34

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 Lect-34

In this lecture ...

• Solve problems
– Ideal cycle analysis of air breathing
engines

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Problem # 1
• The following data apply to a turbojet
flying at an altitude where the ambient
conditions are 0.458 bar and 248 K.
• Speed of the aircraft: 805 km/h
• Compressor pressure ratio: 4:1
• Turbine inlet temperature: 1100 K
• Nozzle outlet area 0.0935 m2
• Heat of reaction of the fuel: 43 MJ/kg
Find the thrust and TSFC assuming cp as
1.005 kJ/kgK and γ as 1.4
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34
Ideal cycle for jet engines
Combustion chamber/burner
Diffuser Compressor Turbine Nozzle

a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Afterburner

Schematic of a turbojet engine and

station numbering scheme
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34
Ideal cycle for jet engines

4
T

5
3
7

2
a

Ideal turbojet cycle (without afterburning)

on a T-s diagram
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 1
• Speed of the aircraft =
805x1000/3600=223.6 m/s
• Mach number = 223.6/√(γRT)
= 223.6/ √(1.4x287x248)
= 0.708
• Intake:
 γ −1 2   1.4 − 1 
T02 = Ta 1 + M  = 2481 + 0.7082  = 272.86 K
 2   2 
γ /( γ −1)
 T02 
P02 = Pa   = 0.458(272.86 / 248)1.4 /(1.4−1) = 0.639 bar
 Ta 
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 1
• Compressor:
P03 = π c P02 = 4 × 0.639 = 2.556 bar
T03 = T02 (π c )
( γ −1) / γ
= 272.86(4) (1.4−1) /1.4 = 405.63 K

• Combustion chamber: From energy balance,

h04 = h03 + fQR
T04 / T03 − 1
or , f =
QR / c pT03 − T04 / T03
1100 / 405.63 − 1
= = 0.017
(43 ×10 / 1005 × 405.63) − 1100 / 405.63
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 1
• Turbine: Since the turbine produces work to
drive the compressor, Wturbine = Wcompressor

m t c p (T04 − T05 ) = m a c p (T03 − T02 )

T05 = T04 − (T03 − T02 ) /(1 + f )
= 1100 − (405.63 − 272.86) /(1 + 0.017) = 969.45 K
γ /( γ −1)
 T05 
Hence, P05 = P04   = 2.556(969.45 / 1100)1.4 /(1.4−1)
 T04 
= 1.642 bar

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 1
• Nozzle: we first check for choking of the
nozzle.
• The nozzle pressure ratio is
P05/Pa=1.642/0.458=3.58
• The critical pressure ratio is
γ /( γ −1) 1.4 /(1.4 −1)
P05  γ + 1  1.4 + 1 
=  =  = 1.893
 2   2 
*
P

• Therefore the nozzle is choking.

• The nozzle exit conditions will be determined
by the critical properties.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 1

 2  2
T7 = T = 
*
T05 = 969.5 = 807.92 K
 γ +1 1.4 + 1
 1  1.642
P7 = P = P05 
*
=
* 
= 0.867
 P04 / P  1.893
ρ 7 = P7 / RT7 = 0.867 × 105 /( 287 × 807.92) = 0.374 kg/m 3
Therefore, u e = γRT7 = 1.4 × 287 × 807.92 = 569.75 m/s
The mass flow rate is, m = ρ 7 A7ue = 19.92 kg/s

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 1

 [(1 + f)u e − u ] + A7 ( P * − Pa )
The thrust developed is ℑ = m
= 19.92[(1 + 0.017)569.75 − 223.6]
+ 0.0935(0.867 − 0.458) × 105
= 10.912 kN
Fuel flow rate, m f = f × m a = 0.017 × 19.92 = 0.3387 kg/s
Therefore, TSFC = m f / ℑ = 3.1× 10 −5 kg/Ns = 0.111 kg/N h

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Problem # 2
• The following data apply to a twin spool turbofan
engine, with the fan driven by the LP turbine and
the compressor by the HP turbine. Separate hot
and cold nozzles are used.
• Overall pressure ratio: 19.0
• Fan pressure ratio: 1.65
• Bypass ratio: 3.0
• Turbine inlet temperature: 1300 K
• Air mass flow: 115 kg/s
• Find the sea level static thrust and TSFC if the
ambient pressure and temperature are 1 bar and
288 K. Heat of reaction of the fuel: 43 MJ/kg
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34
Ideal turbofan engine
2’ 3’ Secondary 7’
Diffuser nozzle

