CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

In the modern world, time is seen as an indefinitely divisible and usable

commodity. It helps to infuse the concept of time through the institution. All

the material and human resources possessed by organizations can be

enhanced in the course of time or be transformed as time goes on; yet the

only asset that cannot be changed or purchased or stored is time itself. The

secret to achieving success in life is effectively managing this resource that

everyone possesses equally and paying sufficient emphasis to planning

(Macan, Shahani, Dipboye & Phillips, 2000).

The perceived poor service delivery in the public service of Nigeria, due

to poor time management, has provoked a series of studies geared towards

ameliorating the ugly situation, which some scholars have attributed to the

common challenges of the Nigerian federation (Igbokwe-Ibeto and Egbon,

2012). It appears that in spite of efforts of previous administrations to

transform the civil service, majority of the public servants spend their limited

time attending to unproductive services, hence little or nothing have changed

in the Nigeria public sector in terms of service delivery.

According to Tin Valeriano (2016), Filipino define time being minutes to

hours late compared to the exact time. Many factors are attributed to being

late in the Philippines. The number one perennial problem traffic. In this

lifetime, bout thousands of people may have reasoned out traffic as an

excuse for being late as it has always been an everyday dilemma for both
commuters and car owners. However, it’s still not an acceptable reason

because one can always estimate the travel time and leave earlier than

usual. But then again, there may still be other factors to consider such as

vehicular accidents or emergencies. Aside from being late because of traffic,

some people choose to be late. And that’s called “fashionably late.” It is not

an acceptable reason if it is for an appointment, but it’s somehow acceptable

to events such as parties. Being late is not a nice trait. And it’s even sadder

that it’s being named “Filipino time” even if people from other countries are

late just like everybody else. But instead of conforming to the “Filipino time,”

The Dean of nursing may continue of focus on developing the capability

of the nursing students of St. John Paul II college of Davao regarding their

time management and academic performance. The clinical instructor may

continue to guide the students in their academic performance and guide the

students to use their time in studying. The student may continue to pursue

how to improve their academic performance within their selves (Torres,

2000).

Though effective and efficient use of time varies with respect to the tasks

performed, the further increase in the level of knowledge and skills expected

from modern employees has further increased the necessity of time planning.

The road to success in social life passes through effective and efficient

working which is only possible via time management. The competitive

environment we live in today encourages people from as early as their

elementary education to plan and manage time effectively. The high

performance required by competitive conditions forces organizations and

directors to use time effectively and stipulates the search to control time (Alay

& Kocak, 2003).

Time management is the process of applying skills and techniques to

save time, study efficient, set aims and reach study-goals effectively.

Students that apply study time management will be able to beat

procrastination and focus their full attention on their studies, which will finally

allow them to spend more time with leisure activities. Applying proper time

management strategies can help you to save time and stress; plus: it will

enable you to spend more time on your hobbies and spare-time activities.

Furthermore, it will help you to empower your study efforts as you will be able

to spend more time on important subjects (Mueller, 2017).

The time management can be defined as activities or tools which allow

you to effectively manage your time. When you practice good time

management, your productivity will increase, and if you are the owner of a

business, it is likely that your business will experience larger profits. Today,

time management has been broken down into a number of categories, but

they all basically sick to achieve the same objectives. When you hear most

people talks about time management, they are generally referring to it on a

personal level (Exforsys, 2006).

Generally, time management refers to the development of processes and

tools that increase efficiency and productivity - a desirable thing in business

because good time management supposedly improves the bottom line. Good

time management also supposedly improves our work-life balance and

therefore, our general happiness. Schooling became as much (or more)

about preparing students to become good factory workers with the right

habits. Punctuality and productivity became the overarching goals (Ward,

2018).

Time management plays a vital role in improving student’s academic

performance and achievements. Each and every student should have time

management ability which includes setting goals & priorities, using time

management mechanism and being organized in using time. Here time

management is only possible through self-motivation; performance, ability

and motivation (Brigitte, Claessens, Eerde, & Rutte, 2005). These are the few

activities performed by today’s university students, which act as a barrier

between them and their academic performance. Due to miss management of

time they gap behind. This study will help to analyze the positive or negative

impact of time management on academic performance of students. It will also

help to make some decision about changes we would like to make to use our

time more effectively (Noftle, Robins & Richard, 2007). There is no one right

way to manage our time; however; it is important to get to know our self, so

we can make good decisions about how to use our time. Likewise, in the

process of providing educational services this issue has been a subject of

interest discussed and emphasized in several platforms and an attempt has

been initiated to assess and analyze time and the time management attitudes

and behaviors of students in educational institutes (Denlinger, 2009).

