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Among the identified heavy metals of major public concern is Pb(II), because of its

extensive use resulting to prevalent environmental contamination and public health problems
around the world. In a study by the (IHME) in 2017, it was estimated that Pb(II) exposure
accounted for 1.06 million deaths and 24.4 million years of healthy life lost due to long-term
health effects worldwide. Pb(II) is said to affect the bone narrows and induce neurological
deficit on humans. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one of the primary
routes of Pb(II) in drinking water is through distribution pipelines that carry water in homes and
plumbing within homes. Water with high acidity or low mineral content that corrodes Pb(II)
content in pipe coatings and fixtures (Oram, 2019).

1. World Health Organization (2019). Lead Poisoning and Health. Retrieved from World
Health Organization: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/
lead-poisoning-and-health
2. World Health Organization (2019). International lead poisoning prevention week of
action. Retrieved June 2020, from World Health Organization:
https://www.who.int/ipcs/lead_campaign/objectives/en/
3. Oram, B. (2019). Lead In Drinking Water - Is There Lead In My City Drinking Water ?
Retrieved June 2020, from Water Research Center: https://water-
research.net/index.php/lead

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