Acknowledgement

There are number of individuals who deserve my sincere gratitude for helping me
to complete this work. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude and
appreciation to my guide towards Prof. S.S.Vaidya for most valuable guidance and help.
I express my deepest gratitude to Prof. S.S.Vaidya Head of the Department, Sanghavi
College Of Engineering, Nashik has given me ample freedom while doing this work and
also provided the moral support at difficult situations. It was my honor to work under her.
Also I am very thankful to Dr. J. T. Pattiwar, Principal, Sanghavi College Of
Engineering, Nashik for his suggestions, encouragement and constant support. Last but
not the least. I would like to thank my family for their support, guidance, words of
encouragement and unselfish love and all those people who helped us in making this
project a success.

Aher Manali A. (71753717L)

Ahire Sangita B. (71753718J)

Downloaded from Arrow.com.

 Abstract
An efficient, accurate and automated technique of ration distribution using RFID
(Radio Frequency Identification) based technology/using of AADHAR number, which is
an innovative
approach in PDS (Public Distribution system). Public distribution system is also named
as rationing distribution system, which is one of the widely disputable issues that involve
malpractices. The existing ration distribution system has high level of corruption like
inaccurate measurement of goods, large waiting time, and material theft in ration shop
and manual distribution is not easy to handle crowd. In this paper, the proposed system
replaces the manual work in public distribution system. The main objective of the
designed system is the automation of ration shop to provide transparency by using,
RFID/UID number & networking which is similar to the ATM. This automated ration
system replaces the conventional ration card system by RFID tag/AADHAR number, the
government Authority provides the customer’s database stored in microcontroller.
Customer needs to scan tag to RFID reader or enter the AADHAR number, along with
the PIN assigned to it, and then microcontroller checks customer’s details with stored
database to dispense the material in ration shop. After successful authorization, customer
needs to enter type of material as well as quantity of material using keypad. After
delivering proper material to consumer, proposed ration shop system is connected to the
IoT database via Ethernet module to provide information to customer as well as PDS
authorities. The Digital India Initiative marks the use of internet for accessing
information even in most remote areas. The use of AADHAR number
in the system eases the management of distribution for the government.
Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1Introduction
The PDS is recognized by the Government of India, with a network of 5.05 Lakh Fair
Price Shops (FPS) is perhaps the largest retail system in the world [1]. This scheme was
launched in India on June 1997. Public distribution system provides a ration card issued
by the State Government for the purchase of essential consumer materials like rice,
wheat, kerosene and oil. The fair price shops are mainly used to distribute the goods at a
subsidized price to the poor.

Public Distribution System is one of the widely controversial issues that involve
inefficiency in the targeting of beneficiaries and the resulting leakage of subsidies. The
Indian ration card is the authority of the Indian people. It is an important livelihood tool
for providing proof of personal identity [2]. Public Distribution System is one of the
widely controversial issues that involve malpractice. The manual interference in
weighing of the materials leads to inaccurate measurement and it may happen, the ration
shop owner illegally uses consumer materials without prior knowledge of ration card
holders [1]. In this paper, the proposed automated ration distributed system aids to
control Malpractices by replacing manual work with automatic system based on
RFID/UID number & Internet Databases.

1.2Motivation and Objectives

The aim of this system is to build an automatic and convenient system to protect the
interests of the public by countering the malpractices. The main purpose of the system is
to implement fingerprint matching algorithm for authentication of the user, which in turn
reduces the widespread corruption, misuses of cards and to reduce the time complexity of
the manual data entries. The system is used to protect the products of fair price shop in
black markets.
Chapter 2
Literature Survey

This automated ration system replaces the conventional ration card system by RFID tag,
the government Authority provides the customer’s database stored in Internet through
ThingSpeak Database. The main objective of the designed system is the automation of
ration shop to provide transparency by using, RFID &IOT technology.The RFID systems
basically consist of three elements: a tag or transponder, a reader and a middleware
deployed at a host computer.
The RFID tag is a data carrier part of the RFID system which is placed on the objects to
be uniquely identified. The RFID reader is a device that transmits and receives data
through radio waves using the connected antennas. Its functions include powering the tag,
and reading or writing data to the tag. Consumers are provided with RFID card which
acts as ration card.
The PDS system today supports over 40 crore Indians below the poverty line with
monthly supply of subsidized food grains [2]. This large crowd can be handled by using
UID (Unique Identification) number system called AADHAR number through which
government databases could be accessed providing necessary Details. ThingSpeak™ is
an open source IoT(Internet of Things) platform that lets one collect sensor data in the
cloud and develop IoT applications. The ThingSpeak™ IoT platform provides apps that
let one analyse and visualize data in MATLAB®, and then act on the data. Sensor data
can be sent to ThingSpeak from Arduino®, Raspberry Pi™, BeagleBone Black, and other
hardware. In this system we have designed and implemented an automated ration
distribution system using RFID and IOT.
In this system every consumer is provided with a RFID card which acts as ration card.
The RFID card has unique identification number; the consumer scans the card on RFID
reader which is interfaced with microcontroller. Consumer can also enter her/his
AADHAR Card number instead of RFID Scan.
After successful authorization, customer needs to enter type of material as well as
quantity of material using keypad [3]. After delivering proper material to consumer,
proposed ration shop system is connected to the government database via INTERNET
which updates the database and thereby provide information to customer as well as PDS
authorities. By implementing the automated ration distribution system each user is
assured to get a correct amount of ration at the Correct Price. The project can be
implemented in large scale by using UID (Unique Identification) number system called
AADHAR number which can be linked with government databases [4].

