CP CU1

Reference Manual

COUPLING UNIT FOR LINE IMPEDANCE

AND K FACTOR MEASUREMENTS,

COUPLING MEASUREMENTS ON POWER

LINES AND SIGNAL CABLES AND

GROUND IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS

OF LARGE SUBSTATIONS

V 1.4
 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

Article Number VESD0671 - Manual Version: CPCU1.AE.4

© OMICRON electronics 2005. All rights reserved.
This Reference Manual is a publication of OMICRON electronics GmbH.
All rights including translation reserved. Reproduction of any kind, e.g., photocopying, microfilming or
storage in electronic data processing systems, requires the explicit consent of OMICRON electronics.
Reprinting, wholly or in part, is not permitted.
This Reference Manual represents the technical status at the time of printing. The product information,
specifications, and all technical data contained within this Reference Manual are not contractually
binding. OMICRON electronics reserves the right to make changes at any time to the technology and/or
configuration without announcement. OMICRON electronics is not to be held liable for statements and
declarations given in this Reference Manual. The user is responsible for every application described in
this Reference Manual and its results. OMICRON electronics explicitly exonerates itself from all liability
for mistakes in this manual.

2
 Contents

Contents
Using This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Operator Qualifications and Safety Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Conventions and Symbols Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Related Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Safety Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Operating the Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Orderly Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1 Hardware Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 Circuit Diagram of CP CU1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 Operating Controls of CP CU1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 CP CU1 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5 CP GB1 Grounding Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5.2 Shorting the Phases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5.3 Changing the Surge Arrestors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.6 Clamp-on Ammeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2.1 Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Operating Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Configuring CPC 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Setting CP CU1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
3.1 Template Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Safety Instructions for Connecting CP CU1 to Power Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.1 Before Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.2 Recommended Current Range Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.3 Estimating the Open-Line Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.4 Connecting the Measurement Setup to Power Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3 k Factor Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.1 Why k Factor Measurement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

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CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

3.3.2 Performing Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.3.3 Interpretation of Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.4 Ground Impedance and Step Voltage Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.2 Performing Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.4.3 Interpretation of Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.5 Measurement of Coupling into Signal Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5.2 Performing Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
4.1 CP CU1 Output Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2 CP CU1 Measuring Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3 CP CU1 Inputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.4 CP GB1 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.5 Output Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.6 Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.7 Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.8 Mechanical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.9 Clamp-on Ammeter (Accessory) Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Contact Information / Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

4
 Using This Manual

Using This Manual

This Reference Manual provides detailed information on how to use the CP CU1
coupling unit safely, properly and efficiently. The CP CU1 Reference Manual
contains important safety instructions for working with CP CU1, gets you familiar
with operating CP CU1, and provides typical application examples. Following
the instructions in this Reference Manual will help you to prevent danger, repair
costs and possible down time due to incorrect operation.
The CP CU1 Reference Manual always has to be available at the site where
CP CU1 is used. It must be read and observed by all users of CP CU1.
Reading the CP CU1 Reference Manual alone does not release you from the
duty of complying with all national and international safety regulations relevant
to working with CPC 100 and CP CU1. The regulation EN 50191 "The Erection
and Operation of Electrical Test Equipment" as well as all the applicable
regulations for accident prevention in the country and at the site of operation has
to be fulfilled.

Operator Qualifications and Safety Standards

Working on overhead lines is extremely dangerous. Testing with CP CU1 must
be carried out only by qualified, skilled and authorized personnel. Before starting
to work, clearly establish the responsibilities. Personnel receiving training,
instructions, directions, or education on CP CU1 must be under constant
supervision of an experienced operator while working with the equipment.
Testing with CP CU1 must comply with the relevant national and international
safety standards listed below:
• EN 50191 (VDE 0104) "Erection and Operation of Electrical Equipment"
• EN 50110-1 (VDE 0105 Part 100) "Operation of Electrical Installations"
• IEEE 510 "IEEE Recommended Practices for Safety in High-Voltage and
High-Power Testing"
• LAPG 1710.6 NASA "Electrical Safety"
Moreover, additional relevant laws and internal safety standards have to be
followed.

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CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

Conventions and Symbols Used

In this manual, the following symbols indicate paragraphs with special safety
relevant meaning:

Symbol Description
Equipment damage or loss of data
possible.

Personal injury or severe damage to

objects possible.

Related Documents
The following documents complete the information covered in the CP CU1
Reference Manual:

Title Description
CPC 100 User Manual Contains information on how to use
the CPC 100 test system and
relevant safety instructions.
CPC 100 Reference Manual Contains detailed hardware and
software information on CPC 100
including relevant safety instructions.

6
 Safety Rules

Safety Rules
Before operating the CP CU1 coupling unit, read the following safety rules
carefully. If you do not understand some safety rules, contact OMICRON
electronics before proceeding. CP CU1 is designated for use with the CPC 100
test system. Therefore observe the safety rules both in this Reference Manual
and in the CPC 100 User/Reference Manual when working with CP CU1.
Depending on the application and the device under test, specific safety
instructions must be observed. Very often the danger coming from the device
under test is even higher that the danger from CP CU1 itself. For application
specific safety instructions, see 3.2 "Safety Instructions for Connecting CP CU1
to Power Lines" on page 26.

General
Always observe the five safety rules:
• Disconnect completely
• Secure against re-connection
• Verify that the installation is dead
• Carry out grounding and short-circuiting
• Provide protection against adjacent live parts
Do not touch any terminals without a visible connection to ground.
Before handling CP CU1 or CPC 100 in any way, connect them with a solid
connection of at least 6 mm2 cross-section to ground. Ground CP CU1 as close
as possible to CPC 100.
Use the CP GB1 grounding box to connect CP CU1 to overhead lines and power
cables. For detailed information, see the application specific 3.2 "Safety
Instructions for Connecting CP CU1 to Power Lines" on page 26.
When using CP GB1, ground it near the place where the connection to the test
object is made. Make sure that the grounding stud is in good condition, clean
and free of oxidation.
Make sure that all studs and cables of CP GB1 are screwed tight.
Make sure that the test object’s terminals to be connected to CP CU1 do not
carry any voltage potential. During a test, the only power source for a test object
may be CP CU1 (powered by CPC 100). The only exception are measurements
on overhead lines as described in 3 "Applications" on page 25.
Do not open the CP CU1’s or CP GB1’s housing.

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CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

Do not repair, modify, extend, or adapt CP CU1, CP GB1 or any accessories.

Use only original accessories available from OMICRON electronics.
Use CP CU1, CP GB1 and their accessories only in a technically sound
condition and when its use is in accordance with the regulations. In particular,
avoid disruptions that could in turn affect safety.
Do not use CP CU1 if you have a cardiac pacemaker. Before operating CP CU1
make sure that there is no person with a cardiac pacemaker in the immediate
vicinity of the measurement setup.

Operating the Measurement Setup

Before operating CP CU1, CPC 100 and, when used, CP GB1, ground them as
described in "General" on page 7.
When using CP GB1, ground it near the place where the connection to the test
object is made. Make sure that the grounding stud is in good condition, clean
and free of oxidation.
Life threatening voltages up to 600 V can appear on all CP GB1’s contacts and
on all clamps and cables connected to CP CU1 during the test. Keep safe
distance from them.
Before handling CP CU1 or CP GB1 in any way (even before setting the current
range switch), make sure that the device under test (e.g. overhead lines or
power cables) are well grounded (e.g. by closing the grounding switch) near the
measurement setup.
Power CP CU1 only from the CPC 100’s EXT. BOOSTER output. Use only
booster cables supplied by OMICRON electronics.
Ensure that the short-circuit bar is always plugged in the CP CU1’s I AC output
whenever the output is not connected to the I AC input of CPC 100.
Connect the CP CU1’s I AC output exclusively to the I AC input of CPC 100.
Before connecting CP CU1 with CPC 100, turn off CPC 100 either by the
POWER ON/OFF switch or the Emergency Stop button.
Set the current range switch on the CP CU1’s front panel only when CPC 100 is
turned off and the test object is grounded.
In addition to the above safety rules follow the application specific 3.2 "Safety
Instructions for Connecting CP CU1 to Power Lines" on page 26.

