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Coagulation-Flocculation processes in water/wastewater treatment: The application of new -1

.generation of chemical reagents

Authors: 1-Nikos Tzoupanos 2-Anastasios Zouboulis

The aim of this paper is to provide an overall description off coagulation-flocculation process and
its applications in water and wastewater treatment. The significance of coagulation-flocculation
in the area off water and wastewater treatment is reviewed and evaluated, emphasizing on the
series of applications employed. Including destabilization of colloids, as well as removal of
pathogen microorganisms. The development of simple pre-polymerized coagulant (e.g.
polyaluminium chloride ), seems no longer to be sufficient enough. The need for more effective
coagulant has lead to the development of new coagulant, via the introduction of various additives
in the structure of pre-polymerized coagulants. Nowadays, the range of additives has expanded,
including organic compounds, such as anionic, cationic or non-ionic polyelectrolytes, leading to
new composite coagulants. The application of the new generation of coagulation reagents
exhibits several advantages, compared to the conventional and simple pre-polymerized
coagulants. The incorporation of various additives, inorganic or organic, results in an increment of
molecular weight and components size, which compensates efficiently the decrease of charge
neutralization capability in the new coagulants. Overall they present better treatment
performance, lower residual metal concentration and wider effective of pH range, which are the
.main advantages of the composite coagulants

The effect of using coagulants and coagulants aid (Porcelanite and Silica Jel) in improving -2
.water efficiency treatment

Author: Arkan Dhari Jalal

Turbidity is one of drinking water problems. Turbid water contain molecules, plankton and
colloids, is dealt with through the addition of coagulation chemicals in a process called
.coagulation-flocculation

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of using types of coagulants aid on the
percentage removal of turbidity and to find the optimum dosage of coagulant (alum) and
coagulant aid. The coagulants used in this study were alum, Porcelanite and Silica Gel which are
used in general company of ceramic and glass factory in Ramadi City as liquid state. The initial
turbidity at 450 NTU was used with floc growth and floc formation was studied for Kaolinite 10
micrometer particle size. In this study used coagulant aid with alum in different percents (0, 50%,
.60%, 75%)
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The results indicated that the efficient coagulant type with dose of 30 mg/l is 4.56 NTU residual
turbidity and removal percentage of 98.98% by using alum with silica, with the percentage of
alum is 60% and 40% of Silica and pH value 7.66

The increasing dosages of coagulants with different percentages have effective influence on
reducing of the final water turbidity, also the increasing in dosages values of the Silica coagulants
increased the value of pH especially if the Silica used alone with 100% percentage, and there are
no more changes in the values of TDS, Ec and Salt after the coagulants (Silica Jel and Porcelanite)
.have been added

Evaluation of Alum/Lime Coagulant for the Removal of Turbidity from Al- Ahdab Iraqi -3
Oilfields

Produced Water

Authors: Basma Abbas Abdul-Majeed

Hussein Basim Oleiwi

The removal of turbidity from produced water by chemical coagulation/flocculation method using

locally available coagulants was investigated. Aluminum sulfate (alum) is selected as a primary

coagulant, while calcium hydroxide (lime) is used as a coagulant aid. The performance of these

/coagulants was studied through jar test by comparing turbidity removal at different coagulant

.coagulants aid ratio, coagulant dose, water pH, and sedimentation time

The best conditions for turbidity removal using jar test process can be o btained at 75% alum+25%

lime coagulant at coagulant dose of 80 mg/l at pH 6 and 120 min for sedimentation time. At these

conditions, the turbidity reading was reduced from 92 to 2.1 NTU.The aluminum sulfate (alum)

combination with coagulant aid (lime) provided higher removal efficiencies of turbidity compared

to coagulation with alum alone. The added alum to water causes the release of hydrogen ions

.which lowers the pH

Optimization of Coagulation-Flocculation Process for Automotive Wastewater Treatment -4

.using Response Surface Methodology

Authors: 1-Abdul Fattah Abu Bakar 2-Azhar Abdul Halim 3-Marlia Moh Hanafiah
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This study was conducted to assess the optimization of the coagulation-flocculation process and
to investigate the interactive effects of experimental factors in automotive wastewater
treatment. Based on the coagulation-flocculation process, an automotive wastewater was treated
using polyaluminium chloride (PAC) as the coagulant and an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) as the
flocculant. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the operating variables:
coagulant dosage, flocculant dosage and pH. In this experiment, 10% concentration PAC solution
was used and 5% anionic PAM/feedstock solution was prepared using distilled water.
The results show that the optimal conditions for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were a
coagulant dosage of 73.3 mg/L, a flocculant dosage of 3.46 mg/L and pH 7.45, while the optimal
conditions for heavy metal (Fe, Cr, Cu) removal were in the coagulant dosage range of 65.26-
170.9 mg/L, a flocculant dosage of 5.36 mg/L and pH 6.13. The experimental data and predict
model proved that response surface methodology (RSM) is a suitable approach for optimizing the
.coagulation-flocculation process in treating automotive wastewater

Coagulation/flocculation process and sludge conditioning in beverage industerial -5

.wastewater treatment

Authors: 1-O.S. Amuda 2-I.A. Amoo

Attempts were made in this study to examine the effectiveness of coagulation and flocculation
process using ferric chloride and polyelectrolyte (non-ionic polyacrylamide) for the treatment of
beverage industrial wastewater. The optimum conditions for coagulation/flocculation process,
such as coagulant dosage, polyelectrolyte dosage and pH of solution were investigated using jar-
.test experiment

Coagulation/flocculation process was conducted for the treatment of beverage industrial

wastewater to acheive maximum removal of COD (chemical oxygen demand), TP (total
phosphorus) and TSS (total suspended solid). Coagulant dose, polyelectrolyte dose, pH of solution
and addition of polyelectrolyte as coagulant aid were investigated and found to be important
.parameters for effective treatment of beverage industrial wastewater

The results of the present work indicated that the addition of 25 mg/L polyelectrolyte reduced the
dose of ferric chloride from 300 to 100 mg/L during which 99.97 and 91% of TP, TSS and COD
.removal were, respectively, achieved
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