IEEE Paper and Publications

No. Paper / Publication Author Year
1. Reliability Enhancement of Public Chen Liming; Dong 2018
Wireless Xuzhu; Chen Baoren ;
Communication for Remote Control Li Jin ; Wang Qiqi
Services
in Power Distribution in Smart Grid.
2. Optimal Fast Charging Station Terapong Boonraksa ; 2018
Location for Boonruang Marungsri
Public Electric Transportation in Smart
Power Distribution Network
3. E — Public distribution system using B. Gaikwad Priya ; 2017
SMART card and GSM technology. Sangita
Nikumbh
4. Agent Based Social Simulation Model N. Hitaswi ; K. 2017
and Chandrasekaran Yuh-
Unique Identification Based Empirical Min
 Model for Public Distribution System. Tseng ; Jinn-Ke Jan
5. Experiences from use of an LVDC Pasi Nuutinen ; Tero 2013
system in Kaipia ; Pasi
public electricity distribution. Peltoniemi ; Andrey
Lana ; Antti
6. Unique IDentification (UID) based Amit Krishnan ; 2011
model for Kaushik
the Indian Public Distribution System Raju ; Abhishek
(PDS) Vedamoorthy H. M.
implemented in Windows embedded Gill
CE.
7. Smart Grid distribution automation for H. M. Gill 2010
public
power.
8. Modelling distribution automation T. E. McDermott ; R. 2009
schemes C.
with a control systems overlay. Dugan ; T. L. King ;
9. Applying security algorithms against Akila A ; Akila E ; 2008
cyber Akila S ; Anu K ;
attacks in the distribution automation ELZALET J
system.
10. ID-based cryptographic schemes using Yuh-Min Tseng ; Jinn- 1998
a noninteractive public-key Ke Jan
distribution system.
Chapter 3
System Overview

3.1 Proposed Methodology

 Fig .Block Diagram

The main part of the ration distribution is based on the RFID technology. RFID stands for
Radio-Frequency Identifications. The RFID is small electronic device that consist of a
small chip and an antenna. The chip typically can carry 2,000 bytes of data or less. The
RFID card is password protected. When the card is showed to the RFID tag, enter the
password through the keypad. If the password is not correct, then that RFID card doesn’t
work. After entering the correct password, the database of that customer will be
monitored on the LCD display. Which includes name of customer, type of card, balance
of ration material and we can select the material & its quantity. The controller will
recognize the data coming from RFID by comparing it with the database. Once the user is
identified, the microcontroller will check whether the user had already bought the ration
item of to that month. If the user selects the ration item for purchasing purpose, then the
controller will calculate the price of the items & check with the available cash balance in
the card. If the person has enough balance, then microcontroller will start the solenoid &
motor mechanism to dispense the items. The solid items are measured by load cell and
the liquid items are measured by solenoid valve mechanism. After the dispensation of the
materials the message will be send to the mobile number of higher authority and the
customer’s mobile number through the GSM.

The smart ration distribution based on RFID technology. Instead of ration card
everyone will be provided with an RFID card. If the customer has to buy any ration
material, he has to show the ration RFID tag card to the RFID reader kit. The user will be
having a unique number & the reader will recognize it. The recognized RFID number
will be given to the microcontroller, which compares the input number with the database.
Name, address details, date of expire of card etc. are programmed in the controller will
recognize the data coming from RFID by comparing it with the database. Once the user is
identified, the microcontroller will check whether the user had already bought the ration
item of to that month. If not, then the ration item to be dispensed will be displayed on the
LCD screen. The user has to enter the details of the item he wants to purchase. If the user
selects the ration item for purchasing purpose, then the controller will calculate the price
of the items & check with the available cash balance in the card. If the person has enough
balance, then microcontroller will start the solenoid & motor mechanism to dispense the
items. The solid items are measured by load cell and the liquid items are measured by
solenoid valve mechanism.
Chapter 4
System hardware
4.1 Arduino Uno
The UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. If this is your first
experience
tinkering with the platform, the UNO is the most robust board you can start playing with.
The UNO is the most used and documented board of the whole Arduino family.

Fig. Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC to-DC adapter or battery to get
started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing
something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start
over again. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino
Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the
reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.

Microcontroller : ATmega328P
• Operating Voltage : 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended) : 7-12V
• Input Voltage (limit) : 6-20V
• Digital I/O Pins : 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• PWM Digital I/O Pins : 6
• Analog Input Pins : 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin : 20 mA
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin : 50 mA
• Flash Memory : 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader
• SRAM : 2 KB (ATmega328P)
• EEPROM : 1 KB (ATmega328P)
• Clock Speed : 16 MHz
• LED_BUILTIN : 13
• Length : 68.6 mm
• Width : 53.4 mm
• Weight : 25 g

4.2 MFRC522
 Fig. MFRC522
There are cheap RFID modules that can read and write Mifare's tags and being sold at
several web stores, like eBay and included with many "starter kits" nowadays. Simply
search RFID RC522 (MF-RC522). The microcontroller and card reader uses SPI for
communication (chip supports I2C and UART protocols but not implemented on library)
(Maybe someone implements?).
The card reader and the tags communicate using a 13.56MHz electromagnetic field. (ISO
14443A standers tags) RFID means radio-frequency identification. RFID uses
electromagnetic fields to transfer data over short distances. RFID is useful to identify
people, to make transactions, etc.

Specifications
• Input voltage: 3.3V
• Price: approximately 3$ (check best price on Maker Advisor)
• Frequency: 13.56MHz
4.3 DC Geared Motor
 Fig. DC Geared Motor
Three DC motor system is used to open and close the valves for automatic distribution of
rice, sugar and oil. The initial valve arrangement is made to prevent fall of grains and oil.
The three DC motors, each having specifications 12 V, 60 RPM and 0.37 A are used for
this purpose.
Gear motors use either AC (Alternating Current) or DC (Direct Current) power.
Gears transform shaft speed into torque at specific ratios, with minimum efficiency
losses, making it possible to create the ideal torque output and speed by adding the
appropriately sized and configured gear box. Simply put, a gear motor is any electric
motor coupled with a gear train. Gear motors use either AC (Alternating Current) or DC
(Direct Current) power. In most cases, the addition of a gear box is intended to limit the
speed of the motor’s shaft and increase the motor’s ability to output torque. Gears
transform shaft speed into torque at specific ratios, with minimum efficiency losses,
making it possible to create the ideal torque output and speed by adding the appropriately
sized and configured gear box.
4.4 Solenoid Valve

Fig. Solenoid Valve

A solenoid valve is an electrically controlled valve. The valve features a solenoid, which
is an electric coil with a movable ferromagnetic core (plunger) in its center. In the rest
position, the plunger closes off a small orifice. An electric current through the coil creates
a magnetic field.