8
 Safety Rules

Orderly Measures
The CP CU1 Reference Manual or alternatively the e-book in PDF format has
always to be available on the site where CP CU1 is being used. It must be read
and observed by all users of CP CU1.
CP CU1 may be used only as described in 3 "Applications" on page 25. Any
other use is not in accordance with the regulations. The manufacturer and/or
distributor is not liable for damage resulting from improper usage. The user
alone assumes all responsibility and risk.
Following the instructions provided in this Reference Manual is also considered
part of being in accordance with the regulations.

Disclaimer
If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the
protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

10
 Hardware Information

1 Hardware Information
1.1 Overview
CP CU1 is a coupling unit designated for measurements with the CPC 100 test
system mainly on overhead lines and power cables. Typical applications include
line and cable impedance measurements, measurements of k factors, mutual
coupling of power lines, measurements of coupling between power lines and
signal cables, and ground impedance measurements. The CP GB1 grounding
box (see 1.5 "CP GB1 Grounding Box" on page 14) available as an accessory
from OMICRON electronics is a surge arrestor unit protecting the operating staff
and equipment from high-voltage hazards during measurements on overhead
lines and power cables in case of unexpected events on the power line.

1.2 Circuit Diagram of CP CU1

Figure 1-1: "Circuit Diagram of CP CU1" below shows the principal circuit
diagram of the coupling unit.
Figure 1-1:
Circuit Diagram of
CP CU1 I AC (0…2.5 A)
Surge arrestor
Power transformer Current range switch
Fuse 30 A

BOOSTER CT I OUT (0…100 A)

Voltmeter

V1 AC (0…30 V) V SENSE (0…600 V)

Surge arrestor VT

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

1.3 Operating Controls of CP CU1

The front panel of CP CU1 provides the following functional elements:
• BOOSTER input for connecting with the CPC 100’s EXT. BOOSTER output
• Current range switch for setting the current range of CP CU1
• Voltmeter for measuring the voltage at the test object’s terminals
• I OUT current output
• I AC output for measuring the output current using a CT (current transformer)
with the 100 A : 2.5 A transformation ratio
The output is to be connected with the I AC input of CPC 100.
• V SENSE input for measuring the voltage at the test object’s terminals
• V1 AC output for measuring the voltage at the test object’s terminals using a
VT (voltage transformer) with the 600 V : 30 V transformation ratio
The output is to be connected with the V1 AC input of CPC 100.
• Short-circuit bar for shorting the I AC output whenever the output is not
connected to the I AC input of CPC 100
• Equipotential ground terminal for grounding CP CU1 close to the position of
the operating staff
Figure 1-2: "Front Panel" below shows the CP CU1’s functional elements.
Figure 1-2:
Front Panel Equipotential Location to I AC output V1 AC output V SENSE input
ground store the short-
terminal circuit bar

Fuse 30 A Current range

BOOSTER input switch Voltmeter I OUT output

12
 Hardware Information

1.4 CP CU1 Accessories

The following accessories are delivered with the CP CU1 coupling unit:
Table 1-1:
CP CU1 Accessories
Accessories Description
Booster cable Power connection from the
CPC 100’s EXT. BOOSTER
output to the CP CU1’s
BOOSTER input

V1 AC coax. cable Connection from the

CPC 100’s V1 AC input to the
CP CU1’s V1 AC output

4 × Banana cable Connection from the

CPC 100’s I AC input to the
CP CU1’s I AC output and
connection from the CP CU1’s
V SENSE input to the Kelvin
clamps voltage sense outputs
2 × Kelvin cable Connection from the
CP CU1’s I OUT output to the
current feed-in point (usually
at CP GB1)

Grounding cable Connection from the

CP CU1’s equipotential
ground terminal to the
substation ground

Short-circuit bar A bar for shorting the

CP CU1’s I AC output when
the output is not connected to
the I AC input of CPC 100

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

1.5 CP GB1 Grounding Box

1.5.1 Description
The CP GB1 grounding box (see Figure 1-3: "CP GB1 Grounding Box" below)
is a surge arrestor unit for connecting CP CU1 to the test object. If high voltage
appears for a short time on the test object’s terminals, an arc discharges the
voltage and distinguishes without destroying the grounding box. If the arc
persists for a longer time period, the surge arrestor insulator melts and the
terminals are short-circuited to ground, thereby protecting the operating staff,
CP CU1 and CPC 100.
Figure 1-3:
CP GB1 Grounding Box Other stud standards L1 line stud Equipotential
available optionally A/L1/red ground stud

L2 line stud L3 line stud

B/L2/yellow C/L3/blue

Caution: The CP GB1 grounding box must be used for measurements on

overhead lines or power cables.
The CP GB1 grounding box is available for three different ground connection
types: cylindrical grounding studs of 16 mm diameter or ball studs of 20 mm and
25 mm (1 inch) diameter. The grounding socket clamp is needed for secure
ground connection of CP GB1 to the substation ground. The grounding socket
clamps compatible with the grounding studs in the substation are given in Table

14
 Hardware Information

1-2: "Grounding Studs and Socket Clamps" below. For ordering information,
contact OMICRON electronics sales office. When ordering CP GB1, choose one
connection set; additional connection sets are available optionally.
Table 1-2:
Grounding Studs and
Socket Clamps
Grounding Stud in the Substation Proper Grounding Socket Clamp
16 mm cylindrical 16…20 mm grounding socket clamp
grounding stud (shipped with the 16 mm cylindrical
and 20 mm ball CP GB1’s studs)
12 mm

20 mm ball
grounding stud

25 mm ball 25 mm grounding socket clamp

grounding stud (shipped with the 25 mm CP GB1’s
studs)
16 mm

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

Caution: Depending on the type of grounding studs in the substation, the

appropriate connection set and socket clamp have to be used. Connecting
socket clamps of one type to a grounding point of another system is highly
dangerous on both the connection of the grounding set to CP GB1 and the
connection of CP GB1 to the grounding point in the substation. The 16 to
20 mm socket clamps are designed and tested for fault currents up to
26.5 kA, the 25 mm (1 inch) socket clamp for fault currents up to 30 kA,
both for a maximum duration of 100 ms. On locations where higher fault
currents are possible, CP CU1 and CP GB1 must not be used.
Figure 1-4:
Screwing the CP GB1’s
Studs

For transportation, the CP GB1’s studs are usually removed. If this is the case,
mount them onto CP GB1 using the delivered wrench and screw them tight (see
Figure 1-4: "Screwing the CP GB1’s Studs" on page 16).