Fan Combustion chamber/burner

Compressor Turbine
Primary nozzle

a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Schematic of an unmixed turbofan

engine and station numbering scheme
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 2
• Since we are required to find the static
thrust, the Mach number is zero.
• Intake:  γ −1 
T02 ' = Ta 1 + M 2  = 288 K
 2 
γ /( γ −1)
 T02 ' 
P02 ' = Pa   = 1 bar
 Ta 
• Fan: Fan pressure ratio is known:π f = P03' / P02'
P03' = π f P02 ' = 1.65 bar
T03' = T02 ' (π f )
( γ −1) / γ
= 288(1.65) (1.4−1) /1.4 = 332.35 K
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 2
• Compressor:
π c = Overall pressure ratio/1.65 = 19 / 1.65 = 11.515
P03 = π c P02 = 11.5151×1.65 = 19.0 bar
T03 = T02 (π c )
( γ −1) / γ
= 332.35 × (11.515) (1.4−1) /1.4 = 668.53 K
• Combustion chamber: From energy balance,
T04 / T03 − 1
f =
QR / c pT03 − T04 / T03
1300 / 668.53 − 1
= = 0.01522
(43 ×10 / 1005 × 668.53) − 1300 / 668.53
6

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 2
• High pressure turbine:

m t c p (T04 − T05' ) = m aH c p (T03 − T02 )

Here, T05' is the temperature at the HPT exit.
∴ T05' = T04 − (T03 − T02 ) /(1 + f )
= 1300 − (668.53 − 332.53) /(1 + 0.01522) = 969.04 K
γ /( γ −1) 1.4 /(1.4 −1)
 T05'   969.04 
Hence, P05' = P04   = 19  = 6.79 bar
 T04   1300 

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 2
• Low pressure turbine:
m t c p (T05' − T05 ) = m aC c p (T03' − T02 ' )
Here, T05' is the temperature at the HPT exit/LPT inlet.
m aC
∴ T05 = T05' − Β(T03' − T02 ' ) /(1 + f ), where, Β =
m aH
= 969.04 − 3 × (332.35 − 288) /(1 + 0.01522) = 837.98 K
γ /( γ −1) 1.4 /(1.4 −1)
 T05   837.98 
And, P05 = P05'   = 6.79  = 4.08 bar
 T05'   969.04 

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 2
• Primary nozzle: we first check for choking of
the nozzle.
• The nozzle pressure ratio is
P05/Pa=4.08/1=4.08 bar
• The critical pressure ratio is
γ /( γ −1) 1.4 /(1.4 −1)
P05  γ + 1  1.4 + 1 
=  =  = 1.893
 2   2 
*
P

• Therefore the nozzle is choking.

• The nozzle exit conditions will be determined
by the critical properties.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 2

 2  2
T7 = T = 
*
T05 = 837.98 = 698.32 K
 γ +1 1.4 + 1
 1  4.08
P7 = P = P05 
*
=
* 
= 2.155 bar
 P05 / P  1.893
Therefore, u e = γRT7 = 1.4 × 287 × 698.32 = 529.7 m/s

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 2
• Secondary nozzle:
• The nozzle pressure ratio is
P03’/Pa=1.65/1=1.65 bar
• The critical pressure ratio is
γ /( γ −1) 1.4 /(1.4 −1)
P05  γ + 1  1.4 + 1 
=  =  = 1.893
 2   2 
*
P

• Therefore the nozzle is not choking.

[
∴ uef = 2c pT03' 1 − (Pa / P03' )
( γ −1) / γ
]
[
= 2 ×1005 × 332.35 1 − (1 / 1.65) (1.4−1) /1.4 = 298.52 ]
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 2
• Thrust,
ℑ = m aH [(1 + f )ue − u ] + Βm aH (uef − u )
assuming ( Pe − Pa ) Ae to be negligible.
m aC / m aH = 3.0, m aH + m aC = 115 kg/s
∴ m aH = 115 / 4 = 28.75 kg/s
ℑ = 28.75[(1 + 0.01522) × 529.7 − 0]
+ 3 × 28.75(298.52 − 0)
= 40.74 kN
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Solution: Problem # 2
• Exercise: calculate the thrust by factoring the
pressure thrust term as well. Hint: you can
calculate the exit area from mass flow, density
and exhaust velocity.

