THE INVERSION

( ÑAÛO NGÖÕ GIÖÕA CHUÛ TÖØ VAØ ÑOÄNG TÖØ )

Ngöôøi Anh thöôøng ñaûo ngöõ caâu ñeå nhaán maïnh. Coù nhieàu caùch ñaûo ngöõ khaùc nhau.
I. Ñaûo ngöõ traïng töø chæ nôi choán hoaëc phöông höôùng.
Traïng töø chæ nôi choán goàm coù HERE vaø THERE, vaø nhoùm chöõ giôùi töø chæ nôi choán.
Ta ñaët trang töø ( hoaëc nhoùm chöõ chæ nôi choán ) ñöùng ñaàu caâu, ñoäng töø ñi tröôùc chuû töø, vaø
khoâng duøng TRÔÏ ÑOÄNG TÖØ ñeå ñaûo.
Thí duï : - The bus comes here --> Here comes the bus.
- A frog sat on the grass. --> On the grass sat a frog.
- Thirteen candles are on the birthday cake  On the birthday cake are thirteen candles.

II. Ñaûo ngöõ caâu ñieàu kieän.

1. CAÂU ÑIEÀU KIEÄN LOAÏI 1.
Ta boû IF vaø ñaët SHOULD ñaàu caâu.
Thí duï : - If you have difficulty finding a job, ask him for help.
--> Should you have difficulty finding a job, ask him for help.
2. CAÂU ÑIEÀU KIEÄN LOAÏI 2. : Coù 2 tröôøng hôïp :
a. Caâu ñieàu kieän vôùi WERE.
Ta boû IF, ñaët WERE ñuùng ñaàu caâu.
Thí duï : - If I were you, I would take the job.
--> Were I you, I would take the job.
b. Caâu ñieàu kieän vôùi caùc ñoäng töø khaùc.
Ta boû IF, ñaët WERE ñöùng ñaàu caâu, ñoäng töø ôû meänh ñeà Ifù traû veà daïng "to infinitive"
Thí duï : - If you worked for him, you would have the opportunity to promote.
--> Were you to work for him, you would have the opportunity to promote.
3. CAÂU ÑIEÀU KIEÄN LOAÏI 3.
Ta boû IF vaø ñöa HAD ra ñöùng ñaàu caâu.
Thí duï : - If he had got up early, he would have caught the first train.
 Had he got up early, he would have caught the first train.

III. Ñaûo ngöõ meänh ñeà traïng töø chæ keát quaû: so…that, such…that
* Với so…that
Ta ñaët So + Adj ra ñöùng ñaàu caâu roài ñeán"to be" hoaëc trôï ñoäng töø tröôùc chuû töø.
Thí duï : - He is so lazy that he always gets bad marks.
--> So lazy is he that he always gets bad marks.
- She looks so fat that everyone laughs at her.
--> So fat does she look that everyone laughs at her.
- She bought so many things that she couldn't bring all of them home.
--> So many things did she buy that she couldn't bring all of them home.
* Với such...that:
- Such a clever boy is he that he can do this exercise easily.