16
 Hardware Information

1.5.2 Shorting the Phases

A three-lead cable is delivered with CP GB1 for shorting all phases for
L1||L2||L3-E measurements (see Figure 3-5: "Zero-Sequence Impedance
Measurement" on page 34, Figure 3-8: "Ground Impedance and Step Voltage
Measurement" on page 41, Figure 3-13: "Measurement with the Loop Between
Parallel Lines and Ground" on page 48 and Figure 3-14: "Calibration with the
Loop Between Parallel Lines and Ground" on page 49).
Figure 1-5:
Three-Lead Cable

To short the phases, connect the line studs of CP GB1 as shown in Figure
1-6: "Shorting the Phases" below.
Figure 1-6:
Shorting the Phases

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

1.5.3 Changing the Surge Arrestors

The surge arrestors of CP GB1 can permanently short-circuit the CP GB1’s
terminals to ground if overvoltage appears on the terminals. Even short
transients can cause a discharge and, if the energy is too high, possibly damage
the surge arrestor. Defective surge arrestors can result in erroneous
measurement results. If the measurement results obtained using CP GB1 differ
considerably from the expected values, check the surge arrestors using
CPC 100 as follows.
Apply a voltage of 500 V for at least 10 seconds using the VWithstand test card
from the resistance test cards. Set a test current of 0.01 A. If the current is
exceeded, an error message is displayed. In this case the surge arrestor under
test is defective and you have to replace it. If no message is displayed, the surge
arrestor is intact. For detailed information on this test, see the CPC 100
Reference Manual. Repeat the test for all three studs A/L1, B/L2 and C/L3.
Replace defective surge arrestors only by spare parts from OMICRON
electronics (see Figure 1-7: "Surge Arrestors" below). For ordering information,
contact OMICRON electronics sales office.
Figure 1-7:
Surge Arrestors

Note: Before changing the surge arrestors, check whether there is a fault
that caused the problem and remove it.

18
 Hardware Information

To replace a surge arrestor:

1. Disconnect CP GB1 completely and observe the five safety rules in "Safety
Rules" on page 7.
2. Open the surge arrestor chamber using a 22 mm wrench by removing the
contact screw (see Figure 1-8: "Opening the Surge Arrestor Chamber" on
page 19).
Figure 1-8:
Opening the Surge
Arrestor Chamber

Contact screw

3. Turn CP GB1 upright and move the stud over the surge arrestor chamber
until the surge arrestor falls out.
4. Replace the defective surge arrestor by the spare one.
5. Screw the contact screw very tight (torsional moment of 15…20 Nm).

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

1.6 Clamp-on Ammeter

A clamp-on ammeter for AC 50/60 Hz (see Figure 1-9: "Clamp-on Ammeter"
below) is available from OMICRON electronics as an accessory. For ordering
information, contact OMICRON electronics sales office.
Figure 1-9:
Clamp-on Ammeter

The clamp-on ammeter provides the following features:

• Hold function
• Battery check
• Auto power off
• Bar display
• Voltmeter
• Ohmmeter
• Contact check with beeper

20
 Operation

2 Operation
2.1 Measurement Setup
The measurement setup consists of the CPC 100 test system, of the CP CU1
coupling unit and, in case of measurements on overhead lines and power
cables, of the CP GB1 grounding box. Figure 2-1: "Measurement Setup" below
shows the functional block diagram.
Caution: CP CU1 must be connected to the test object through the CP GB1
grounding box for measurements on overhead lines or power cables. For
these applications, connect the measurement setup by following
3.2 "Safety Instructions for Connecting CP CU1 to Power Lines" on
page 26.
Figure 2-1:
Measurement Setup
Dangerous zone

V1 AC I AC I AC V1 AC CP GB1
I OUT (optional)
CPC 100 CP CU1 Device under test
EXT. BOOSTER BOOSTER V SENSE

2.2 Operating Principle

CP CU1 is a coupling unit controlled by the CPC 100 test system via the
BOOSTER interface. CP CU1 provides programmable current signals at the
I OUT output and facilitates measuring of the output current and the voltage at
the test object’s terminals. The current range of 10 A, 20 A, 50 A or 100 A is set
by the CPC 100 software (see 2.3 "Configuring CPC 100" on page 22) and the
current range switch on the front panel of CP CU1 is set manually by the user
(see 2.4 "Setting CP CU1" on page 23).
The output current and the voltage at the test object’s terminals connected to the
CP CU1’s V SENSE input are processed by the coupling unit for measuring with
CPC 100. The output current is transformed by a current transformer with the
transmission ratio 100 A : 2.5 A and the secondary transformer winding wired to
the I AC output. The transformed current at the I AC output is measured via the

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

I AC input of CPC 100. The test object’s voltage is transformed by a voltage

transformer with the transmission ratio 600 V : 30 V and the secondary
transformer winding wired to the V1 AC output. The transformed voltage at the
V1 AC output is measured via the V1 AC input of CPC 100.
The measurements are performed frequency selective, i.e. only signal
components at the generated frequency different from the mains frequency are
analyzed. Due to the high-power disturbances at the mains frequency, the
spectral components around the mains frequency and its harmonics are filtered
out. For detailed information on the frequency selective measurement, see
"Getting Started with Quick: The frequency selective measurement" in the
CPC 100 Reference Manual.

2.3 Configuring CPC 100

Note: The minimum CPC 100 software version required is V 1.4. If you
have an earlier version installed, upgrade the software from the CD-ROM
delivered with your CP CU1.
CPC 100 must be configured for CP CU1. To configure CPC 100:
1. Press the Options view selector button.
The Options window with the Device Setup tab selected (see Figure
2-2: "Options Window" below) opens.
Figure 2-2:
Options Window

2. Select CU1 from the External booster combo box.

The CT and VT settings are set according to the built-in current and voltage
transformers automatically.
3. Press the Test Card View view selector button and insert the Quick
(default), Sequencer or Ramping test card. Figure 2-3: "Quick Test Card
Window" below shows the setting using the Quick test card as example.

22
 Operation

Figure 2-3:
Quick Test Card
Window

Output Range
combo box

Measured
Quantities
combo box

4. Open the item list from the Output Range combo box.
The item list displays the CU1:10A, CU1:20A, CU1:50A and CU1:100A
CP CU1 relevant current ranges.
5. Select VT sel and/or CT sel from the Measured Quantities combo boxes
when measuring with the CP CU1’s built-in voltage and current transformers
to account for their transformation ratio.
6. Select the current range you want to use.

2.4 Setting CP CU1

Set the current range of CP CU1 using the current range switch (see
1.3 "Operating Controls of CP CU1" on page 12) to the value configured by the
CPC 100 software.
Caution: Set the current range switch on the CP CU1’s front panel only
when CPC 100 is turned off and the test object is connected to ground with
closed grounding switch near the measurement setup.
Note: Current range settings on the test card and on the CP CU1’s front
panel must be the same.

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

24
 Applications

3 Applications
3.1 Template Usage
The test procedures running on the measurement setup are controlled by
templates available on the CPC Explorer CD-ROM shipped with your CP CU1
or in the customer area of the OMICRON electronics home page
http://www.omicron.at.
The templates are pairs of XML documents and Microsoft Excel templates
designed by OMICRON electronics for designated applications. The XML
templates are predefined test procedures, often with comments, that run on
CPC 100 and guide the user through the test. Once completed, the XML file is
saved, downloaded to the PC using CPC Explorer and then loaded into the
corresponding Microsoft Excel template. There the results are post processed
and a final test report is generated. The template pairs facilitate and speed
testing with CP CU1 and the evaluation of results.
Note: Some template pairs allow version control. If an error message
appears after loading the XML template, use a template pair of the same
version.
To run a test procedure according a template:
1. Using CPC Explorer, upload the XML template for the intended application
from the PC to CPC 100.
2. Open the template on CPC 100.
3. Run the test procedure according to the template.
4. After completing the test procedure, save the test in a new file.
5. Using CPC Explorer, download the test results from CPC 100 to your
preferred working directory on the PC.
6. Open the corresponding Microsoft Excel template by double-clicking the
*.xlt file in the folder labeled with the test procedure name.
A Microsoft Excel workbook appears.
7. Click the Load XML-File button and open the *.xml file saved in your
preferred working directory before to load the test results.
8. After all worksheets are filled with data, the test results are calculated.

