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1. An element crystallizes into a structure which may be described by a cubic-type unit cell having one atom on
each corner of the cube and two atoms on one of its diagonals . If the volume of this unit cell is 24 × 10–24 cm3
and density of the element is 7.2 g/cm3. Calculate the number of atom present in 200 g of element.
Z M
Sol. We known
V N
1
Number of atom per unit cell (Z) 8 1 2 3
s
8
sse
Density of the element () = 7.2 gm/cm3
Mass of the element (M) = 200 g
la
Volume of unit cell (V) = 24 × 10–24 cm3
yC
3 200
7.2
24 1024 N
or, N = 3.472 × 1024 atoms
3.472 × 1024 atoms are present in 200 g of element. str
mi
2. What are interstitials in a crystal ?
Sol. In spite of most efficient packing of particles a close-packed structure always possesses some sites which are not
he
Sol. Some polar crystals produce electric current on heating and such electicity is called pyro electricity.
4. What are the types of lattice imperfections found in crystals.
R
Sol. Any deviation from the perfectly pediodic and ordered arrangement of constituent particles in a crystal is called
imperfections / defects in the crystal.
SI
SU
3
as a = 400 pm, r r 400 346.41 pm
2
Interionic distance in CsCl is 346.41 pm.
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CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE
6. A solid AB has NaCl structure. If the radius of action A+ is 120 pm, calculate the maximum possible value of
radius of the anion B¯ .
Sol. AB has NaCl structure
r radius of cation
r
so, 0.414 0.732
r
r radius of anion
r
To have the maximum possible value of radius of anion, 0.414
r
s
or, 0.414
sse
r
or, r– = 289.85 pm.
la
7. What are the coordination numbers of each of the ions present in the cubic close packed structure of CaF2 at
ordinary temperature and pressure?
yC
Sol. In the cubic close-packed strucutre (CCP) of CaF2 at ordinary temperature and pressure, the coordination number
of Ca+2 = 8 and coordination number of F– = 4.
8. Although pure silicon is an insulator, then how does it behave as a semi-conductor on heating.
str
Sol. In case of Silicon (Si) the bond gap (gap between valence bond and conduction bond) is comparatively as insulator.
But with increase in temperature there occurs an increase in the vibration of the constituent atoms and the e –-s
mi
from the valence bond can be readily promoted tothe conduction bond. The system becomes conducting.
9. A compound AB crystallises in bcc lattice with unit cell edge length of 380 pm. Calculate :
he
(i) The distance between the oppositely charged ion in the lattice.
(ii) radius of A+ if radius of B¯ is 175 pm
-C
or, 2 r r 3a (a = edge length of unit cell)
R
SI
3a
or, r r
2
O
3
as, a = 380 pm, r r 380 329.09 pm
PT
2
(ii) r+ = 329.04 – r– = (329.09 – 175) pm
DI
Sol. Radius of cation rA 95 pm
Radius of anion rX 181 pm
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CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE
r 95
A 0.525
r 181
X
s
sse
high P
NaCl CsCl type structure.
6 : 6 8 : 8
la
14. What is the effect of temperature and pressure on crystal structure of NaCl and CsCl ?
Sol. (i) Effect of temperature on CsCl.
yC
On increase in temperature of CsCl, the coordination number decreases from 8 : 8 to 6 : 6 and it will acquire
NaCl type structure.
CsCl NaCl type structure.
8 : 8 6 : 6 str
mi
(ii) Effect of pressure on NaCl.
See answer of Q. no. 14.
he
15. Structure of CsBr is same as of CsCl . Sketch the unit cell of CsBr showing the position of Cs+ ions and Br¯
ions. Find out the total number of Cs+ and Br¯
-C
17. KF has NaCl structure . If the distance between K+ and F¯ is 269 pm , find the density of KF.
Sol. KF has NaCl structure i.e., fcc arrangment.
O
density () = ?
or, 2r = 269
or, 4r = 2 × 269
4r 2 269
as we know edge length of unit cell of fcc (a) = 380.42 pm
2 2
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CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE
Z M 4 58.09
g/cm3
380.42 10
3 10 3
a NA 6.023 10 23
= 7.008 g/cm3
18. The density of chromium metal is 7.2 g cm–3. If the unit cell is cubic with edge length of 289 pm,
determine the type of unit cell (simple , body centred or face centred)
Sol. Density of chromium metal () = 7.2 g cm–3
Molecular mass of metal (M) = 51.99
Edge length of the unit cell (a) = 289 pm
s
3
Z M a3 NA 7.2 2.89 108 6.022 1023
sse
, a, Z 2.01 ~ 2
a3 NA M 51.99
Unit cell is bcc type.
la
19. On heating crystals of KCl in potassium vapours, the crystals start exhibiting a violet colour. Why ?
yC
Sol. When KCl heated in presence of K-vapour, K– atoms are deposited at the surface of cyrstal. Cl– ions diffuse to the
surface combine with the newly generated K+ (by loosing 1 e–) at the surface. These releases e–-s diffuse into the
crystal, occupy anionic vacancies. They absorb energy from light, get excited and this excitationof e– s imparts
20.
violet colour of the crystal.