The respondents of this study are the Senior High School students

enrolled at Northlink Technological College (NTC). This study is very

significant to the following persons. First the students, they can be able to
benefit this study because they will become aware if they don’t manage their

time properly. The findings of this study will encourage the students to

manage their time properly, then the parents and teachers will guide the

students/child to achieve their responsibility of being a student/child. The

future researcher, this study will serve as a basis for the future researcher in

creating another theory that would help to determine the impact of the time

management to the students.

Review of Related Literature

Time management is important for students to do the study with focus.

Student’s success in studies depends much on managing time efficiently. The

habits and morals they acquire during school time and home will stick with

them throughout future. Time management shapes the student’s mind into

the direction of discipline and sense of duty. Discipline is extremely important

especially in school life to become better students. Time management is a

skill that enables students to use their time productively and efficiently.

Students have to utilize their 24 hours to become best students and experts

in the subject. The focus of learning time management skills is just to develop

the habits of spending time wisely (Kumar, 2016).

Time management is a skill that every student should not only know, but

also apply. A lot of university students complain about running out of time

when asked to do a certain task, they get frustrated because they are not

able to make it before the deadline. Time management is extremely

important, especially when it comes to university students because it will

boost their grades and enhance their productivity (Laurie & Hellsten, 2002).

However, most of the time students face problems like task aversion and

uncertainty, so they start to procrastinate because they lack organizational

skills. As a result, students will not be able to organize duties according to

their priorities, so they get distracted easily, ending up procrastinating. As we

can see, time management is quite essential to any university student, and it
is one of the keys to higher academic achievements (Kelly, 2004)

The relevant literature suggested that students should start to acquire

time management senses on their own in their primary school years by

reading materials on the issue or via the framework of psychological

counseling and guidance studies applied in schools and adopt effective time

management attitudes and techniques to determine how and where they

spend their time (Lisa & Robert, 2008).

The related literature showed that the time management attitude and skill

levels of university students and the effects of these skills on their academic

achievement. The research revealed that a majority student possesses

moderate level time management skills and only a significantly small portion

has high level time management skills (Yilmaz, Yoncalik & Bektas, 2006).

Time management practices show the way not only to a high level of

academic performance, but to good physical condition and lower levels of

stress. The foremost purpose of the present study was educational

competency, using time managing techniques, test pressure, and test

proficiency (Faisal, Miqdadi, Abdulla & Mohammad, 2014).

Time management demands a key shift in emphasis: concentrate on

results, not on being busy. There are a lot of cases with people who waste

their lives in discolored doings and attain very small since they are placing

their labors into the incorrect responsibilities or weakening to focus their

activity successfully, established that two-time management workings directly

affect the collective academic achievements (Mercanlioglu, 2010).

 It is mostly because inefficiency in time management. According to

Campbell and Svenson (1992), time management refers to the way students

manage their time in order to have better academic performance which in

invaluable for academic success. Thu, it is important for students to know the

first step of time management i.e . Giving priority to the important matters,

and should remain focused on issues essential for success. In line with these

notion, gloe (1999) argued that the techniques of time management are the

best ways to manage course materials succesfully. These includes group

discussion, exchanging ideas and sharing views on key points, which

ultimately help students to perform better in the examination leads to superior

academic performance. Other researcher has described time management

as the way by which an individual more efficiently accomplishes tasks and

goals; having balance, flexibility, and control over time; setting priorities and

scheduling tasks. Recently, Kaushar(2013) found that time management

plays a vital role in student’s academic performance. The researcher also

argued lack of time management skills act as the barrier to better academic

performance.

According to Sansgiry, Kawatkar, Dutta, and Bhosle (2004), the basic

time management skills begin with prioritizing, placing more emphasis on

important tasks, being able to say ‘no’ to less important issue, and being able

to stop and start immediately specific activities at pre-set schedules. They

have also argued that implementing such strategy related to time

management, one must engage in a “to do” list and need discipline to stay

focused eith the list of order to have better management of one’s available

time. Other important issues related to time management which includes

developing effective study habits, critically analyzing problems and

assignments, knowing one’s peak hour of concentration, learning effective

memorization techniques, thinking aloud and most importantly, avoid

procrastination.