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

3.2 Safety Instructions for Connecting CP CU1 to

Power Lines
3.2.1 Before Starting
Caution: A lightning discharge to the line under test can cause injury or
possibly death of the operating staff. Do not connect the measurement
setup to overhead lines if there is a possibility of a thunderstorm over any
part of the lines to be measured.
Caution: Connecting the measurement setup to overhead lines with a life
parallel system bring about high-voltage hazards. It is strongly
recommended to take all parallel lines out of service before proceeding.
Before connecting CP CU1 to overhead lines or power cables (further on
referred to as power lines), you must estimate the open-line voltage as follows.
Follow the instructions below exactly and sequentially to protect yourself from
high-voltage hazards. In addition to the following safety instructions,
observe "Safety Rules" on page 7.

3.2.2 Recommended Current Range Settings

The highest current range allowed by the open-line voltage (see
3.2.4 "Connecting the Measurement Setup to Power Lines" on page 28)
provides the best measurement accuracy. However, depending on the length of
the power line under test, this setting may result in CPC 100 overload due to low
driving voltage. As a rule of thumb, the current range required for the power line
length is given in Table 3-1: "Recommended Current Range Settings" below.
Set the current range switch of CP CU1 to the value according to the table.
Table 3-1:
Recommended Current
Range Settings
Line Impedance Line Length Current Compliance
Range Voltage
0…1.6 Ω 0…2 km/0…1.5 miles 100 A 50 V
0.8…8 Ω 1…10 km/0.5…5 miles 50 A 100 V
4.0…40 Ω 5…50 km/3…30 miles 20 A 250 V
> 16 Ω > 20 km/15 miles 10 A 500 V

26
 Applications

3.2.3 Estimating the Open-Line Voltage

To estimate the open-line voltage:
1. Switch off, short-circuit and ground the power line on both sides using an
installed grounding switch or, if no grounding switch is available on site, using
grounding cables (further on, the grounding switch or these extra grounding
cables are referred to as grounding switch).
2. Make sure that the connection to ground at the far end of the power line is
not removed during the complete test procedure.
3. In addition to the grounding switch, ground the line at the near end using a
grounding set consisting of three cables rated for the maximum short-circuit
current possible on the line. This connection is called working ground further
on.
4. Open the grounding switch at the near end of the power line and measure the
current through the working ground using a clamp-on ammeter on all three
phases.
5. Close the grounding switch.
6. Calculate the estimated open-line voltage after removal of the grounding
cables as follows:
Vest [V] = Imeas [A] × 0.4 [Ω/km] × 2 × lline [km] (Eq. 3-1)
or
Vest [V] = Imeas [A] × 0.64 [Ω/mile] × 2 × lline [miles] (Eq. 3-2)
where Vest [V] is the estimated open-loop voltage in volts,
Imeas is the highest measured current in ampers,
0.4 [Ω/km] = 0.64 [Ω/mile] is the constant of a typical overhead line per wire
and lline [km] and lline [miles] is the length of the line in km and miles respectively.
Caution: If the estimated open-line voltage is
• > 500 V, stop. The measurement is not possible due to high-voltage
hazard. Try to take parallel lines out of service.
• 250…500 V, the measurement is possible only in the 10 A range.
• 100…250 V, the measurement is possible in the 10 A or 20 A range.
• 50…100 V, the measurement is possible in the 10 A, 20 A or 50 A range.
• < 50 V, the measurement is possible in all current ranges.
7. If the current range allowed by the estimated open-line-voltage is lower as
the current range set according to Table 3-1: "Recommended Current Range
Settings" on page 26, set the current range switch of CP CU1 to the value
allowed by the open-line voltage.

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

Caution: During the grounding switch at the near end of the power line is
open, the area around CP GB1 in the range of 5 m/15 ft and around CP CU1
in the range of 2 m/5 ft is a dangerous zone due to high-voltage and
mechanical hazards. Do not enter the dangerous zone. Keep the
grounding switch open for a time as short as possible.
Caution: If you see or hear anything uncommon in the test equipment, e.g.
noise of electrical discharge or lightening of surge arrestors, close the
grounding switch before touching the measurement setup.

3.2.4 Connecting the Measurement Setup to Power Lines

If the estimated open-line voltage (see 3.2.3 "Estimating the Open-Line Voltage"
on page 27) allows measurement in the current range you want to use, connect
the measurement setup to the power line as follows:
1. Make sure that the grounding switch is closed.
2. Connect CP GB1 to ground using the delivered cable near the place where
the connection to the line is made. Make sure that the grounding stud is in
good condition, clean and free of oxidation.
Caution: Depending on the type of grounding points in the substation, the
appropriate connection set and socket clamp have to be used. Connecting
socket clamps of one type to a grounding point of another system is highly
dangerous on both the connection of the grounding set to CP GB1 and the
connection of CP GB1 to the grounding point in the substation. The 16 to
20 mm socket clamps are designed and tested for fault currents up to
26.5 kA, the 25 mm (1 inch) socket clamp for fault currents up to 30 kA,
both for a maximum duration of 100 ms. On locations where higher fault
currents are possible, CP CU1 and CP GB1 must not be used.
3. Disconnect the grounding cables from the ground (the grounding switch is
closed!) and connect them to the CP GB1’s line studs.
4. Position CP CU1 at a minimum distance of 5 m/15 ft from CP GB1.
5. Position CPC 100 at a minimum distance of 5 m/15 ft from CP CU1 and
10 m/30 ft from CP GB1.
6. Ground CP CU1 using a cable of at least 6 mm2 cross-section close to
CPC 100 and the position of the operator.
7. Connect CP CU1 with CP GB1 as shown in Figure 3-1: "Wiring the
Measurement Setup" on page 29.

28
 Applications

Figure 3-1:
Wiring the
Measurement Setup Connection using
grounding sets on site
L3/C L2/B L1/A

8. Ground CPC 100 using a cable of at least 6 mm2 cross-section close to the
position of the operator.
9. Connect CP CU1 with CPC 100 as shown in Figure 3-1: "Wiring the
Measurement Setup" above.
10.Mark the area around CP GB1 in the range of at least 5 m/15 ft and around
CP CU1 in the range of at least 2 m/5 ft as dangerous zone.
11.Open the grounding switch and read the voltmeter on the CP CU1’s front
panel from outside of the dangerous zone.
Caution: If the voltmeter’s reading is
• > 500 V, stop. The measurement is not possible due to high-voltage
hazard.
• 250…500 V, the measurement is possible only in the 10 A range.
• 100…250 V, the measurement is possible in the 10 A or 20 A range.
• 50…100 V, the measurement is possible in the 10 A, 20 A or 50 A range.
• < 50 V, the measurement is possible in all current ranges.
If the open-line voltage allows measurement, proceed as described in the
respective "Performing Measurements" section of the following applications.
Caution: Make sure that the grounding switch is always closed when no
measurement is performed and especially when the wiring is modified or
the current range switch of CP CU1 is set.