4.5 Power Supply

Fig. Power Supply

The primary function of a power supply is to convert alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC). The power supply may increase or decrease the incoming AC voltage by
means of a transformer.

Transformers (not the 2007 film) are used to isolate the power supply from the AC
voltage source, and are also used to step up or step down voltages depending on how they
are required and how they are made.

Once the AC voltage passes through the transformer and is at the desired level, it then
goes into a rectifier, the heart of the power supply, and is converted to a DC voltage
through a process called rectification, by the use of diodes connected in a bridge
configuration.

The rectified voltage still contains an AC signal though, a pulsating DC voltage, which is
referred to as a ripple frequency. That is why a filter follows the rectifier to convert the
pulsating DC voltage to a smooth DC voltage. This job is mostly done by capacitors
connected across the output of the rectifier.

Lastly, comes the voltage regulator, to ensure that the output voltage remains at a
constant level. They (the internet) say that the simplest form of a voltage regulator is a
combination of a zener diode and a transistor.
 Fig. Power Supply Snapshots

Chapter 5
System Software

Fig. Flowchart
The system software is the interface between hardware and user applications. A computer
program that is designed to run a computer’s hardware and application programs. Initially
the user is asked to scan RFID card. The system compares the unique ID with the data
base. If the ID matches, the
user can view their profile which will have details of their transactions. Then user is
asked to scan the finger or RFID card. Once the user is authenticated, the commodity and
quantity can be selected their itself using buttons given. If the commodity and quantity
are valid, the system dispenses the valid commodity. However, if the authentication fails
the system waits for valid authentication.
5.2 Simulation Coding

Fig. Arduino IDE

Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the
code into the Arduino Module. It is an official Arduino software, making code
compilation too easy that even a common person with no prior technical knowledge can
get their feet wet with the learning process. It is easily available for operating systems
like MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the Java Platform that comes with inbuilt
functions and commands that play a vital role for debugging, editing and compiling the
code in the environment. A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno,
Arduino Mega, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more. Each of them
contains a microcontroller on the board that is programmed and accepts the information
in the form of code. The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform
will ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the
controller on the board. The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and
Compiler where former is used for writing the required code and later is used for
compiling and uploading the code into the given Arduino Module. This environment
supports both C and C++ languages.
5.3 Project Code
#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>

#define SS_PIN 10
#define RST_PIN 9
#define LED_G 5 //define green LED pin
#define LED_R 4 //define red LED
#define RELAY 3 //relay pin
#define BUZZER 2 //buzzer pin
#define ACCESS_DELAY 2000
#define DENIED_DELAY 1000
MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // Create MFRC522 instance.

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // Initiate a serial communication
SPI.begin(); // Initiate SPI bus
mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Initiate MFRC522
pinMode(LED_G, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED_R, OUTPUT);
pinMode(RELAY, OUTPUT);
pinMode(BUZZER, OUTPUT);
noTone(BUZZER);
digitalWrite(RELAY, LOW);
Serial.println("Put your card to the reader...");
 Serial.println();

}
void loop()
{
// Look for new cards
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent())
{
return;
}
// Select one of the cards
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial())
{
return;
}
//Show UID on serial monitor
Serial.print("UID tag :");
String content= "";
byte letter;
for (byte i = 0; i < mfrc522.uid.size; i++)
{
Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " ");
Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);
content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " "));
content.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX));
}
Serial.println();
 Serial.print("Message : ");
content.toUpperCase();
if (content.substring(1) == "83 23 38 BB") //change here the UID of the card/cards that
you want to give access
{
Serial.println("Authorized access");
Serial.println();
delay(500);
digitalWrite(RELAY, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED_G, HIGH);
delay(ACCESS_DELAY);
digitalWrite(RELAY, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED_G, LOW);
}

else {
Serial.println(" Access denied");
digitalWrite(LED_R, HIGH);
tone(BUZZER, 300);
delay(DENIED_DELAY);
digitalWrite(LED_R, LOW);
noTone(BUZZER);
}
}
Chapter 6
Result

Fig. Model
The snapshots of the result are shown below. RFID ID module is interfaced to the
Arduino board through serial port. The user enters unique ID and password into the Web
application which is then verified using stored database. It is followed RFID
identification to verify the identity of user. After validating ID and password user is
asked to scan the card which acts as a level 2 authentication to stop any fraudulent
activity in case if the ID and password are hacked. Figure shows the dispensing
containers for three commodities rice, sugar and any fluid which are connected by DC
motors (for rice and sugar) and hydraulic valve arrangement (for fluid)via H-bridge.
 Fig. Power Supply

Fig .MFRC522 with Arduino

Chapter 7
Conclusion and Future work

IoT based Smart public distribution system is an automation system and it is a

recompense over the present fair price shops. Fingerprint authentication uses Minutiae
extraction-based algorithm, which makes the system more secure and accurate. It
eliminates fake ration card holders and protects the interest of the common people
ensuring the country’s food security. By means of its performance one can reduce the
corruption level. Selecting the commodity and quantity through the android app will
make the system smarter and more robust. It will help the country’s economy to reach
new heights. The automated PDS is easy to implement and requires much less hard work
when compared to the other system. Using this system one can avoid the malpractices
because there are no manual operations and all information is stored in a database. So,
this system will be helpful to the people. Project can be further extended by making the
payment to the purchased commodities can be done online. Thus, it will make system
more automatic. Distance of communication between server and client can be increased
using internet.
Chapter 8
References