Britton and tesser (1991) tested their hypothesis that grade point

averages could be predicted by time management practices. They had ninety

students in georgia answer a 35-question time management survey and

submit their SAT scores. They found that two-time management components

directly affect the cumulative GPA; planning including utilizing short and long

term goals-and time attitudes, or, the perception of how their time needs to be

spent. Learners that practiced both planning and positive time attitudes found

that they had much more time to complete their time was spent therefor

knowing when they had to say “now” to activities. It was also found that the

students who reported using goal oriented time management had a higher

overo\all GPA. This seems to indicate that time management practices do

have an influence on college academic achievement, but that’s not all they

affect.

McCay (1959) developed a concept for a time-management training

program, which is still being used. Critical elements are: giving insight into

time-consuming activities, changing time expenditure, and increasing

workday efficiency by teaching people how to make a daily planning, how to

priorities tasks, and how to handle unexpected tasks. Many books and

articles were written to convey these and similar ideas to managers,

promising them a greater effectiveness while using less time (e.g. Blanchard

and Johnson, 1982). Over the years the focus of time management
publications and training courses has shifted from managers as the major

target group to a broad audience of working people.

The interest in time management is by no means new. The problem of

how to manage time was already discussed in the 1950s and 1960s, and

several authors proposed methods on how to handle time issues on the job

(e.g. Drucker, 1967; Lakein, 1973; Mackenzie, 1972; McCay, 1959). They

suggested simple remedies such as writing work plans down on paper (so-

called “to-do lists”) in order to increase job performance. At the same time,

some authors (e.g. Drucker, 1967) recognized that planning tasks and

activities does not always lead to the completion of planned work, especially

when time pressure is high.

Some point in their lives most people have experienced what

happens when time management is not utilized. Whether it’s feeling of stress

from impending deadlines or loss of sleep from cramming in work during all-

nighters, improper management of time can be detrimental on health, as well

as productivity. When working on an important task, against a deadline, or

planning out daily responsibilities, it is important to manage can help tasks

seem less daunting, more organized, and to be finished in a timely and more

productive manner (Marie,2001)

To calculate the cumulative time spent working during work a week,

these objects were also added. Time management practices have been

proven to be some of the top indicators toward achieving a high level of

academic success and performance. They not only influences on the

achievement but using time management techniques also serve only one
reason meaning that there are multipurpose fulfilled by time management

(Fazal, 2012). Taking part in proceedings and being engaged in other outside

class activities, not inevitably a job, but being energetic in institution also has

a strong correlation to reaching high academic achievements. Various studies

showed that time management practices serve for many purposes not only

for challenging performance of the students. Time management practices

show the way not only to a high level of academic performance, but to good

physical condition and lower levels of stress. The foremost purpose of the

present study was educational competency, using time managing techniques,

test pressure, proficiency (Faisal, Miqdadi, Abdulla & Mohammad, 2014)

Statement of the Research Problem

The main focus of this research is to determine the student time management

More specifically, it is directed towards questions

1.How students manage their time?

2.What are the reasons why it is hard for them to manage their time?

3.How time management affect the academic performance of those

students?
Theoretical Framework

This study is based on Olubor and Osunde (2007), anchored on the

pickle jar theory which is the latest theory of time management taught in

leadership course. Jeremy Wright developed the theory after his series of

studies. The pickle jar theory states that activities and responsibilities of

people need be balanced using effective time management system. Time is

approximately allocated for everything and things fit well where they are

expected to fit. This theory is predicated on the fact that individuals have

many large priorities in lives such as studies, workload, leisure, family

responsibilities, sleep and rest, according to the theory none of these tests is

bad, but what is important is efficient management in the midst of time

constraints in order to enhance performance in various areas of life.

 CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY

The study is conducted at Northlink Technological College Home

Economics (H.E) students to determine the effects of time management.
Researchers applied the Descriptive Method with the use of Qualitative
approach, since the study is qualitative, narrative and descriptive type of
study

Local and subjects of the study

The study was conducted and gathered at Northlink Technological
College located at New Pandan, Panabo City
Researchers choose five (5) Home Economics who applied Time
management.The participants are enough to provide the information needed
for this study.

Research Information and Technique

Interview in qualitative research is a conversation where question are
asked to elicit information.
The researchers used non-random sampling as a technique.

Data Procedure
The gathered data undergone through the process of Qualitative data
Analysis (QDA) refers to the process that are used to analyze the data and
provide some level or explanation, understanding or interpretation. Qualitative
Data Analysis typically occurs simultaneously with the data collection.