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

3.3 k Factor Measurement

3.3.1 Why k Factor Measurement?
On most modern secondary distance protection relays, the value of the positive-
sequence (line) and zero-sequence (line-to-ground) impedance or the ground
impedance matching factor (k factor) is required to make the relay settings. The
line impedance can be readily calculated but the chosen values for the ground
impedance often do not match the actual conditions. The accuracy of these
settings is crucial to the operation of the relay because they directly affect the
reach of the different protection zones e.g. in case of a line-to-ground fault.
Measurements show that in significant number of cases the k factor of the
measured lines is set more than 20% from its actual value. This can result in
zone under- or overreach and consequently, the selectivity is lost. This situation
is particularly relevant to underground power cables.
The k factors are line parameters independent of the fault location describing the
ratio of the line and ground impedances. The following k factor definitions are
commonly used:
The complex ratio of the ground impedance ZE and the line impedance ZL
kL = ZE/ZL = (Z0/Z1 – 1)/3, (Eq. 3-3)
the complex ratio of the zero-sequence impedance Z0 and the positive-
sequence impedance Z1 (see Figure 3-2: "Zero-Sequence Impedance
Definition" below)
k0 = Z0/Z1 (Eq. 3-4)
and a couple of real values
RE/RL (Eq. 3-5)
XE/XL (Eq. 3-6)
where RE and XE are the real and imaginary parts respectively of the ground
impedance and RL and XL are the real and imaginary parts respectively of the
line impedance.

30
 Applications

Figure 3-2:
Zero-Sequence
Impedance Definition

The k factor is an important setting of distance protection relays. The precision

of this setting affects the accuracy of distance protection relays dramatically.
The k factor can be calculated, but the calculation results give only a rough
estimate of the actual value. As a wrong k factor setting can cause worse power
quality, higher risk to lose the system stability and loss of power supply, k factor
measurements are essential for fast, selective and reliable distance protection.
Because there are usually strong disturbances by other lines in service,
measurement at the mains frequency is not feasible. All measurements running
according to the templates are done below and above the mains frequency and
the results are interpolated. From these results the positive- and zero-sequence
impedances as well as the k factor in various formats are calculated.

3.3.2 Performing Measurements

Connect the measurement setup to the overhead lines or power cables under
test following 3.2 "Safety Instructions for Connecting CP CU1 to Power Lines"
on page 26.
Note: For line length below 5 km/3 miles it is recommended to connect the
V SENSE input of CP CU1 as close as possible to the VT of the line to
reduce the additional impedance of the current feed in the path. For longer
lines, you can connect the V SENSE input with the Kelvin clamps directly
on CP GB1.

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

In the course of the k factor test procedure, the following measurements are
performed:
• Line-to-line impedance measurements: L1-L2, L1-L3, L2-L3 (Figure
3-3: "Line-to-Line Impedance Measurements" below shows the L1-L2
measurement as example.)
Figure 3-3:
Line-to-Line Impedance Far end Near end
Measurements

Overhead line

V1 AC I AC I AC V1 AC I OUT
CPC 100 CP CU1
EXT. BOOSTER BOOSTER CP GB1
V SENSE

32
 Applications

• Line-to-ground impedance measurements: L1-E, L2-E, L3-E (Figure

3-4: "Line-to-Ground Impedance Measurements" below shows the L1-E
measurement as example.)
Figure 3-4:
Line-to-Ground Far end Near end
Impedance
Measurements

Overhead line

V1 AC I AC I AC V1 AC I OUT
CP GB1
CPC 100 CP CU1
EXT. BOOSTER BOOSTER
V SENSE

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

• Zero-sequence impedance measurements: L1||L2||L3-E (see Figure

3-5: "Zero-Sequence Impedance Measurement" below)
Short the three phases with the delivered three-lead cable as shown in Figure
1-6: "Shorting the Phases" on page 17.
Figure 3-5:
Zero-Sequence Far end Near end
Impedance
Measurement

Overhead line

V1 AC I AC I AC V1 AC I OUT
CPC 100 CP CU1
EXT. BOOSTER BOOSTER
V SENSE
CP GB1

The test procedure is controlled by templates available on the CPC Explorer

CD-ROM shipped with your CP CU1 or in the customer area of the OMICRON
electronics home page. For detailed information on the templates and
instructions how to use them, see 3.1 "Template Usage" on page 25.
It is recommended to use the same test current for all measurements. To find
out the highest test current possible, start the test procedure with the
measurement featuring the highest impedance, i.e., the L1-L3 measurement on
power cables and the L1-E measurement on overhead lines.

34
 Applications

After wiring the measurement setup to the line under test proceed as follows:
1. Configure CPC 100 as described in 2.3 "Configuring CPC 100" on page 22
for the CP CU1’s current range set by the current range switch.
Caution: The configured current range must not exceed the limit by the
open-line voltage.
2. Choose the XML template for the mains frequency
(e.g. "Line Imp CU1 60Hz.xmt" for the 60 Hz mains frequency) and open the
template.
Caution: Open the grounding switch at the near end before making the test
and keep it open only during the measurement. Close the grounding
switch after the test and before reconnecting the measurement setup.
3. Run the test procedure.
The following measurements are performed:
• Line-to-line measurements: L1-L2, L1-L3, L2-L3
For each measurement, connect the I OUT and V SENSE inputs of
CP CU1 to the corresponding CP GB1’s line studs.
• Line-to-ground-measurements: L1-E, L2-E, L3-E
For each measurement, connect the I OUT and V SENSE inputs of
CP CU1 to the corresponding CP GB1’s line studs.
• Zero-sequence impedance measurement: L1||L2||L3-E
4. If an overload of CPC 100 occurs, reduce the test current or set a lower
current range and run the test procedure once again.
Lower test currents at the two highest frequencies are recommended.
5. Save the test procedure as a file on CPC 100.
6. Download the test file from CPC 100 to the PC using CPC Explorer.
7. Load the test file into the Microsoft Excel template.
The measurement results are displayed.
The measurement of mutual coupling of two power lines is performed in a similar
way. All three phases of both systems under test are connected together and
grounded at the far end of the line. The current II is fed into all the phases of the
system I and the voltage UII is measured on the near end of the system II which
is not grounded here. The mutual coupling factor for the relay II is then given by
kM0 = (UII/II)/ZLII (Eq. 3-7)

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

3.3.3 Interpretation of Measurement Results

To interpret the results of line impedance measurements correctly, you have to
know details about the overhead line or power cable under test. You will find
below some useful notes about how to interpret the measurement results.
Usually, the resistive part of the line impedance is relatively constant over the
L1-L2, L1-L3 and L2-L3 as well as L1-E, L2-E and L3-E measurements. If the
measurement results differ considerably, typically contact problems are the
reason. In some cases, the grounding switches at the far end of the line are not
as good as necessary for the measurement. Additional grounding cables could
help to avoid the contact problems. For the lines under test shorter than
5 km/3 miles, do not connect the V SENSE input of CP CU1 with the Kelvin
clamps, but rather use additional clamps directly on the wires of the power line.
The inductive part of the line impedance increases with the distance between
the lines. This is documented by the measurement results stored in an example
file delivered with the line impedance templates (see the marked results in
Figure 3-6: "Measurement Results" on page 37). The measured overhead line
with the shortest distance between the lines L1 and L3 is shown in Figure
3-7: "Measured Overhead Line" on page 38.
Note: For each line of measurement results there is a separate overload
indication top right on the CPC 100’s screen (or in the report) explained
below.
No overload indication means no overload during that step of the measurement
sequence.
Dotted overload indication means that there was an overload during that step of
the measurement sequence but not all the time.
Solid overload indication means a permanent overload during that step of the
measurement sequence.