[1] https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/electric-vehicle-benefits
[2] IOT Based PV assisted EV Charging Station for Confronting- Duck Curve Badrinath Kulkarni
Devaji Patil ; Rahul. G. Suryavanshi 2018 International Conference on Computational Techniques,
Electronics and Mechanical Systems (CTEMS) Year: 2018 | Conference Paper | Publisher: IEEE
[3] https://www.cbsnews.com/news/england-will-test-electric-car-charging-lanes/
[4] https://theray.org/tech/ev-charging-lanes/
[5]www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/12/worlds-first-electrified-road-for-chargingvehicles-
opens-in-sw
[6] Owners of electric vehicles could soon be able to charge their cars while driving - New technology
could do away with the need for roadside chargers (News The Essential Daily Briefing)
[7] Australia's fastest electric vehicle charging station opens on Great Ocean Road - Source: Xinhua|
2019-09-04 09:58:58|Editor: Shi Yinglun – Asia and Pacific.
[8] Suhas K, Suhas N, Sumukh B, Sunil S, A project report on Public distribution system guided by Mrs.
S Mala, Department of Electronics and Communication, SIT Tumakuru 2015-16.
[9] Sana A, Qader P, Dube R , Smart Card based e-Public Distribution System , Inter national Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 5, Issue 5, May 2016.
[10] Bhalekar D, Kulkarni R, Lawande K, Patil V, Online Ration Card System by using RFID and
Biometrics , International Journal of Advanced Research Computer Science and Software Engineering
5(10), pp. 849-851, October- 2015.
[11] Ashok Kumar D, Ummal Sariba B, A Comparative Study on Fingerprint Matching Algorithms for
EVM, Journal of Computer Sciences and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 4, 21 pp:55 60,2013.
[12] Sharath P, Prabhakar S, Jain A, On the individuality of fingerprints, IEEE Transactions on Pattern
Analysis and Machine Intelligence, VOL. 24, NO. 8, pp: 1010-1025, 2002.
[13] Xuejun T, Bir B, Fingerprint matching by genetic, algorithms, Pattern Recognition Society,
Published by Elsevier Ltd, 39 pp: 465-477, 2006.
[14] Deepika S, Rashmi S, Minutiae Based FingerprintMatching for Identification and Verifi cation,
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Vol. 17 Issue 6, November 2014.
Annexure

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage
7-12V
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328)

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Description: Clock Speed 16 MHz

The Arduino Uno R3 is the latest version after the Duemilanove with an improved USB
interface chip. Like the Duemilanove, it not only has an expanded shield header with a
3.3V reference and a RESET pin (which solves the problem of how to get to the RESET
pin in a shield) AND a 500mA fuse to protect your computer's USB port, but ALSO an
automatic circuit to select USB or DC power without a jumper! The Uno is pin and code-
compatible with the Duemilanove, Diecimilla and older Arduinos so all your shields,
libraries, code will still work. The R3 (3rd revision) of the UNO has a few minor updates,
with an upgrade to the USB interface chip and additional breakouts for the i2c pins and
an IORef pin.
Each Arduino ordered from Adafruit still comes with 4 rubber bumpers that will help
protect the board when you want to place it on a table. (Also keeps the Arduino from
sliding around.)

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-

use hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone
interested in creating interactive objects or environments.

Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can
affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The
microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language
(based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing).
Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software running
on a computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, Max/MSP).
NB this is just our opinion and interpretation of some of the
decisions made by Arduino. We aren't associated with Arduino,
and don't speak for them! If you have to get an Official Response
to your Arduino question please contact them directly. Thx!

Arduino Timeline
But first…some history! First there was the serial Arduino (what's the name of it?) with
RS232 which was not used outside of the Arduino team & friends.

The first popularly manufactured Arduino was called the NG (New Generation, like Star
Trek, yknow?) The NG used the Atmega8 chip running at 16 MHz and an FT232 chip for
the USB interface. The bootloader takes up 2KB of space and runs at 19200 baud.

The next version was the Diecimila. The Diecimila updated the chip from the Atmega8
to the Atmega168. The great thing here is double the space and memory (16K instead
of 8K). It still ran at 16MHz. The Diecimila also added two extra header pins for 3.3V
(from the FTDI chip) and the reset pin which can be handy when a shield is covering up
the Reset button. The bootloader takes up 2KB of space and runs at 19200 baud. Auto-
resetting was also added which makes life awesomer for everyone.
In 2009, the Duemilanove was released. This one also upgraded the chip again, to the
Atmega328. Yet another doubling of space and memory! Another upgrade is now the
power is automagically switched between USB and DC-jack which removed the
previous jumper. This makes it easier and faster to move from programming to
standalone and got rid of some confusion. The bootloader takes up 2KB of space and
runs at 57600 baud.

In 2010, we have the Uno! The Uno still uses the 328P chip and the power switcher. It
has a smaller bootloader called OptiBoot (more space for users' projects) that runs at
115K. So even though the chip is the same, you get another 1.5K of extra flash space
that was previously used by the bootloader. The FTDI chip has also been replaced with
a atmega8u2 which allows for different kinds of USB interfaces. Finally, there's an extra
3.3V regulator (LP2985) for a better 3.3V supply. whew!

New USB Chip

So! All of the older Arduinos (NG, Diecimila and Duemilanove) have used an FTDI chip
(the FT232RL) to convert the TTL serial from the Arduino chip (Atmel ATmega). This
allows for printable debugging, connecting to software like PureData/Max, Processing,
Python, etc. etc. It also allows updating the firmware via the serial bootloader.

The good news about the FT232RL has royalty-free drivers and pretty much just works.
The bad news is that it can -only- act as a USB/Serial port. It can't act like a keyboard,
mouse, disk drive, MIDI device, etc.
The Uno has changed that by exchanging the FT232RL chip with an atmega8u2 chip.
There are a few things that are possible with this new chip but before we discuss that
lets make it clear that by default, this chip acts identically to the FTDI chip that it
replaces. It's just a USB-serial port!

