ASEAN Key Figures 2019

ASEAN
KEY FIGURES
2019
one vision
one identity
one community
ASEAN Key Figures 2019
The ASEAN Secretariat

Jakarta
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967. The
Member States of the Association are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam.
The ASEAN Secretariat is based in Jakarta, Indonesia.
For inquiries, contact:

The ASEAN Secretariat
Community Relations Division (CRD)
70A Jalan Sisingamangaraja
Jakarta 12110
Indonesia
Phone: (62 21) 724-3372, 726-2991
Fax: (62 21) 739-8234, 724-3504
E-mail: public@asean.org
Catalogue-in-Publication Data

Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, October 2019
315.95
1. ASEAN – Statistics
2. Social Aspect – Economic Aspect
ISBN 978-602-5798-46-7
ASEAN: A Community of Opportunities for All
The text of this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, provided proper acknowledgement
is given and a copy containing the reprinted material is sent to the Community Relations
Division (CRD) of the ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta
General information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN Website: www.asean.org
Copyright Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2019.

All rights reserved.
FOREWORD
I am pleased to present the second edition of the ASEAN Key Figures,

a publication which was inaugurated last year by Statistics Division of
the ASEAN Secretariat (ASEANstats). This publication provides you with a
selection of key statistics on ASEAN and their trends. Drawing mainly from
the ASEANstats database, this publication aims to provide its audiences
with an overview of developments across several dimensions, ranging from
demographics, socio-economics, trade and investment, to connectivity.
With user-friendly visualisation, simple data presentation and brief texts,

the publication is intended to reach a wide range of users.
This publication is part of the efforts by ASEANstats together with national

statistical authorities in ASEAN Member States, which form the ASEAN
Community Statistical System, in producing and disseminating high-
quality official statistics.
I hope this publication, together with other ASEANstats publications,

namely the ASEAN Statistical Yearbook and the ASEAN Statistical Leaflet,
will be useful in your work, study, and daily life.
DATO LIM JOCK HOI

Secretary-General of ASEAN
ASEAN Key Figures 2019 i

ii ASEAN Key Figures 2019
Table of Contents
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1 POPULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 HEALTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4 POVERTY, INEQUALITY, AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . 21
5 LABOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
6 ECONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8 TRANSPORT, TOURISM AND COMMUNICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
List of Figures
Figure 1.1. Population size and growth rates, ASEAN total, 1980-2018 . . 1
Figure 1.2. Population pyramid (000 persons), ASEAN total,
2000 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 1.3. Population age structure (% to total) by ASEAN
Member States, 2000 and 2018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Figure 1.4. Total fertility rates (TFR) by ASEAN Member
States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 1.5. Under-five mortality rates (per 1,000 live births),
ASEAN total, 2005-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Figure 1.6. Under-five mortality rates (per 1,000 live births)
by ASEAN Member States, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 1.7. Life expectancy at birth (years), ASEAN total, 2005-2017 . . . 7
ASEAN Key Figures 2019 iii

Figure 1.8. Life expectancy at birth (years) by ASEAN
Member States, 2005-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Figure 2.1. Adult literacy rate (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 2.2. Net enrolment rate in primary education (%) by
ASEAN Member States, 2006-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 2.3. Net enrolment rate in primary education (%) by
gender, 2017* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 2.4. Net enrollment rate in secondary education (%)
by ASEAN Member States, 2006-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 2.5. Net enrolment rate in secondary education (%)
by gender, 2017* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 2.6. Pupil-teacher ratio in primary education by
Figure 2.7. Pupil-teacher ratio in secondary education by
Figure 3.1. Coverage of immunisation against measles
among one year old children (%) by ASEAN
Member States, 2005-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figure 3.2. Coverage of immunisation against DPT among
one year old children (%) by ASEAN Member
States, 2005-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 3.3. Population with access to safe drinking water (%)
by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 3.4. Population with access to improved sanitation
(%) by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 4.1. Population living below the national poverty
lines (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2017 . . . . . . . . .22
Figure 4.2. Gini ratio by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2017 . . . . . . . . 23
Figure 4.3. Human development index by ASEAN Member
States, 2000-2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 5.1. Labour force participation rates (%) by ASEAN
Member States, 2007‑2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 5.2. Labour force participation rates by gender (%) by
ASEAN Member States, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 5.3. Unemployment rates (%) by ASEAN Member
States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
iv ASEAN Key Figures 2019