36
 Applications

Figure 3-6:
Measurement Results

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

Figure 3-7:
Measured Overhead
Line

L2

L1 L3

The L2-E measurement features the lowest X component because the line is
very close to the ground wire. The X component of the L3-E measurement is
decreased by a parallel system taking course close to L3 on the other side of the
tower. Short-circuiting of the parallel system during the measurement would
have increased the effect and would have lead to erroneous results because this
is not the normal operating condition. The interpretation of the result of zero-
sequence impedance measurement is more difficult. Some methods for
verifying it are shown below.
Several intermediate results are hidden in the Microsoft Excel template due to
their minor importance. However, by clicking on the "+" symbol on the left (see
the lines 32 and 51 in Figure 3-6: "Measurement Results" on page 37) you can
view the individual k factor results for each line. If the individual measurements
are very close to each other and close to the overall k factor, the measurement
is most likely correct. Broadly spread results with the average value close to the
overall k factor value indicate a very asymmetrical line under test but the results
are most likely correct. If the individual k factor measurements differ
considerably from each other, the relay should be set to a value smaller than the
average k factor to avoid zone overreaches.

38
 Applications

Another interesting effect can be observed when measuring power cables. If the
screen or shield is very close to the conductors but the conductors are relatively
wide from each other, the inductive part of the line-to-line measurements is
higher than the inductive part of the line-to-ground measurements, resulting in a
negative X component of the calculated impedance ZE. This seemingly strange
result is explained as follows. Recalling (see 3.3.1 "Why k Factor
Measurement?" on page 30) that the zero-sequence impedance is given by
Z0 = Z1 + 3ZE (Eq. 3-8)
and hence
ZE = (Z0 –Z1)/3 (Eq. 3-9)
where Z1 is the positive-sequence impedance and ZE is defined as a difference
between the line-to-ground loop measurement and a half of the line-to-line loop
measurement, the X component of ZE can become negative.

3.4 Ground Impedance and Step Voltage

Measurement
3.4.1 Introduction
A good substation grounding system is crucial to prevent people injury and
damage of equipment. International standards such as
DIN VDE 0101/CENELEC HD637S1, IEEE Std 80-2000 or IEEE Std 81-1983
give guidelines how to measure such impedances.
This application describes the measurement of large substations. Smaller
grounding systems could be tested without connection to an existing overhead
line or power cable and therefore the use of CP CU1 and CP GB1 would not be
necessary. However, the procedure is the same when injecting the current into
a long wire directly from the 6 A AC output. Anyway, when injecting the current
into a test probe, special safety measures are required to avoid hazards when
people approach the test probe.
The current-voltage method as called in CENELEC HD637S1 or fall of potential
method as called in IEEE standards is a good solution to measure the ground
impedance of a substation. Before starting the test procedure, take one
overhead line or power cable leaving the substation under test out of service and
ground it at the far end. Feed a current via this power line into a remote ground.
For larger substations, a distance of the remote ground of at least 5 km/3 miles
is recommended, the minimum distance is 10 times the size of the grounding
system. Then measure the voltages with a test probe at various distances

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

around the substation. If possible, choose the measurement points in a 90º

angle (bird’s-eye view) relative to the current path. In any case, avoid measuring
close (<60º) to the current path.
For an accurate estimate of the step voltage, set the measurement points as
close as 1 m/3 ft to the substation and to each other. The step voltage is
calculated for a certain fault current. Enter the highest possible fault current for
the substation under test in the relevant field of the Microsoft Excel template.
Measurement data at a large distance (typically three times the length of the
substation) from the substation allow the calculation of the overall substation
ground impedance Zground as defined in VDE 0101.

3.4.2 Performing Measurements

To measure ground impedance and step voltage:
1. Connect the measurement setup to an overhead line or a power cable
leading from the substation under test following 3.2 "Safety Instructions for
Connecting CP CU1 to Power Lines" on page 26.
2. Short the three phases with the delivered three-lead cable as shown in Figure
1-6: "Shorting the Phases" on page 17.
3. Connect one pin of the CPC 100’s V1 AC input to the ground substation
ground, the other pin to a test probe as shown in Figure 3-8: "Ground
Impedance and Step Voltage Measurement" on page 41.
The V SENSE input and the V1 AC output of CP CU1 are not used in this
application. The voltage is measured directly using the V1 AC input of
CPC 100.

40
 Applications

Figure 3-8:
Ground Impedance and
Step Voltage
Measurement

90º

V1 AC I AC I AC I OUT
CPC 100 CP CU1
EXT. BOOSTER BOOSTER
CP GB1

The test procedure is controlled by templates available on the CPC Explorer

CD-ROM shipped with your CP CU1 or in the customer area of the OMICRON
electronics home page. For detailed information on the templates and
instructions how to use them, see 3.1 "Template Usage" on page 25. Using the
CPC 100’s Sequencer test card, the test procedure runs without user
interaction, performing the recommended six measurements per test probe
position.
Caution: Do not touch the test probe without insulating gloves outside of
the substation area. In case of a high-current ground fault within the
substation during the test, considerably high voltages could arise in any
wire connected to the substation and leading away from it.

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

After wiring the measurement setup to the line proceed as follows:

1. Configure CPC 100 as described in 2.3 "Configuring CPC 100" on page 22
for the CP CU1’s current range set by the current range switch.
Caution: The configured current range must not exceed the limit by the
open-line voltage.
2. Choose the XML template for the mains frequency
(e.g. "Ground Imp CU1 60Hz.xmt" for the 60 Hz mains frequency) and open
the template.
3. Select the "Enter Distance Here" card from the template.
4. Select "Save as Default" to reuse this card later on.
5. Stick the test probe into the ground at the specified distance from the
substation and proceed from short to long distances.
Recommended distances for the step voltage measurement are 1 to 15 m in
1 m steps (3 to 45 ft in 3 ft steps) in the first file and 15 to 30 m in 1 m steps
(45 to 90 ft) in the second file. For the ground impedance measurement, 1,
2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200 m and continuing in 100 m steps (5, 10, 20,
50, 100, 200, 500, 750, 1000 ft and continuing in 250 ft steps) seem to be a
good choice. You can measure the distance for this application conveniently
with a commercial GPS device.
Note: Make sure that the measurement points take course in a 90º angle
(bird’s-eye view) relative to the current path and, if possible, avoid
additional overhead lines or power cables as well as current paths.
6. Start the test card for the current test point.
7. Label the test card with the distance in units m or ft without blanks, e.g. "10m"
or "30ft".
8. Add one Sequencer test card for every test point you want to measure.
9. Proceed with step 6 as long as you want to measure at another distance.
10.Save the test procedure as a file on CPC 100.
Note: It is recommended to save at most 15 test cards in one file, but
having more files is possible.
11.Download the test file(s) from CPC 100 to the PC using CPC Explorer.
12.Load the test file(s) into the Microsoft Excel template.
The ground impedance and the step voltage are displayed as a function of
the distance from the substation.
Note: If there are more files, load one after another.