One improvement in updating the chip is that, previously, Mac users needed to install
FTDI drivers. The 8u2 imitates a 'generic' CDC serial device. So now, Mac users do not
have to install a driver. Windows users still need to install the .INF file but luckily there
are no drivers. This means there will be fewer problems with new versions of windows.
There is no way to have a serial USB device that doesn't require an INF file in windows,
sadly :(

The big thing that is nice about the 8u2 is that advanced users can turn it into a different
kind of USB device. For example it can act like a keyboard or mouse. Or a disk driver. Or
a MIDI interface, etc. Right now there are no examples of how to do this, but we hope to
post some shortly.

And, finally, going with the 8u2 reduced the price of the board which made up for some
of the other extras.
 2877 | Arduino Uno R3

Why not just go with an ATMEGA32u4?

The Arduino team has indicated they thought about this but preferred that hackability of a DIP
chip. Right now there are a few Arduino's with a 32u4 chip such as the Leonardo, Micro and
Esplora

How can I change the USB firmware?

The 8u2 can be programmed by soldering a 6-pin ISP header (the R3 has the 6-pin header
presoldered in) and using a standard AVR programmer. You can also use the bootloader (DFU) in
the 8u2. On first generation Unos, you enable this by soldering the 10K resistor right
underneath the board. (R2 and R3 versions of the Uno use the 16U2 and do not require the
resistor!)

Downloaded from Arrow.com.

 2877 | Arduino Uno R3

The code for the 8u2 is based on LUFA, Dean Cameran's totally awesome USB-AVR library that
has great examples and documentation. It’s also completely open source.
Does the Uno use a resonator or a crystal for the processor clock?
The FT232RL had an internal oscillator whereas the 8u2 does not. That means there is a 16mhz
crystal next to the 8u2 to allow it to keep up with precise USB timing.

On the other hand, the Atmega328p chip that is the core processor in the Arduino now has a
16mhz ceramic resonator. Ceramic resonators are slightly less precise than crystals but we have
been assured that this one was specified and works quite well.

So the Arduino is not as precise, timing-wise?

The short answer is: yes. The long answer is that most things that people are doing with Arduino
do not rely on 20ppm precision timing where 100ppm would fail. For people who want long
term precise timekeeping we suggest going with a TCXO (temperature compensation crystal
oscillator) - but you would know if you needed that.

Why not have one 16Mhz crystal shared between both?

Good question, technically you can. However, in practice the board did not make it through FCC
certification with one crystal (long traces with fast squarewaves = lots of noise).

OK well lets say I don't care about that...

You can absolutely connect the CLKO out the crystal from the '8u2 to the '328p but you're on
your own as we don't think there will be any tutorials about that.

Downloaded from Arrow.com.

 2877 | Arduino Uno R3

What’s with the FCC logo on the back?

Arduino is now FCC certified! That means that the board by itself passes FCC certification for
electromagnetic emissions. It does not mean that your project is FCC certified. The moment you
change the Arduino, it's no longer FCC certified (although we'd like some back-up
documentation on this).

New Bootloader?
There's a new bootloader. It works just like the old one - being an STK500-protocol compatible
but its a quarter of the size! Down from 2K, the new bootloader is a tiny 512b. This gives you
more space for your project code! Yay! It's also faster - 115K instead of 57.6k so you'll be
uploading code in 3 seconds.

The Bad News is that you must make sure to select Uno in the Boards menu!!! If you don't
things will be confusing because the bootloader speed is wrong, and you won't get that extra
1.5K!

Overall, its a good direction, and the chips can be used in older Arduinos just fine (so you can
upgrade your Diecimila or Duemilanove to the Uno by simply replacing the chip).

For more detailed information about the bootloader, such as source code, please visit
the Optiboot project page.

Downloaded from Arrow.com.

 2877 | Arduino Uno R3

Why not just use the '8u2 as a programmer?

While it is possible that the 8u2 could act as a full ISP programmer there are a few reasons why
its good that it isn't.
1. Giving beginners access to a full ISP programmer will result in bricked chips. There's no risk
of messing up the Arduino chip beyond recognition if it's just being bootloaded.
2. Having the chip act only as a USB/serial passthrough simplifies the firmware so that the
chip has only one function instead of having to have it do double duty as programmer
-andserial interface (think about it, its not easy).
3. Backwards compatibility - the Arduino chips can still be programmed with FTDI breakout
boards or cables, making it easy for people to breadboard or make clones.

How does the new '8u2 affect Arduino-derivatives?

Every USB device needs to have a unique product id and vendor id. Vendor IDs (VID) are sold to
companies and Product IDs (PID) are chosen by that company. So for example FTDI owns VID
#0403 and they give their chips ID's between #0000 and #FFFF (65,536 different PIDs) Older
Ardiuno's used FTDI's VID/PID as that is part of the deal when you purchase their chips. Because
the Uno does not use an FTDI chip anymore, the Arduino team had to purchase a USB Vendor ID
(VID). Every Arduino product will now have their own PID starting with the Uno (#0001).

If you want to make your own Arduino-compatible board, you have a few choices:
1. Don't use an 8u2, go with an FTDI chip instead that comes with a VID.
2. If you're planning to make more than one board for your personal use, you will have to
purchase a VID from USB IF for a one time $2000 fee.
3. If you're making a single board for your own experimentation, you can pick a VID/PID that
doesn't interfere with any devices on your computer and substitute those in.
4. You can purchase licenses for single VID/PID pairs from companies that develop USB
devices (we don't have any specific links at the moment).

However, you can't use the Arduino VID when distributing your own Arduino-compatibles! If the
cost of a VID is too much for you, simply go with an FTDI chip, K?

I tried to find a place to buy some '8u2s and couldn’t locate any!
Yep, there is a worldwide shortage of Atmel parts right now. Even the chip used in the Arduino
core (Atmega328P) is really hard to get. This happens after recessions. We hope that these and
other Atmel chips will show up again in places like Arrow soon.
So does this mean there may be an Arduino shortage?

Downloaded from Arrow.com.