• TSFC,
Fuel flow rate, m f = f × m a = 0.01522 × 28.75 = 0.4376 kg/s
Therefore, TSFC = m f / ℑ = 1.075 × 10 −5 kg/Ns = 0.0388 kg/N h

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Problem # 3
• A helicopter using a turboshaft engine is
flying at 300 km/h at an altitude where the
ambient temperature is 5oC. Determine the
specific power output and thermal
efficiency. The specifications of the engine
are: compressor pressure ratio=9.0,
turbine inlet temperature = 800oC.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Problem # 3
• For a turboshaft engine, there is no nozzle thrust.
• u=300x1000/3600= 83.33 m/s
• Ta=278 K
• Therefore, Mach number
M=83.33/√(1.4x287x278) =0.25
• Intake:
 γ −1 2   1.4 - 1 
T02 = Ta 1 + M  = 2781 + 0.252  = 281.48 K
 2   2 
γ /( γ −1) 1.4 /(1.4 −1)
 T02   281.48 
P02 = Pa   = 0.8  = 0.835 bar
 Ta   278 

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Problem # 3
• Compressor:
P03 = π c P02 = 9.0 × 0.835 = 7.52 bar
T03 = T02 (π c )
( γ −1) / γ
= 281.48 × (9.0) (1.4−1) /1.4 = 527.67 K
Specific work required to drive the compressor,
Wc = c p (T03 − T02 ) = 1.005(527.67 − 281.48) = 247.42 kJ/kg
• Combustor:
T04 / T03 − 1
f =
QR / c pT03 − T04 / T03
1073 / 527.67 − 1
= = 0.013
(43 ×10 / 1005 × 527.67) − 1073 / 527.67
6

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Problem # 3
• Turbine:

P04 P03 P03 P02 0.835

= = = 9× = 9.394
P05 Pa P02 Pa 0.8
( γ −1) / γ
T04  P04 
=   = 9.394(1.4−1) /1.4 = 1.897
T05  P05 
T05 = 565.63K
Work done by the turbine, Wt = (1 + f )c p (T04 − T05 )
= (1 + 0.013) ×1.005 × (1073 − 565.63)
= 516.54 kJ/kg

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Problem # 3

• Specific work output, Wnet =Wt – Wc

=516.54-247.42
=269.12 kJ/kg

• Thermal efficiency: Wnet/Qin

• Qin=cp(T04-T03)= 1.005(1073-527.67)
=548.05 kJ/kg
• Therefore, thermal efficiency =269.12/548.05
=0.49 or 49%

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Exercise Problem # 1
• A turbojet engine inducts 51 kg of air per
second and propels an aircraft with a
uniform flight speed of 912 km/h. The
enthalpy change for the nozzle is 200
kJ/kg. The fuel-air ratio is 0.0119 and the
heating value of the fuel is 42 MJ/kg.
Determine the thermal efficiency, TSFC,
propulsive power.
• Ans: 0.34, 0.1034 kg/Nh, 8012 kW.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Exercise Problem # 2
• A twin spool mixed turbofan engine
operates with an overall pressure ratio of
18. The fan operates with a pressure ratio
is 1.5 and the bypass ratio is 5.0. The
turbine inlet temperature is 1200 K. If the
engine is operating at a Mach number of
0.75 at an altitude where the ambient
temperature and pressure are 240 K and
0.5 bar.
• Determine the thrust and the SFC.
• Ans: 74 kN, 0.027 kg/N h
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-34

Exercise Problem # 3
• An aircraft using a turboprop engine is
flying at 800 km/h at an altitude where the
ambient conditions are 0.567 bar and -
20oC. Compressor pressure ratio is 8.0 and
the turbine inlet temperature is 1100 K.
Assuming that the turboprop does not
generate any nozzle thrust, determine the
specific power output and the thermal
efficiency.
• Ans: 311 kJ/kg, 0.44

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay