Multicast Introduction

V1.1
Objectives

Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to

understand :
 Multicast Overview
 Addressing in a Multicast Environment
 Working principle of Multicast
Course Outline

 Multicast Overview
 Unicast Traffic
 Broadcast Traffic
 Multicast Traffic
 IP Multicast Characteristics
 Addressing in a Multicast Environment
 Working principle of Multicast
Unicast Traffic

Video
Server

Receiver Receiver Receiver Not A

Receiver
• Unicast applications send one copy of each packet to every client unicast
address
Unicast Traffic (cont.)

1.5 Mb x 3 = 4.5 Mb

Video
Server

1.5 Mb x 2 = 3 Mb 1.5 Mb x 1 = 1.5 Mb

1.5 Mb x 1 = 1.5 Mb

1.5 Mb x 1 = 1.5 Mb 1.5 Mb x 1 = 1.5 Mb

Receiver Receiver Receiver Not A

Receiver
Unicast Traffic (cont.)

1.5 Mb x 100 = 150 Mb

Video 1.5 Mb x 100 = 150

Server Mb

1.5 Mb x 100 = 150 Mb

1.5 Mb x 100 = 150 Mb

...
Receiver 1 Receiver 100
 Broadcast Traffic

1.5 Mb

Video
Server

I don’t want to receive

1.5 Mb 1.5 Mb this video stream, but
my CPU still needs to
process that 1.5 MB
of data!

1.5 Mb 1.5 Mb 1.5 Mb 1.5 Mb

Receiver Receiver Receiver Not A

Receiver
• Hosts not using a multimedia application must still process the broadcast traffic
Multicast Traffic

1.5 Mb

Video
Server

1.5 Mb 1.5 Mb

1.5 Mb 1.5 Mb 1.5 Mb

Receiver Receiver Receiver Not A

Receiver
• A multicast server sends out a single data stream to multiple clients using a special
broadcast address
IP Multicast Characteristics
 Transmits to a host group
 Delivers with “best effort”
reliability
 Supports dynamic membership
 Supports diverse numbers and
locations
 Supports membership in more
than one group
 Supports multiple streams host
IP Multicast Characteristics Receiver-Based
 Receivers will send out requests to become part of a
multicast session group.

 Routers don't need to know the list of member hosts for

each group. The routers only need to know the group,
where there is at least one member host on that subnet.

 Copies of the message are made when the message

encounters a router and there are interested members on
other segments of the router.
Course Outline

 Multicast Overview
 Addressing in a Multicast Environment
 IP Multicasting Address Structure
 Mapping MAC addresses to IP
Multicast Addresses
 Working principle of Multicast
Multicast IP Address Structure

28 bits
Class D 1 1 1 0 Multicast Group ID

 A Class D address consists of 1110 as the higher order bits in the

first octet, followed by a 28-bit group address.
 Class D addresses range from 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255.
The high-order bits in the first octet identify this 224-base address.
Mapping IP Multicast to Ethernet Addresses

0 567 89 15 16 23 24 31
Class D IP Address 1110
224 Not Low-Order 23 Bits of Multi-cast
Used Group ID Copied to Ethernet Address

01 00 5E

0000000100000000 11011110 0

48-Bit Ethernet Address

Mapping Multicast to Ethernet Addresses:
Example 1

Multicast Address:
224 - 10 - 8 - 5

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 1 01

Ethernet Address:
01 - 00 - 5E - 0A - 08 - 05

00000001 00000000 11011110 00001010 00001000 00000101

Mapping Multicast to Ethernet Addresses:
Example 2

Multicast Address:
224 - 138 - 8 - 5

1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 1 01

Ethernet Address:
01 - 00 - 5E - 0A - 08 - 05

00000001 00000000 11011110 00001010 00001000 00000101

Course Outline

 Multicast Overview
 Addressing in a Multicast Environment
 Working principle of Multicast
Facilitating Multimedia Traffic

 Coordinate multicast
operations of network
Source
devices
 Establish a path between
between source and
destination Destination

 Forward multicast traffic

through the network
Group Membership

Are there any

members for
Group XYZ?

I’m not a
Host D member so I
won’t respond.
Host A Host B Host C

I’m a member I’m a member I’m a member

so I will so I will so I will
respond. respond. respond.