 2877 | Arduino Uno R3

Probably not. The Arduino team buys chips in the 10's of thousands, directly from Atmel. They
probably get priority over distributors because of this. We're assuming the team bought enough
to last for a while.

Did the Arduino team move from the FTDI chip to the '8u2 to screw over
derivative-makers?
While the appearance of a hard-to-get chip coupled with the VID/PID mishegas may seem to be
a little annoying, we don't think that means that the Arduino team is being malicious or
attempting to make life difficult for people who make derivatives. The move to an '8u2 makes
the Arduino more powerful, and easy to use as there are fewer drivers to install. While there is a
shortage now, there will eventually be plenty of chips on the market.

Some people in the Arduino forum have thought of forming a group that would purchase a VID
for Arduinites to use in personal projects. This is a pretty good idea and its probably the best
way to avoid VID/PID conflicts. Between 65,536 projects, that comes to under a nickel per PID.

And of course, because they didn't get rid of the bootloader system, you can always just use an
FTDI chip.

Are Shields still going to work?

All previous shields should still work perfectly fine as the header spacing is the same, the core
chip is the same and the location of parts is the same. In fact, some should work better because
the 3V supply has been upgraded (see next point).

Will enclosures, plates, etc. still work?

Yup! The Uno is physically the same size and layout as previous Arduinos. The mounting holes
are in the same location. There is an additional mounting hole as well, now.

Why is the Arduino chip running at 16MHz when it can run at 20MHz?
This is a common question. The reason is that the first Arduino used the Atmega8 which could
not run faster than 16Mhz. As the chip has been upgraded they wanted to make the boards
speed compatible. Arduino is also not really intended for fast-processing (its only 8-bit anyways)
so the chips are running at 16MHz.
More 3.3V Power!
 2877 | Arduino Uno R3

One sad thing about older boards is that they had a 3.3v power supply but it was really just
whatever the FTDI chip's internal 3.3v regulator could give. You -could- get 50mA out of it,
maybe. But high power stuff like XBees, SD cards, some fast ADC or DACs could easily drag down
the FTDI chip and reset the USB connection. The Uno solves this problem by adding a new 3.3V
regulator the LP2985 which can easily provide 150mA.

The LP2985 is a very high quality regulator, and will work great for powering stuff and as a nice
solid 1% analog reference.

Is it still Open source hardware and software?

Yes! The Uno is still available under a Creative commons license. You can get the latest
schematics and layouts over at the Arduino website.
UNO R2 and R3
During fall of 2011, the Arduino team revealed that there will be a new minor
revision of the classic Arduino, the "UNO R3" (revision 3). A lot of people have
asked us about the R3 so here is everything we know so far.
1. The UNO R3 is not available to resellers until December 1st or so. Really!
Nobody has them until then!
2. The UNO R3 is backwards compatible with the UNO - same driver, same
uploading, same look

There are a few changes in the UNO, here is what they are:
1.
The USB controller chip has moved from an atmega8u2 (8K flash) to an
atmega16u2 (16K flash). This does not mean that you have more flash or
RAM for your sketches this upgrade is for the USB interface chip only. In
theory this will mean that it will be easier to have low level USB interfaces
such as MIDI/Joystick/Keyboard available. However these are only theoretical
at this time, there is no example code or firmware which will actually do this.
2. There are three more breakout pins on the PCB, next to the AREF pin there is
are two I2C pins (SDA/SCL) - this is a duplication of the Analog 4 and 5 pins.
There is not an extra I2C interface or anything, its just that they made a copy
of those pins there for future shields since the I2C pins are in a different place
on Mega. There is also an IOREF pin which is next to the Reset pin - this is to
let shields know what the running I/O pin voltage is on the board (for the
UNO, its 5V). Again, this is a duplication of the power pin, it does not add
voltage level shifting to the UNO.
3. The RESET button has moved to be next to the USB connector, this makes it
easier to press when a shield is on top.
 MFRC522
Standard performance MIFARE and NTAG frontend Rev. 3.9 — 27
April 2016 Product data sheet
112139 COMPANY PUBLIC

1. Introduction

This document describes the functionality and electrical specifications of the contactless
reader/writer MFRC522.

Remark: The MFRC522 supports all variants of the MIFARE Mini, MIFARE 1K,
MIFARE 4K, MIFARE Ultralight, MIFARE DESFire EV1 and MIFARE Plus RF
identification protocols. To aid readability throughout this data sheet, the MIFARE Mini,
MIFARE 1K, MIFARE 4K, MIFARE Ultralight, MIFARE DESFire EV1 and MIFARE Plus
products and protocols have the generic name MIFARE.

1.1 Differences between version 1.0 and 2.0

The MFRC522 is available in two versions:

• MFRC52201HN1, hereafter referred to version 1.0 and

• MFRC52202HN1, hereafter referred to version 2.0.
The MFRC522 version 2.0 is fully compatible to version 1.0 and offers in addition the
following features and improvements:

• Increased stability of the reader IC in rough conditions

• An additional timer prescaler, see Section 8.5.
• A corrected CRC handling when RX Multiple is set to 1
This data sheet version covers both versions of the MFRC522 and describes the
differences between the versions if applicable.

2. General description

The MFRC522 is a highly integrated reader/writer IC for contactless communication at

13.56 MHz. The MFRC522 reader supports ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE and NTAG.

The MFRC522’s internal transmitter is able to drive a reader/writer antenna designed to

communicate with ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE cards and transponders without additional
active circuitry. The receiver module provides a robust and efficient implementation for
demodulating and decoding signals from ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE compatible cards
and transponders. The digital module manages the complete ISO/IEC 14443 A framing
and error detection (parity and CRC) functionality.
 The MFRC522 supports MF1xxS20, MF1xxS70 and MF1xxS50 products. The MFRC522
supports contactless communication and uses MIFARE higher transfer speeds up to 848
kBd in both directions.