IV. Ñaûo ngöõ vôùi caùc traïng töø phuû ñònh vaø baùn phuû ñònh.
- Caùc traïng töø phuû ñònh goàm coù : Never, No longer, Not only, Nowhere, At no time.
Under no circumstance, Not, No, In no way, On no account
- Caùc traïng töø baùn phuû ñònh goàm coù : Seldom, Rarely, Scarcely, Little, Hardly.
Ñeå ñaûo ngöõ, ta ñaët "to be" hoaëc trôï ñoäng töø tröôùc chuû töø.
Thí duï : - I have never seen such a best film before.
--> Never have I seen such a best film before.
- She is not only intelligent but she is also hard-working.
--> Not only is she intelligent but she is also hard-working.
- He hardly thinks of going abroad.
--> Hardly does he think of going abroad.
 - We seldom go to school on Sundays.
--> Seldom do we go to school on Sundays.
V. Ñaûo ngöõ vôùi traïng töø ONLY.
Ñeå ñaûo ngöõ, ta phaûi ñem nhoùm chöõ baét ñaàu baèng ONLY ra ñaàu caâu, sau ñoù môùi ñaûo ngöõ.
Thí duï : - That man works only for the love of money.
--> Only for the love of money does that man work.
- You can only become a good athlete by practicing every day.
--> Only by practicing every day can you become a good athlete.
- This tree has flowers only once a year.
--> Only once a years does this tree have flowers.
VI. Ñaûo ngöõ vôùi NOT UNTIL.
Ta ñem NOT UNTIL ra ñaàu caâu vaø ñaûo ngöõ gioáùng nhö ONLY.
Thí duï : - Mary didn't begin to read until she was 8.
--> Not until she was 8 did Mary begin to read.
- I didn't recognize him until he came into the light.
--> Not umtil he came into the light did I recognize him.
CHUÙ YÙ :
* Ta coù theå duøng caáu truùc nhaán maïnh " It was . . . that " vôùi caùc thí duï treân.
- It was not until she was 8 that Mary began to read. ( khoâng ñaûo ngöõ, nghia như nhau )
* NOT UNTIL vaø ONLY WHEN coù theå thay theá cho nhau.
Thí duï : - He didn't know about the truth until he grew up.
--> Only when he grew up did he know about the truth.
VI. Ñaûo ngöõ vôùi :
- NO SOONER. . . . . . . THAN ) Vöøa môùi. . . .
- HARDLY. . . . . . . . . WHEN ) . . . thì
- SCARCELY. . . . . . . WHEN )
Thí duï : - I had no sooner arrived home than it began to rain.
--> No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
- He had hardly begun the trip when he fell ill.
--> Hardly had he begun the trip when he fell ill.
- She had scarcely put the phone down when her boss rang back.
---> Scarcely had she put the phone down when her boss rang back

