. Therefore, given differential equation has one constant solution 2.

34. 2 3

Substitute 0 in given differential equation, we get 0 2 3. Now, if we solve

given equation for , then we get two real solutions 3 and 1 which are the constant
solutions of given differential equation.

35. 1 1

If we substitute 0, we get 0 1, which is not true. Therefore, given differential equation

has no constant solution.

35. 4 6 10

Substitute 0 and 0 since derivatives of constant equals zero. Doing so, we get
6 10. Solving for , we get the constant solution .

Exercise 1.2
In problems 1 and 2, 1/ 1 is a one parameter family of solutions of the first-order
DE . Find a solution of the first-order IVP consisting of this differential equation and
the given initial condition.

1. 0

i.e. when 0. Substitute in 1/ 1 , we get

1 1
3 1

1 1
3 1

1 3⟹ 4 . Therefore, solution of given IVP is 1/ 1 4

2. 1 2
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i.e. 2 at 1. Substitute in 1/ 1 , we get

2 1/ 1

1
2
1

1
2
1

2 2 1

2 1

1/2

Therefore, solution of given IVP is 1/ 1

Exercise 2.1
In Problems 1-22 solve the given differential equation by separation of variables.

dy
1.  sin 5 x
dx

dy  sin 5 xdx

 dy   sin 5 xdx
cos 5 x
y C
5

dy
  x  1
2
2.
dx

dy   x  1 dx
2

 dy    x  1
2
dx

 x  1
3

y C
3

3. dx  e3 x dy  0
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e3 x dy  dx
1
dy   3 x dx
e
dy  e3 x dx

 dy   e
3x
dx
e3 x
y C
3

4. dy  ( y  1) 2 dx  0

dy  ( y  1) 2 dx
1
dy  dx
( y  1) 2
1
 ( y  1)2 dy   dx
1
  xC
y 1
1
  y 1
xC
1
1 y
xC
1
y 1
xC

dy
5. x  4y
dx

1 4
dy  dx
y x
1 4
 y dy   x dx
ln y  4 ln x  C1
y  e4ln xC1
y  e4ln x eC1
y  eln x eC1
4

y  Cx 4  eC1  C
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dy
6.  2 xy 2  0
dx

dy
 2 xy 2
dx
1
 2 dy  2 xdx
y
1
  2 dy   2 xdx
y
1
 x2  C
y
1
y 2
x C

dy
7.  e3 x  2 y
dx

dy
 e3 x e 2 y
dx
1
2y
dy  e3 x dx
e
e 2 y dy  e3 x dx

e dy   e3 x dx
2 y

e 2 y e3 x
   C1
2 3
 e3 x 
e 2 y  2   C1 
 3 
2
e 2 y   e3 x  2C1
3
2
e 2 y   e3 x  C  2C1  C
3
 2 
2 y  ln   e3 x  C 
 3 
1  2 
y   ln   e3 x  C 
2  3 

dy
8. e x y  e  y  e 2 x y
dx
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dy
ex y  e y  e 2 x e  y
dx
 e y 1  e 2 x 
dy
ex y
dx
y 1  e 2 x
dy  dx
e y ex
ye y dy   e x  e3 x  dx

 ye dy    e  e 3 x  dx
y x

1
ye y  e y  e  x  e 3 x  C
3

dx  y  1 
2

9. y ln x  
dy  x 

dx ( y  1) 2
y ln x 
dy x2
( y  1) 2
x 2 ln xdx  dy
y
y2  2 y  1
x 2 ln xdx  dy
y
 1
x 2 ln xdx   y  2   dy
 y
 1
x ln xdx    y  2   dy
2

 y
1 3 1 y2
x ln x  x3   2 y  ln y  C
3 9 2

dy  2 y  3 
2

10.  
dx  4 x  5 

dy (2 y  3) 2

dx (4 x  5) 2
1 1
dy  dx
(2 y  3) 2
(4 x  5) 2
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1 1
 (2 y  3) 2
dy  
(4 x  5) 2
dx

1 1
   C1
2(2 y  3) 4(4 x  5)
1  1 
 2    C1 
2y  3  4(4 x  5) 
1 1
  2C1
2 y  3 2(4 x  5)
1 1
 C  2C1  C
2 y  3 2(4 x  5)
1
 2y  3
2(4 x 5)  C
1

1
2y  3
2(4 x 5)  C
1

1 1 
y   3
2  2(4 x 5)  C
1 


11. csc y dx  sec2 x dy  0

sec2 x dy   csc y dx
1 1
2
dy   dx
cos x sin y
 sin y dy  cos 2 xdx
1 1 
 sin y dy    cos 2 x  dx
2 2 
1 1 
  sin y dy     cos 2 x  dx
2 2 
1 1
cos y  x  sin 4 x  C
2 4
1 1 
y  cos 1  x  sin 4 x  C 
2 4 

12.