The following host interfaces are provided:

• Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

• Serial UART (similar to RS232 with voltage levels dependant on pin voltage supply)
• I2C-bus interface

3. Features and benefits

 Highly integrated analog circuitry to demodulate and decode responses

 Buffered output drivers for connecting an antenna with the minimum number of
external components
 Supports ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE and NTAG
 Typical operating distance in Read/Write mode up to 50 mm depending on the
antenna size and tuning
 Supports MF1xxS20, MF1xxS70 and MF1xxS50 encryption in Read/Write mode
 Supports ISO/IEC 14443 A higher transfer speed communication up to 848 kBd
 Supports MFIN/MFOUT
 Additional internal power supply to the smart card IC connected via MFIN/MFOUT
Supported host interfaces
 SPI up to 10 Mbit/s
 I2C-bus interface up to 400 kBd in Fast mode, up to 3400 kBd in High-speed mode
 RS232 Serial UART up to 1228.8 kBd, with voltage levels dependant on pin
voltage supply
 FIFO buffer handles 64 byte send and receive
 Flexible interrupt modes
 Hard reset with low power function
 Power-down by software mode
 Programmable timer
 Internal oscillator for connection to 27.12 MHz quartz crystal
 2.5 V to 3.3 V power supply
 CRC coprocessor
 Programmable I/O pins
 Internal self-test

4. Quick reference data

Table 1. Quick reference data

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit
VDDA analog supply voltage VDD(PVDD)  VDDA = VDDD = VDD(TVDD); [1][2] 2.5 3.3 3.6 V
VDDD digital supply voltage VSSA = VSSD = VSS(PVSS) = VSS(TVSS) = 0 V 2.5 3.3 3.6 V
VDD(TVDD) TVDD supply voltage 2.5 3.3 3.6 V
VDD(PVDD) PVDD supply voltage [3] 1.6 1.8 3.6 V
VDD(SVDD) SVDD supply voltage VSSA = VSSD = VSS(PVSS) = VSS(TVSS) = 0 V 1.6 - 3.6 V

Table 1. Quick reference data …continued

Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit

Ipd power-down current VDDA = VDDD = VDD(TVDD) = VDD(PVDD) = 3 V

hard power-down; pin NRSTPD set LOW [4] - - 5 A

soft power-down; RF level detector on [4] - - 10 A
IDDD digital supply current pin DVDD; VDDD = 3 V - 6.5 9 mA

IDDA analog supply current pin AVDD; VDDA = 3 V, CommandReg register’s - 7 10 mA

RcvOff bit = 0
pin AVDD; receiver switched off; VDDA = 3 V, - 3 5 mA
CommandReg register’s RcvOff bit = 1
IDD(PVDD) PVDD supply current pin PVDD [5] - - 40 mA
IDD(TVDD) TVDD supply current pin TVDD; continuous wave [6][7][8] - 60 100 mA
Tamb ambient temperature HVQFN32 25 - +85 C

[1] Supply voltages below 3 V reduce the performance in, for example, the achievable operating distance.

[2] VDDA, VDDD and VDD(TVDD) must always be the same voltage.

[3] VDD(PVDD) must always be the same or lower voltage than VDDD.

[4] Ipd is the total current for all supplies.

[5] IDD(PVDD) depends on the overall load at the digital pins.

[6] IDD(TVDD) depends on VDD(TVDD) and the external circuit connected to pins TX1 and TX2.

[7] During typical circuit operation, the overall current is below 100 mA.

[8] Typical value using a complementary driver configuration and an antenna matched to 40  between pins TX1 and TX2 at 13.56
MHz.

5. Ordering information

Table 2. Ordering information

Type number Package

Name Description Version

[1]
MFRC52201HN1/TRAYB HVQFN32 plastic thermal enhanced very thin quad flat package; no leads; SOT617-1
32 terminal; body 5  5  0.85 mm
MFRC52201HN1/TRAYBM[2] HVQFN32 plastic thermal enhanced very thin quad flat package; no leads; SOT617-1
32 terminal; body 5  5  0.85 mm
MFRC52202HN1/TRAYB[1] HVQFN32 plastic thermal enhanced very thin quad flat package; no leads; SOT617-1
32 terminal; body 5  5  0.85 mm
MFRC52202HN1/TRAYBM[2] HVQFN32 plastic thermal enhanced very thin quad flat package; no leads; SOT617-1
32 terminal; body 5  5  0.85 mm
[1] Delivered in one tray.

[2] Delivered in five trays.

6. Block diagram
The analog interface handles the modulation and demodulation of the analog signals.

The contactless UART manages the protocol requirements for the communication
protocols in cooperation with the host. The FIFO buffer ensures fast and
convenient data transfer to and from the host and the contactless UART and vice
versa.

Various host interfaces are implemented to meet different customer requirements.

REGISTER BANK

ANALOG CONTACTLESS
ANTENNA FIFO
INTERFACE UART SERIAL UART
BUFFER
SPI HOST
I2C-BUS

001aaj627

Fig 1. Simplified block diagram of the MFRC522

7. Pinning information

29 D5/ADR_1/SCK/DTRQ
30 D6/ADR_0/MOSI/MX
31 D7/SCL/MISO/TX

28 D4/ADR_2
27 D3/ADR_3
26 D2/ADR_4
25 D1/ADR_5
32 EA
I2C 1 24 SDA/NSS/RX
PVDD 2 23 IRQ
DVDD 3 22 OSCOUT
DVSS 4 21 OSCIN
MFRC522
PVSS 5 20 AUX2
NRSTPD 6 19 AUX1
MFIN 7 18 AVSS
MFOUT 8 17 RX

TX1 11
TVSS 10

TVDD 12
TX2 13
TVSS 14
AVDD 15
VMID 16
9
SVDD

001aaj819

Transparent top view

Fig 3. Pinning configuration HVQFN32 (SOT617-1)