42
 Applications

3.4.3 Interpretation of Measurement Results

Ground Impedance Measurement
Due to the inductance of the feed-in line, a considerable part of the current Iout
injected into the ground does not flow back through the ground but through the
ground wire or the line shield. This current Ishield has to be subtracted from Iout
and, consequently, the ground impedance is given by
Zground = Vmeas/(Iout – Ishield) (Eq. 3-10)
This effect is compensated by the current reduction factor r as defined in the
CENELEC HD637 S :1999. A field in the XML template allows setting the
current reduction factor between 0.01 and 1.00 (1.00 means no current
compensation).
For 110 kV overhead lines, the standard gives typical values of r = 0.98 for steel
ground wires and down to 0.60 for steel/aluminum ground wires. For current
feeding via power cables, the r factor can be as low as 0.01. The effect of the
current Ishield can be eliminated by disconnecting the line shield or the ground
wire of the feed-in line. If the disconnection is not possible, it is recommended to
measure the current Ishield with a clamp-on ammeter and to calculate the current
reduction factor as
r = 1 – Ishield/Iout (Eq. 3-11)
The example file delivered with the templates includes measurement results for
a terrain approaching the optimum. Figure 3-9: "Ground Impedance vs.
Distance for a Terrain Approaching Optimum" on page 44 shows a graph
displayed after loading the example file into the Microsoft Excel template. The
voltage between the grounding system under test and the test probe (and hence
the ground impedance) increases slowly until it reaches an approximately
constant value. This limit value corresponds to the ground impedance Zground,
the impedance of the substation against the "rest of the world". In the example
considered, Zground is approximately 60 mΩ.

43
 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

Figure 3-9:
Ground Impedance vs.
Distance for a Terrain
Approaching Optimum

In some cases, measurement results shows peaks and drops until an area free
of buildings and buried conductors or pipes is reached. Until then, erroneous
results can be obtained. Figure 3-10: "Ground Impedance vs. Distance for a
Difficult Terrain" below shows typical measurement results obtained under such
conditions. The graph shows a peak due to a street lamp close to the test probe.
The street lamp was connected to a protective ground wire approaching the
location of the remote grounding system. Voltage drops can be observed when
the measurement points are set close to objects (i.e. towers of power lines
leaving the substation under test) connected to the grounding system under test.
Figure 3-10:
Ground Impedance vs.
Distance for a Difficult
Terrain

In a difficult terrain, the measurement results may show no noticeable trend until
values converging to a constant are obtained. Consequently, the terrain analysis
on site is of highest importance. Setting the measurement points close to the line
injecting the current results in erroneously high measured values. An area within
the angle of at least 60º relative to the line should be avoided.

44
 Applications

Step Voltage Measurement

In opposite to the ground impedance measurement, the measurement of the
step voltage is to be performed in the close vicinity of the grounding system
under test in steps of at most 1 m/3 ft. The highest voltage gradients or step
voltages occur typically at the corners of the grounding system or peripherals
connected to the grounding system, such as the first towers of overhead lines or
similar objects.
The step voltage is given for the fault current set in the Microsoft Excel template.
In some countries it is usual to give the step voltage in V/m per kA of the fault
current. To obtain the step voltage in these units, enter 1 kA in the fault current
field in the Microsoft Excel template and label the graph accordingly.

3.5 Measurement of Coupling into Signal Cables

3.5.1 Introduction
The measurement of the coupling impedance Zk between power and signal lines
is performed for two current loops of the power lines under test. One loop is
shaped by two lines featuring the largest area, the other loop is shaped by three
lines in parallel and the ground. For each loop, the measurement setup is
calibrated by measuring the voltage with the measurement cable short-circuited.

3.5.2 Performing Measurements

Connect the measurement setup to the overhead lines or power cables under
test following 3.2 "Safety Instructions for Connecting CP CU1 to Power Lines"
on page 26. The V SENSE input and the V1 AC output of CP CU1 are not used
in this application. Position the measurement cable near the connection terminal
of the signal cable.
Note: The voltage is measured directly using the V2 AC input of CPC 100.

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

In the course of the test procedure, the following tests are performed:
• Calibration with the loop shaped by two lines with the largest area (Figure
3-11: "Calibration with the Line-to-Line Loop" below shows the L1-L3
calibration as example)
Short-circuit the measurement cable and connect it to the cable under test.
Figure 3-11:
Calibration with the
Line-to-Line Loop

Signal cable Short circuit

V2 AC I AC I AC I OUT
CPC 100 CP CU1
EXT. BOOSTER BOOSTER CP GB1

46
 Applications

• Measurement with the loop shaped by two lines with the largest area (Figure
3-12: "Measurement with the Line-to-Line Loop" below shows the L1-L3
measurement as example)
Figure 3-12:
Measurement with the
Line-to-Line Loop

Signal cable

V2 AC I AC I AC I OUT
CPC 100 CP CU1
EXT. BOOSTER BOOSTER CP GB1

47
 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

• Measurement with the loop shaped by three lines in parallel and the ground
(see Figure 3-13: "Measurement with the Loop Between Parallel Lines and
Ground" below)
Short the three phases with the delivered three-lead cable as shown in Figure
1-6: "Shorting the Phases" on page 17.
Figure 3-13:
Measurement with the
Loop Between Parallel
Lines and Ground

Signal cable

V2 AC I AC I AC I OUT
CPC 100 CP CU1
EXT. BOOSTER BOOSTER
CP GB1

48
 Applications

• Calibration with the loop shaped by three lines in parallel and the ground (see
Figure 3-14: "Calibration with the Loop Between Parallel Lines and Ground"
below)
Short the three phases with the delivered three-lead cable as shown in Figure
1-6: "Shorting the Phases" on page 17. Short-circuit the measurement cable
and connect it to the cable under test.
Figure 3-14:
Calibration with the
Loop Between Parallel
Lines and Ground

Signal cable Short circuit

V2 AC I AC I AC I OUT
CPC 100 CP CU1
EXT. BOOSTER BOOSTER
CP GB1

The test procedure is controlled by templates available on the CPC Explorer

CD-ROM shipped with your CP CU1 or in the customer area of the OMICRON
electronics home page. For detailed information on the templates and
instructions how to use them, see 3.1 "Template Usage" on page 25.

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

After wiring the measurement setup to the line proceed as follows:

1. Configure CPC 100 as described in 2.3 "Configuring CPC 100" on page 22
for the CP CU1’s current range set by the current range switch.
Caution: The configured current range must not exceed the limit by the
open-line voltage.
2. Choose the XML template for the mains frequency
(e.g. "Coupling CU1 60Hz.xmt" for the 60 Hz mains frequency) and open the
template.
3. Connect the I OUT output of CP CU1 to the CP GB1’s line studs
corresponding to the line-to-line loop with the largest area (see Figure
3-11: "Calibration with the Line-to-Line Loop" on page 46).
4. Connect a twisted shielded measurement cable to the V2 AC input of
CPC 100 and short-circuit it.
Note: The measurement cable is not part of the scope of supply.
5. Start the "L-L cal" test card.
6. Measure the voltage between the shield of the measurement cable and the
signal cable with a hand-held voltmeter.
Caution: If the measured voltage is
• > 40 V, take safety precautions to avoid electrical hazard.
• > 300 V, stop. The measurement is not possible, because the V2 AC
input limits are exceeded.
7. If the voltage allows measurement, connect the measurement cable to the
signal cable (see Figure 3-12: "Measurement with the Line-to-Line Loop" on
page 47).
8. Start the "L-L meas" test card.
9. Connect the I OUT output of CP CU1 to the CP GB1’s line studs
corresponding the loop shaped by three lines in parallel and the ground (see
Figure 3-14: "Calibration with the Loop Between Parallel Lines and Ground"
on page 49).
10.Start the "L-E meas" test card.
11.Disconnect the measurement cable from the signal cable and short-circuit it.
12.Start the "L-E cal" test card.
13.Save the test procedure as a file on CPC 100.
14.Download the test file from CPC 100 to the PC using CPC Explorer.
15.Load the test file into the Microsoft Excel template.
The measurement results are displayed.