Figure 5.4. Shares of employment by main economic
sectors (%) by ASEAN Member States, various years . . . . 28
Figure 6.1. Top ten largest economies in the world (US$
trillion), 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Figure 6.2. ASEAN GDP (US$ trillion) and GDP per capita
(US$), 2000-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 6.3. Total GDP (US$ billion) by ASEAN Member
States, 2000-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Figure 6.4. GDP per capita (US$) by ASEAN Member States,
2000-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Figure 6.5. Shares of main economic sectors to total ASEAN
GDP (%), 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Figure 6.6. Shares of main economic sectors to total GDP
(%) by ASEAN Member States, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Figure 7.1. Value of exports and imports of goods and trade
balance (US$ billion), ASEAN total, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . 36
Figure 7.2. Shares of merchandise exports values (%) by
trading partners, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Figure 7.3. Shares of merchandise imports values (%) by
trading partners, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Figure 7.4. Shares of exports and imports of goods (%) by
ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Figure 7.5. Shares of manufacturing products to total
exports (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . 39
Figure 7.6. Shares of manufacturing products to total
imports (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . 39
Figure 7.7. Shares of agricultural products to total exports
(%) by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Figure 7.8. Shares of agricultural products to total imports
(%), ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Figure 7.9. Values of exports and imports of services and
trade balance (US$billion), ASEAN total, 2005-2018 . . . . . . 41
Figure 7.10. Values of intra-ASEAN exports and imports of
services (US$billion), 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Figure 7.11. Values of exports and imports of services
(US$million) by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . 43
ASEAN Key Figures 2019 v

Figure 7.12. Shares of exports of services by broad headings
(%), ASEAN total, 2010-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Figure 7.13. Shares of imports of services by broad headings
(%), ASEAN total, 2010-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Figure 7.14. Inward flows of foreign direct investment
(US$billion), intra and extra-ASEAN, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . 45
Figure 7.15. Shares of ASEAN top 5 FDI sources (% to total),
2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Figure 7.16. Shares of inward flows of FDI by activities (% to
total), 2012 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Figure 8.1. Road length (kilometers) by ASEAN Members
States, 2006-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Figure 8.2. Total number of registered road motor vehicles
(000) by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . 49
Figure 8.3. Total registered motor vehicles per 1000
population by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . 50
Figure 8.4. Number of international air passengers (000) by
Figure 8.5. Number of visitor arrivals (000) by ASEAN
Member States, 2005- 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Figure 8.6. Intra and extra-ASEAN visitor arrivals (000), 2005-2018 . . . .53
Figure 8.7. Number of internet subscribers per 100 persons
by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
List of Tables
Table 1. Real GDP growth rate, 2000-2018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
vi ASEAN Key Figures 2019

INTRODUCTION
ASEAN Key Figures 2019 is the second edition of the newest publication
by the Statistics Division of the ASEAN Secretariat (ASEANstats). It has its
genesis in the two previous ASEANstats’ publications: ASEAN Economic
Community Chartbook and ASEAN Community in Figures, which were
discontinued in 2017.
In this publication, a set of indicators has been chosen to portray ASEAN

economic and social progress across multiple dimensions. The charts and
narrative are presented in a way that is easily read and understood. This
publication is a part of the ongoing efforts by ASEANstats to promote
the visibility of ASEAN official statistics and ASEAN regional statistical
cooperation while contributing to the monitoring of economic and social
progress in ASEAN.
The eight topics covered in ASEAN Key Figures 2019 are (1) population,
(2) education, (3) health, (4) poverty, inequality and human development,
(5) labour, (6) economy, (7) international trade in goods and services and
foreign direct investment, and (8)transport, tourism and communication.
The data presented in this publication is a subset of a more comprehensive
ASEAN statistics which can be found in ASEANstats website (www.
aseanstats.org). Online version of this publication, along with other
ASEANstats publications, namely ASEAN Statistical Yearbook and
ASEAN Statistical Leaflet, are also available in the website.
ASEAN Key Figures 2019 vii

POPULATION
1
Population: size and structure

Over the period of 1980-2018, ASEAN population increased from 355.1
million to 649.1 million, as shown in Figure 1.1. The near doubling in
population size was due to natural increases as well as membership
expansion, the latter with the accession of Brunei Darussalam to ASEAN
in 1984, Viet Nam in 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar in 1997, and Cambodia in
1999. On average, ASEAN population increased annually by 1.6% between
1980 and 2018.
Figure 1.1. Population size and growth rates, ASEAN total, 1980-2018
700 2.5%
600
2.0%
500
1.5%
in million persons
400
300
1.0%
200
0.5%
100
0 0.0%
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Population size (million persons) Population growth rate (%, annual)
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

2000 2018
Figure 1.1 indicates,
75+
however, that annual population 75+
growth has been in
decline over the last four decades, from over 2% prior
70-74 70-74 to 1992 to around
65-69 65-69
1.1% – 1.2% during
60-64the last four years. 60-64
55-59 55-59
50-54 50-54
45-49 45-49
40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39
30-34 ASEAN
30-34 Key Figures 2019 1
25-29 25-29
20-24 20-24
15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14
A notable change is also observed in the age structure of ASEAN
population. Figure 1.2 compares the population pyramids1 of ASEAN in
2000700and 2018, and indicates a shift in the region’s population structure
2.5%
during the last two decades.