E X E R C I S E ON I N V E R S I O N
I. Choïn moät töø / nhoùm töø thích hôïp cho moãi choã troáng ñeå hoaøn thaønh nhöõng caâu sau.
1. ____________________________, you would have succeeded in your business.
A. If you listened to my advice B. Were you to listen to my advice
C. Had you listened to my advice D. As long as you listened to my advice
2. She doesn’t like classical music and _______________________________.
A. I don’t, too B. I don’t, either C. neither do I D. B and C are correct
3. Little ______________ what he has caused to others.
A. does he know B. he knows C. he can know D. he will know
4. __________ had he entered the office than he realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. Hardly B. Scarcely C. No sooner D. Not only
5. ____________ a week goes by without some road accidents.
A. Hardly B. Seldom C. Never D. Infrequently
II. Tìm loãi sai ôû nhöõng töø / cuïm töø gaïch chaân ñöôïc ñaùnh daáu A, B, C vaø D.
6. We cannot clean up all the polluted seas and rivers. Nor we can stop the disappearance of plants
A B C D
and animals.
7. Hardly had he entered the office when he realized that he forgot his wallet.
A B C D
8. It was not until he was 30 did he get married , had a job and lived independently of his parents.
A B C D
 9. Never before has so many people in the U.S been interested in soccer.
A B C D
10. Not only did he spend all his money but also he borrowed some from me
A B C D
III. Choïn caâu vieát laïi coù nghóa töông ñöông.
11. I write to her almost every day.
A. Not a day goes by unless my writing to her.
B. Hardly does a day go by without my writing to her.
C. No day go by without my writing to her.
D. Almost every day goes by without my writing for her.
12. The noise next door didn’t stop until midnight.
A. It was not until midnight that the noise next door stopped.
B. Not until midnight did the noise next door stopped.
C. Only when midnight did the noise next door stopped.
D. Hardly did the noise next door stopped when it was midnight.
13. He started computer programming as soon as he left school.
A. No sooner had he started computer programming than he left school.
B. Hardly had he started computer programming when he left school.
C. No sooner had he left school than he started computer programming.
D. After he left school, he had started computer programming.
14. He spent all his money. He even borrowed some from me.
A. As soon as he borrowed some money from me, he spent it all.
B. Hardly had he borrowed some money from me when he spent it all.
C. Not only did he spent all his money but also he borrowed some from me.
D. Not only did he spend all his money but he borrowed some from me as well.
15. She only felt relaxed after a few months working for him.
A. She used to feel relaxed working for him a few months.
B. A few months ago, she didn’t find it relaxed working for him.
C. Only after a few months working for him did she feel relaxed.
D. It was not until a few months working for him did she feel relaxed.
16. Right after his appointment to the post, he fell ill.
A. No sooner did he appointed to the post than he fell ill.
B. No sooner had he appointed to the post than he fell ill.
C. Hardly had he appointed to the post when he fell ill.
D. Hardly had he been appointed to the post when he fell ill.
17. Just after solving one problem, I was faced with another.
A. Scarcely had I solved one problem when I was faced with another.
B. Hardly had I solved one problem when I was faced with another.
C. No sooner had I solved one problem than I was faced with another.
D. All are correct.
18. A country cannot be prosperous if it is not quite independent.
A. Unless a country is quite independent, it can be prosperous.
B. Without complete independence, a country can be prosperous.
C. Only when a country is quite independent can it be prosperous.
D. It is not until a country is quite independent can it be prosperous.
19. I only recognized him when he came into the light.
A. Only when I recognized him, he came into the light.
B. It wasn’t until he came into the light that I recognized him
C. Not until he came into the light I did recognize him
D. I did not recognize him even when he came into the light.
20. We couldn’t relax until all the guests had left.
A. Not until all the guests had left could we relax.
B. It wasn’t until all the guests had left that we could relax.
C. It wasn’t until all the guests had left could we relax.
 D. A and B are correct
21. The phone stopped ringing the moment I got downstairs.
A. No sooner had the phone stopped ringing than I got downstairs.
B. After the phone had stopped ringing, I got downstairs.
C. Hardly had the phone stopped ringing when I got downstairs.
D. No sooner had I got downstairs than the phone stopped ringing.
22. The light failed the moment they began work.
A. But for the light failed, they would have begun work.
B. Hardly did they begin work when the light failed.
C. Hardly had they begun work when the light failed.
D. As soon as the light failed, they began work.
23. She didn’t shed a tear as the play ended in tragedy.
A. The tragedy play wasn’t good for her to shed tear.
B. Without her tear, the play didn’t end tragically.
C. So tragic was the play that she didn’t shed a tear.
D. Not a tear did she shed when the play ended in tragedy.
IV. Choïn phöông aùn ñuùng ( A, B, C, hoaëc D ) ñeå hoaøn thaønh moãi caâu sau.
24. It was not until she had arrived home ___________________ her appointment with the doctor.
A. when she remembered B. that she remembered C. and she remembered D. did she remember
25. Canada does not require that U.S citizens obtain passports to enter the country, and _________.
A. Mexico doesn’t, too B. so does Mexico C. Mexico doesn’t, either D. neither is Mexico
26. ____________________, he would have been able to pass the exam.
A. If he studied harder last year B. Provided he studied hard last year
C. Studying harder last year D. Had he studied harder last year
27. ___________________ will Mr. Dennis be able to regain control of the company.
A. With hard work B. Despite his hard work C. Only if he works hardly D. Only by working hard
28. __________ had I arrived home than it began to rain.
A. No sooner B. Hardly C. Scarcely D. Rarely
29. My father paid my fees. _______________that, I wouldn’t be here now.
A. If there were not B. But for C. Had it not been for D. B and C are correct
30. Only after food has been dried or canned ________________________________.
A. it should be stored for future use. B. that it should be stored for future use.
C. should it be stored for future use. D. should it store for future use.

V: Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi.

1. Her grief was so great that she almost fainted.
–> So………………………………………….
2. He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk.
–> No sooner……………………………………………………..
3. She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her.
–> Hardly……………………………………………………………..
4. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later.
–> Only when……………………………………………………
5. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs John.
–> Nowhere…………………………………………..
6.–> The outcome of the election was never in doubt.
–> At no time…………………………………….
7. He forgot about the gun until he got home.
–> Not until………………………………
8. The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard everyday.
–> Only by…………………………………………………………