7.1 Pin description

Table 3. Pin description
Pin Symbol Type[1] Description
1 I2C I I2C-bus enable input[2]
2 PVDD P pin power supply
3 DVDD P digital power supply
4 DVSS G digital ground[3]
5 PVSS G pin power supply ground
6 NRSTPD I reset and power-down input:
power-down: enabled when LOW; internal current sinks are switched off, the
oscillator is inhibited and the input pins are disconnected from the outside world
reset: enabled by a positive edge
7 MFIN I MIFARE signal input
8 MFOUT O MIFARE signal output
9 SVDD P MFIN and MFOUT pin power supply
10 TVSS G transmitter output stage 1 ground
11 TX1 O transmitter 1 modulated 13.56 MHz energy carrier output
12 TVDD P transmitter power supply: supplies the output stage of transmitters 1 and 2
13 TX2 O transmitter 2 modulated 13.56 MHz energy carrier output
14 TVSS G transmitter output stage 2 ground
15 AVDD P analog power supply
Table 3. Pin description …continued
Pin Symbol Type[1] Description
16 VMID P internal reference voltage
17 RX I RF signal input
18 AVSS G analog ground
19 AUX1 O auxiliary outputs for test purposes
20 AUX2 O auxiliary outputs for test purposes
21 OSCIN I crystal oscillator inverting amplifier input; also the input for an externally generated clock
(fclk = 27.12 MHz)
22 OSCOUT O crystal oscillator inverting amplifier output
23 IRQ O interrupt request output: indicates an interrupt event
24 SDA I/O I2C-bus serial data line input/output[2]
NSS I SPI signal input[2]
RX I UART address input[2]
25 D1 I/O test port[2]
ADR_5 I/O I2C-bus address 5 input[2]
26 D2 I/O test port
ADR_4 I I2C-bus address 4 input[2]
27 D3 I/O test port
ADR_3 I I2C-bus address 3 input[2]
28 D4 I/O test port
ADR_2 I I2C-bus address 2 input[2]
29 D5 I/O test port
ADR_1 I I2C-bus address 1 input[2]
SCK I SPI serial clock input[2]
DTRQ O UART request to send output to microcontroller[2]
30 D6 I/O test port
ADR_0 I I2C-bus address 0 input[2]
MOSI I/O SPI master out, slave in[2]
MX O UART output to microcontroller[2]
31 D7 I/O test port
SCL I/O I2C-bus clock input/output[2]
MISO I/O SPI master in, slave out[2]
TX O UART data output to microcontroller[2]
32 EA I external address input for coding I2C-bus address[2]
[1] Pin types: I = Input, O = Output, I/O = Input/Output, P = Power and G = Ground.

[2] The pin functionality of these pins is explained in Section 8.1 “Digital interfaces”.

[3] Connection of heatsink pad on package bottom side is not necessary. Optional connection to pin DVSS is possible.

8. Functional description
The MFRC522 transmission module supports the Read/Write mode for
ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE using various transfer speeds and modulation protocols.
 BATTERY
MFRC522 ISO/IEC 14443 A CARD
MICROCONTROLLER

contactless card
reader/writer 001aak583

Fig 4. MFRC522 Read/Write mode

The physical level communication is shown in Figure 5.

(1)
ISO/IEC 14443 A
READER ISO/IEC 14443 A CARD
(2)
MFRC522
001aak584

(1) Reader to card 100 % ASK, Miller encoded, transfer speed 106 kBd to 848 kBd.
(2) Card to reader subcarrier load modulation, Manchester encoded or BPSK, transfer speed 106 kBd
to 848 kBd.
Fig 5. ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE Read/Write mode communication diagram

The physical parameters are described in Table 4.

Table 4. Communication overview for ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE reader/writer
Communication Signal type Transfer speed
direction
106 kBd 212 kBd 424 kBd 848 kBd
Reader to card (send reader side 100 % ASK 100 % ASK 100 % ASK 100 % ASK
data from the modulation
MFRC522 to a card) bit encoding modified Miller modified Miller modified Miller modified Miller
encoding encoding encoding encoding
bit length 128 (13.56 s) 64 (13.56 s) 32 (13.56 s) 16 (13.56 s)
Card to reader card side subcarrier load subcarrier load subcarrier load subcarrier load
(MFRC522 receives modulation modulation modulation modulation modulation
data from a card) subcarrier 13.56 MHz / 16 13.56 MHz / 16 13.56 MHz / 16 13.56 MHz / 16
frequency
bit encoding Manchester BPSK BPSK BPSK
encoding
The MFRC522’s contactless UART and dedicated external host must manage the
complete ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE protocol. Figure 6 shows the data coding and
framing according to ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE.
 ISO/IEC 14443 A framing at 106 kBd
start

8-bit data 8-bit data 8-bit data

odd odd odd
start bit is 1 parity parity parity

ISO/IEC 14443 A framing at 212 kBd, 424 kBd and 848 kBd even
start parity

8-bit data 8-bit data 8-bit data

odd odd
start bit is 0 parity parity
burst of 32 even parity at the
subcarrier clocks end of the frame
001aak585

Fig 6. Data coding and framing according to ISO/IEC 14443 A

The internal CRC coprocessor calculates the CRC value based on ISO/IEC 14443
A part 3 and handles parity generation internally according to the transfer speed.
Automatic parity generation can be switched off using the MfRxReg register’s
ParityDisable bit.

8.1 Digital interfaces

8.1.1 Automatic microcontroller interface detection
The MFRC522 supports direct interfacing of hosts using SPI, I 2C-bus or serial
UART interfaces. The MFRC522 resets its interface and checks the current host
interface type automatically after performing a power-on or hard reset. The
MFRC522 identifies the host interface by sensing the logic levels on the control
pins after the reset phase. This is done using a combination of fixed pin
connections. Table 5 shows the different connection configurations.
Table 5. Connection protocol for detecting different interface types
Pin Interface type
UART (input) SPI (output) I2C-bus (I/O)
SDA RX NSS SDA
I2C 0 0 1
EA 0 1 EA
D7 TX MISO SCL
D6 MX MOSI ADR_0
D5 DTRQ SCK ADR_1
D4 - - ADR_2
D3 - - ADR_3
D2 - - ADR_4
D1 - - ADR_5