• Multicast uses query and report messages to establish and

maintain group membership
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

 Definition
 IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is a
simple management protocol that end stations use to
signal their group membership interest.
 Routers do not forward IGMP packets.
 Three versions of IGMP, 1 2, and 3.
IGMP
 IGMP allows hosts to become a member or leave
membership of multicast groups.

 There are two types of IGMP packets, report and

query.

 A multicast router will transmit a Host Membership

Query message.

 The destination address is an all-hosts group

address of 224.0.0.1. The TTL value is a “1”.
IGMP

Host A
Group 1
Group 2 Host B

Host
Host
Membership
Membership
Report
Report

Query Host Host

Message Membership Membership
Report Report

Multicast
Router Host C Host D
Group 1 Group 2
IGMPv2

 IGMPv2 adds new features:

 The Multicast router with the lowest IP address on the
LAN is elected the multicast Querier.
 With IGMPv1 the Querier is elected by each multicast
routing protocol.
 New messages:
 If a host decides to leave a group, it transmits a Leave
Group message to the all-routers group. (224.0.0.2).
 Group-Specific Query - Query to a specific multicast
group
IGMPv2—Packet Format

7 15 31

Type Max. Resp. Time Checksum

Group Address

 Multiple message types

 Max. Resp. Time
 Max. time before sending a
responding
 report in 1/10 secs (default = 10 secs)
 Group Address:
 Multicast Group Address
 (0.0.0.0 for General Queries)
IGMPv2—Joining a Group

172.16.41.1 172.16.41.2 172.16.41.3

H1 224.1.1.1 H2 H3

Report

172.16.41.141

RTR141

 Joining member sends report to 224.1.1.1 immediately upon

joining (same as IGMPv1)
IGMPv2—Querier Election

172.16.41.1 172.16.41.2 172.16.41.3

H1 H2 H3

Query Query
IGMP
Non-Querier IGMPv2 IGMP Querier
172.16.41.143 172.16.41.141

• Intially all routers send out a query

• Router with lowest IP address “elected” querier
• Other routers become non-queriers
IGMPv2—Maintaining a Group

172.16.41.1 172.16.41.2 172.16.41.3

H1 224.1.1.1 H2 224.1.1.1 H3

X
Report Suppressed

Query

IGMPv2
172.16.41.141
 Router sends periodic queries
 One member per group per subnet report
 Other members suppress reports
IGMPv2—Leaving a Group (cont.)

172.16.41.1 172.16.41.2 172.16.41.3

224.1.1.1 224.1.1.1
H1 H2 H3

Leave to Report to
#1 224.0.0.2 #3 224.1.1.1

RTR141 Group Specific

172.16.41.141 Query to 224.1.1.1
#2
#1  H1 leaves group; sends leave message
#2  Router sends group-specific query
#3
 A remaining member host sends
report;group remains active
IGMPv2—Leaving a Group (Cont.)

172.16.41.1 172.16.41.2 172.16.41.3

224.1.1.1
H1 H2 H3

Leave to
#1 224.0.0.2

RTR141 Group-specific
Query to 224.1.1.1
172.16.41.141
#2

#1• Last host leaves group; sends Leave message

#2• Router
out
sends group-specific query; no report is received, group times
Multicast Working Mode of DSLAM

 IGMP Snooping
 IGMP Proxy
 IGMP Router
IGMP Snooping

User1

Video Router or FSAP

Server L3 Switch
User2

 IGMP Snooping listens and forwards IGMP packets on user and network
sides, and meanwhile determines whether to enable or disable multicast
service data channel according to IGMP packet contents.
 The IGMP Snooping protocol processing module forwards the received
IGMP data packets according to their types and modifies the IGMP
Snooping multicast table
IGMP Proxy

User1

Video Router or FSAP

Server L3 Switch
User2

 The networking environment for using the IGMP Proxy protocol is similar to the
networking environment for using the IGMP Snooping protocol.
 Compared with the use of the IGMP Snooping protocol, the use of the IGMP Proxy
protocol can reduce the IGMP packet processing overhead of the network routing
equipment, to save link bandwidth and reduce load pressure on upper-layer
bandwidth
IGMP Router

User1

Video L2 Switch FSAP

Server
User2

 If the FSAP9800 equipment in direct uplink connection with a

multicast server or with a multicast server through the L2 network,
the IGMP Router protocol must be used