Ethical Consideration
During the gathering of data, participants were in voluntary where they
have the rights to withdraw their participation to the study anytime they want
Also, researchers served the privacy and anonymity of the subjects used in
the interview.
 Transcription of Interviews

Q1.How students manage their time?

 Participants Answer
1. Shiela Ramirez I manage my time by doing kind of

stuff like ahh, I was about to write..

write those things that I must do in

my house just like hmm.. working on

my room like cleaning and then I can

do manage my time by doing those

ayy but not doing those kind of

nonsense thing. I was doing it for the

better of my daily life.

2. Joan Manggob Ano pag pag… nasa eskwela

kailangan ano kanang kanang sa

imong pag study kailanan naa jud

kay time pati sa family nimo

kailangan huh!.
3. Roselyn Cadungon I don’t manage my time

4. Angelene Jinayon Kuan kanang actually kanang wala

jud nako na manage akong time kay

uhh I have a lot of time to spend

uhmm para sa Internet Cafe para

makapag dula og online games and

then wala nakay ko ga atiman sa

akong studies para mag review since

dali raman ko maka catch up once na

mabasa nako kanang, mabasa nako

ang kanang I quiz kinaugmaan or

what so ever ana lang.

5. Kym Jhon Bhier Tenio Kuan kanang mag kuan ko mag

hatag kog kanang ayy… mag kuan

ko mag set a side ko sa akong self

mag kanang magbutang kog

Q2.What are the reasons why it is hard for them to manage their time?

Participants Answer

1. Sheila Ramirez Ahh.. sometimes its very hard

manage my time ahh when it comes
to have a lot of excuses just like
reading wattpads those nonsense
stuffs must do and doing an internet
stuffs then and those important
matters cant do that easily because I
was doing those nonsense things.

2. Joan Manggob Kay naa puy uban na ano ba kanang

unsa to usaba pa gud…..naa puy
kanang usahay man gud mag lisod
ka I manage imong time kay busy ka
tungod ana tapos naa puy uban nga
kanang malibog ka kung unsa imong
unahon buhaton ingana.

3. Roselyn Cadungon Because kining madani ko sa selpon.

Ana lang.

4. Angelene Jinayon Kuan kanang murag nahumaling man

gud ko sa online games ahhm… like
ROS ahh… Rules of survival kanang
kanang mostly man gud dira jud nako
gina spend kanang daghan akong
oras wala koy labot kong unsay effect
ana sa akoa sa akong balay o natigs
bako or wala as long as maka
chicken dinner lang hahaha….

5. Kym Jhon Bhier Tenio Para ma kuan para ma… ma…

control nato ang atong oras para dili
masayang kung unsa tong mga
bulahaton.

3.How time management affect the academic performance of those

students?

Participants Answer

1. Sheila Ramirez I manage it is very important because

 you can do easy as what is the best
thing to do first because time
management is one of the reason
why other student is successful right
now because they’re doing good job
by without wasting their time for
nonsense…. nonsense things.

2. Joan Manggob Tungod saano tungod sa…. sa

trabaho sa balay kay busy lagi dili
nimo ma ma imong ma manage
imong time sa pag skwela.

3. Roselyn Cadungon Kanang giatay uy na kulbaan lagi ko

nang ayaw nalan wa koy answer…
wala kuy ma answer na kulbaan ko
hahaha mao ta pud ninyug kuan uy
ok sige maka apekto siya… mag
tarong nako wala man gud koy
maanswer bhai English man gud
bisayaa daw… unsay epekto sa time
management kuan mana kuan gi atay
mani uy… mapadali ma’ammapadali.

4. Angelene Jinayon Kanang actually kanang na

apektuhan man pud akong study
pero dili dili ato ka lala kanang for
example kanang naay kanang na’ay
kanang project unya pagkahuman
ang deadline kay kinaugmahan na
tapos wala pa nako nabuhat kay
kanang lagi, lagi pagkagabie nagdula
kog ano online games tapos pag
kanang naa najud ang exact nga
deadline kay dira rako magkara-kara
mao na magkakuan kog kanang ma
ka conflict kog an when it comes to
time management.

5. Kym Jhon Bhier Tenio Kuan unsaon unsay epekto ana sa

atong time management its a
kanang.. kanang makatabang siya
makatabang siya maka epekto siya
sa kanang, kanang mas madali pa
ang paghimo kuntahay sa mga report
sa mga mga project mas ma early
ang ma early ang pagpasa sa kanang
 unsay mga schedule.

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