What are the properties of : str
mi
(i) Ferro magnetics and
(ii) Ferroelectrics ?
he
(a) Below curie temperature these substances are polar, posses spontaneous polarization or electric dipole.
(b) A permanent allignement of the dipoles is always there even in the absence of the electric field.
O
(c) Polarity can be reversed fully or partly application of an electric field. e.g. Pottasium hydrogen phosphate
PT
(KH2PO4)
21. An element crystallises in bcc structure . The edge length of its unit cell is 288 pm . If the density of the
crystals is 7.2 g cm–3, what is the atomic mass of the element ?
DI
as M = 51.79 g mol–1.
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CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE
22. Define anti-fluorite structure or Mention a compound which shows antifluorite structure.
Sol. Autifluorite structures are those where the anions are arranged in cubic close packing (ccp) while these cations
occupy all the tetrahedral voids.
The C.N. of cation = 4, C.N. of anion = 8
e.g. Li2O.
23. An ionic compound AB2 possess CaF2 type crystal structure. Write the coordination number of A2+ and B¯
ions in crystals of AB2.
Sol. The C.N. of A+2 = 8 and C.N. of B– = 4 [C.N. = Coordination number].
24. Frenkel defect is not found in pure alkali metal halide . Why ?
s
r
sse
Sol. Frenkel defect is exhibited by the compounds where radius ratio is low. Alkali metals are generally large in
r
size and it is difficult for them the occupy smaller intersticies.
la
25. An element having B.C.C. crystal structure has atomic mass 50 amu and density 6.81 g cm–3. Calculate the
edge length of unit cell. [ NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 ]
yC
Sol. For bcc, number of atom/unti cell (Z) = 2
atomic mass of the element (M) = 50
density of the element () = 6.81 g cm–3
edge length of unit cell (a) = ? str
mi
Z M 2 50
6.81
3
a NA
he
a 6.022 1023
3
26.
Sol. Doping of NaCl by SrCl2 gives the replacement of 2Na+ ion by Sr+2 ion and one cationic vacancy.
SI
doping of 10–23 mole SrCl2 in 100 mole NaCl gives = 10–3 mole cationic vacancies
100 mole of NaCl will have cationic vacancies = 10–23 mole
O
103
105 mole
PT
Sol. The point defect due to which the stoichiometry (i.e., ratio of number of cation to anion) of the compound changes
called non-stoichimetric defect.
It is of two types :
(i) Metal excess defects.
(ii) Metal deficiency defects.
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CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE
28. What other element may be added to silicon to make electrons available for conduction of an electric current ?
Sol. Group - 15 elements (P, As which have 5 valence e–-s)
29. What is the effect of Frenkel structural defect on the electrical conductance of crystalline solid ?
Sol. Effects :
(i) Increases dielectric cosntant of the crystal.
(ii) Conduct electricity to a smaller extent.
30. What is the difference between ferro magnetic and ferrimagnetic substances ?
s
of magnetic field. moment
sse
(ii) High curie temperature (ii) Comparatively low curie temperature
(iii) Dipoles are alligned in the same direction (iii) Dipoles are alligned in parallel and anti-parallel
la
directions in unequal numbers.
yC
31. An alloy of god and cadmium crystallises with a cubic structure in which gold atoms occupy the corners and
cadmium atoms fit into face centres. What formula would you assign to the alloy?
Sol. Gold (Au) occupy the corners,
1
the number of Au atoms / unit cell 8 1
8
str
mi
Cadmium (Cd) occupy the face centres.
he
1
the number of Cd atoms/unit cell 6 3
2
-C
33. How many atoms can be assigned to its unit cell if an element forms
(i) a body centred cubic cell
O
1
Hence, total number of atoms/ions per unit cell 8 1 2
DI
8
(ii) For fcc, one atom/ion lies at the each corner of the cube while one atom/ion lies at the centre of each faces.
SU
1 1
So, total number of atoms/ions per unti cell 8 6 4
8 2
34. Alluminium crystallizes in a face centred cubic close-packed structure . Its atomic radius is 125 × 10–12
m
(i) What is the length of the edge of the unit cell ?