50
 Technical Data

4 Technical Data
4.1 CP CU1 Output Ranges
Table 4-1:
Output Ranges of
CP CU1
Range Current Compliance Voltage @ > 45 Hz
10 A 0…10 Arms 500 Vrms
20 A 0…20 Arms 250 Vrms
50 A 0…50 Arms 100 Vrms
100 A 0…100 Arms 50 Vrms

4.2 CP CU1 Measuring Transformers

Table 4-2:
Measuring
Transformers of
Transformer Ratio Accuracy @ 50/60 Hz
CP CU1
VT 600 V : 30 V Class 0.1
CT 100 A : 2.5 A Class 0.1

4.3 CP CU1 Inputs

Table 4-3:
Inputs of CP CU1
Characteristic Rating
Overvoltage category CAT III (IEC 61010-1)
V SENSE
Voltage range 0…600 Vrms
Overvoltage category CAT I
Voltage range 0…200 Vrms
Current range 0…30 Arms
BOOSTER1
Frequency range 15…400 Hz
Fuse 30 A fast acting,
automatic circuit-breaker
1. The BOOSTER input supplies power to CP CU1. It must be connected only to CPC 100.

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

4.4 CP GB1 Specifications

Table 4-4:
CP GB1 Specifications
Characteristic Rating
Nominal AC spark-over voltage < 1000 Vrms
Impulse spark-over voltage < 2000 Vpeak
Short-circuit proof with:
16 mm cylindrical or 20 mm ball studs 26.5 kA (<100 ms)/67 kApeak
25 mm or 1 inch ball studs 30 kA (<100 ms)/75 kApeak
Torsional moment for changing arrestors > 15 Nm

4.5 Output Power

Table 4-5:
Output Power of
CPC 100 and CP CU1
Characteristic Rating1
5000 VA (45…70 Hz), cosϕ < 1.0 for 8 s @ 230 V AC
mains voltage
Maximum power
5000 VA (45…70 Hz), cosϕ < 0.4 for 8 s @ 115 V AC
mains voltage
Continuous power 0…1600 VA
Frequency 15…400 Hz (15…45 Hz with reduced voltage)
1. Ambient temperature 23ºC ± 5ºC/73ºF ± 10ºF

52
 Technical Data

4.6 Accuracy
Table 4-6:
Accuracy of CPC 100
and CP CU1
Impedance Typ. Typ. V SENSE I OUT Current
Range Accuracy1 Accuracy1 Voltage Current Range
of abs(Z) of Phase
Value Angle
0.05…0.2 Ω 1.0…0.5% 1.5…0.8º 5…20 V 100 A 100 A
0.2…2 Ω 0.5…0.3% 0.8…0.5º 20…50 V 100…25 A 100 A
2…5 Ω 0.3% 0.5º 100 V 50…20 A 50 A
5…25 Ω 0.3% 0.5º 100…250 V 20…10 A 20 A
25…300 Ω 0.3…1.0% 0.5…1.5º 250…500 V 10…1.5 A 10 A
1. Ambient temperature 23ºC ± 5ºC/73ºF ± 10ºF

4.7 Environmental Conditions

Table 4-7:
Environmental
Conditions for CP CU1
Characteristic Rating
and CP GB1
Operating temperature –10…+55ºC/14…131ºF
Transport & storage temperature –20…+70ºC/–4…158ºF
Relative humidity 5…95%, non-condensing
Safety EN 61010-1
Prepared for IEEE 510, EN 50191 (VDE 0104),
EN 50110-1 (VDE 0105 Part 100),
LAPG 1710.6 NASA "Electrical Safety"
Protection IP20

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 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

4.8 Mechanical Data

Table 4-8:
Mechanical Data of
CP CU1 and CP GB1
Characteristic Rating
450 × 220 × 220 mm/
Dimensions (w × h × d)
CP CU1 17.72 × 8.66 × 8.66 inch
Weight 28.5 kg/62.78 lb
Dimensions (Φ × h) 200 × 190 mm/7.87 × 7.48 inch

CP GB1 4.2 kg/8.81 lb (without grounding cable)

Weight approx. 6.8 kg/13.22 lb
(with grounding cable)

4.9 Clamp-on Ammeter (Accessory)

Specifications
Table 4-9:
Clamp-on Ammeter
Specifications
Characteristic Rating
Ranges 40 A/400 A with autoranging
Current AC Accuracy ±2% @ 50/60 Hz
Resolution 3½ digits
Range 600 V
Voltage AC Accuracy 1.5% @ 50/500 Hz
Resolution 3½ digits
Clamp size 30 mm/1.2 inch
General Insulation CAT III/600 V
Battery 2 × LR03

For detailed information on the clamp-on ammeter, see the Digital Clamp Meter
User’s Manual shipped with the clamp-on ammeter.

54
 Contact Information / Technical Support

Contact Information / Technical

Support
Europe, Africa, Middle East
OMICRON electronics GmbH
Phone: +43 5523 507-333
E-Mail: support@omicron.at
Web: www.omicron.at

Asia, Pacific
OMICRON electronics Asia Ltd, Hong Kong
Phone: +852 2634 0377
E-Mail: support@asia.omicron.at
Web: www.omicron.at

North and South America

OMICRON electronics Corp. USA
Phone: +1 713 830-4660 or 1 800 OMICRON
E-Mail: techsupport@omicronusa.com
Web: www.omicronusa.com

For addresses of OMICRON offices with customer service centers, regional

sales offices or offices for training, consulting and commissioning please see our
website.

55
 OMICRON Contact Addresses

56
 Index

Index
E
EN 50110-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 53
EN 50191 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 53
A EN 61010-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

address
manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 F
factor
current reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
B ground impedance matching . . . . . . . . . . 30
k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 38
BOOSTER input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 frequency selective measurements . . . . . . . 22
front panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

C
cardiac pacemaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
G
CENELEC HD637 S :1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ground impedance matching factor . . . . . . . 30
CENELEC HD637S1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 grounding cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
clamp-on ammeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 27, 43 grounding stud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 28
coupling grounding switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
into signal cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
mutual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
coupling impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
CPC 100 software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 23
CPC Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
H
CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 hotline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
current range switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
current reduction factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

I
I AC output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
D I OUT current output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
dangerous zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 29 IEEE Std 80-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 IEEE Std 81-1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
DIN VDE 0101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 IEEE 510 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 53
impedance
ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 39, 40, 42, 43
line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

57
 CP CU1 Reference Manual V 1.4

positive-sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 39
zero-sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
IP20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
S
safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
safety regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
safety rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
K Service
OMICRON address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
k factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 38 short-circuit bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
socket clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 28
step voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 42, 45
support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
L surge arrestor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
LAPG 1710.6 NASA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 53

T
M technical support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
manufacturer address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
measurement setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 thunderstorm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
mutual coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

O V
V SENSE input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
OMICRON address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 V1 AC output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
open-line voltage VDE 0101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
estimated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 VDE 0104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 53
measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 VDE 0105 Part 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 53
operator qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 voltmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
orderly measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 VT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 31

P W
parallel weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 wiring
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 CP GP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
working ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

58