(ii) How many such unit cells are there in 1.00 m3 piece of aluminium ?
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CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE
1
= 2.263 × 1028.
36
44192902.36 10
35. Give a short note on the structure of
s
(i) NaCl
sse
(ii) Cu
Sol. See Note.
la
36. Give 2 differences between Schottky & Frenkel defects.
yC
Sol. Schottky defect Frenkel defect
(i) Equal number of cations and anions are (i) Ions (generally cations) leave their normal site
missing from their normal sites produces occupy intersticies.
equal number of cationic and anionic
vacancies. str
mi
(ii) Density of crystal decreases. (ii) Density of crystal remains same.
he
form molecular while the excess Zn+2 ions occupy the intersticies and equivalent number of e–-s are trapped in
some other interstices. When these trapped e–s acquire energy, undergo transition, imparts yellow colour. This is a
familier example of metal excess defect.
1
ZnO Zn 2 O2 2e
R
2
SI
(i) FCC
(ii) BCC
SU
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CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE
Z M 4 M
10.48 106.39
a3 NA
4.07 10 6.023 10
8 3 23
s
Sol. The defect in ionic crystal due to missing of equal number of cations and anions from their lattice sites.
sse
43. An element crystallises in cubic structure. Its density is 2.14 g cm–3. The edge length of unit cell is 1.8Å. How
many number of unit cells are present in 250 g of the element ?
la
Sol. Volume of unit cell (a3) = (1.8 × 10–8 cm)3
Mass of each unit cell = 2.14 × (1.8 × 10–8) g
yC
= 1.248 × 10–23 g
250
Number of unit cel is 250 g of the element 2 1025
Sol. Semiconductors are solid having electrical conductivities between conductors and insulators. On increase in
temperature conductivity of someconductors increases. e.g. Si.
Insulators are those with very poor electrical conductivities. e.g. Wood.
R
46. A metal crystallises into two cubic phases, fcc and bcc, whose unit cell lengths are 3.5 Å and 3.0 Å respectively
Cal. ratio of densities of fcc and bcc.
SI
Z M
Sol. We know,
3
a NA
O
Let us consider
PT
1 = density of fcc
2 = density of bcc
DI
4 M 2 M
1 , 2
3.0 108
SU
3.5 108
3 3
NA NA
1 1.26
2
47. Find the ratio of densities of bcc and scc structureof same element.
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CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE
Z M 2 M
Sol. bcc [for bcc, 4r 3a ]
3 3
NA a 4r
NA
3
Z M 1 M
scc [for scc, 2r = a]
NA a3 N A 2r
3
bcc 1.3
scc
s
48. Why ionic crystal remains electrically neutral even after Schottky defect ?
sse
Sol. As the number of missing cations and anions are same crystal remains neutral.
49. Name crystal system in which the unit cell has the following crystallographic dimensions.
la
a b c, 90º.
Sol. Triclinic.
yC
50. Lithium (At. wt. = 6.94) crystallises in bcc lattice with density 0.533 g cm–3 and radius 152 pm. Calculate
Avogadro’s number.
Sol. For bcc, number of atom unit per cell (Z) = 2
Z M 2 6.94
0.533
a3 NA
3.51108
3
NA
-C
Sol. When AgCl is dopped with CdCl2 as impurity Cd+2 replaces some of the Ag+ sites and inorder to maintain
electonutralits one Ag+ ion is removed per Cd+2 replacement. Thereby leading to some cationic vacancies.
SI
52. A cubic crystal of a compound in formed by element P and Q where atoms of Q are situated at the corners
and P are at the centre fo cube. Find the formula of the compound.
O
1
So number of Q per unit cell 8 1
8
DI
Formula = PQ
53. Calculate the percentage of Fe+2 and Fe+3 ions in the crystal of Fe0.88O.
Sol. In ‘x’ ions of Fe are in +2 state, then (+2)x + (0.88 – x) (+3) = +2
or, 2x + 2.64 – 3x = +2
or x = 0.64
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CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE
0.64
So the % of Fe+2 100 72.73%
0.88
and % of Fe+3 = (100 – 72.73) = 27.73%.
2
54. In MxOy crystal oxygen atom form cubic close packed structure and rd of the octahedral voids are occupied
3
by M atoms in the structure. Determine the value of X and Y.
Sol. Suppose the number of oxygen atom in ccp = n
octahedral holes = n
2 n
number of M+2 ions is ccp array n
s
sse
3 3
n
M+2 : O–2 :n=2:3
la
3
yC
str
mi
he
-C
R
SI
O
PT
DI
SU
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