600
In 2000, ASEAN population was generally characterised by high shares 2.0%of
youth population aged 0-19 year old with together represented 40.8% of
500
the region total population. In 2018, while the absolute numbers of youth1.5%
in million persons
400
population increased, the total shares these four age groups2 however,
dropped
300 to 33.9% in 2018. Compared to female, the share of male youth 1.0%
was higher by 2.0 percentage point in 2000 and by 2.8 percentage point in
200
2018. On the contrary, the total shares of the age groups in the productive
0.5%
working-age
100 population in the groups of 15-59 years3 increased from 61.4%
in 2000 to 61.8% in 2018. Likewise, there is also an observed increase in the
shares0 of the elderly people (aged 65 and over4) was recorded from 5.3% 0.0%
in
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2000 to 7.5% in 2018.
Population size (million persons) Population growth rate (%, annual)
Figure 1.2. Population pyramid (000 persons), ASEAN total, 2000 and 2018
2000 2018
75+ 75+
70-74 70-74
65-69 65-69
60-64 60-64
55-59 55-59
50-54 50-54
45-49 45-49
40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39
30-34 30-34
25-29 25-29
20-24 20-24
15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14
5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4
15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Male Female Male Female

2000
100%
90%
80% The population pyramid reveals the makeup of the population as a whole by age groups and gender.
1
2
Youth population
39.9 comprises the40.4
following age groups: 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15-19.
3 70% 49.9 46.7
Productive
57.0 working-age population comprises
52.0 the53.0
following age groups: 15-19, 20-24, 25-29,
49.3 30-34,
51.4 35-39,
60% 40-44, 45-49,50-54, and 55-59. 61.0 59.6
50% Elderly population comprises the following age groups: 65-69, 70-74, 75+.
4
40%
30%
2 20%
10%
0%
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar PhilippinesSingapore Thailand Viet Nam ASEAN
Darussalam
The ASEAN population pyramids also show noticeably larger share of
elderly female population aged 65 and over, compared to the male
population of the same age groups at 27.3 million (8.3% of total female
population) as compared with 21.4 million persons (6.8% of total male
population) in 2018. This size differential is reflective of the pattern5 that
women generally live longer than men. As a result, elderly women tend to
outnumber elderly men.
Changes in the patterns of population pyramids over time indicate the

ongoing process of demographic transition, associated with declining
fertility and mortality levels in ASEAN Member States (AMS). However,
the stages of demographic transitions vary across the AMS, reflecting the
different levels of development.
Figure 1.3 shows the population age structure across AMS in 2000 and
2018. During this period, all AMS observed an increase in the shares of
population aged 65 and over. The most significant increase was found in
Singapore and Thailand from 7.2% and 9.1% in 2000 to 13.7% and 12.0% in
2018, respectively. At the same time, all AMS observed declining shares of
youth population aged 0-19.
5
The higher share of older female population is one of the more consistent features in almost all population
pyramids, in any region or country.
ASEAN Key Figures 2019 3

45-49 45-49
40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39
30-34 30-34
25-29 25-29
20-24 20-24
15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14
5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4
15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Figure 1.3. Population age structure (% to total) by ASEAN Member States, 2000
Male Female Male Female
and 2018.
2000
100%
90%
80%
39.9 40.4
70% 49.9 46.7
57.0 52.0 49.3 51.4
53.0
60% 61.0 59.6
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Darussalam
0-14 15-19 20-59 60-64 > 65
2018
100%
90%
80%
70% 50.6
53.8 51.3
53.4
60% 62.8 52.1 57.4 53.7
56.2
58.3
50% 59.0
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Darussalam
0-14 15-19 20-59 60-64 > 65
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database

5
On the other hand, the shares 4.5 of productive working-age population
increased in seven4.1 AMS (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia,
4
Myanmar, the Philippines and Viet Nam), bringing about potential
Number of children/woman
demographic dividends, which could contribute 3.3

to economic growth and
2.9
poverty reduction.
3
2.6
At the same 2.7 time, challenges may also arise in terms
2.8
2.5 2.5
of the pressure to provide 2.3 2.3 education as well as health services and create
2.0 2.0
sufficient
2 employment
1.7 opportunities.1.9 1.7
1.9
1.5
1.3
1.2
1
4 ASEAN Key Figures 2019

0
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam
39.9 40.4
70% 49.9 46.7
57.0 52.0 49.3 51.4
53.0
60% 61.0 59.6
50%
40%
30%
20%
Fertility
10%
0%
Fertility is one of the major contributors to population growth. Based on
Darussalam
the most recent data, total0-14fertility

15-19
rates
20-59
(TFR)
60-64
is>found
65
to be declining over
time in all 10 AMS, except Indonesia2018 (Figure 1.4). Significant decline in TFR
was
100% recorded in Cambodia and Lao PDR from 4.1 and 4.5 in 2005 to 2.6
and
90% 2.7 respectively in 2016. In the case of Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia,
Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam, TFR fell below the replacement level
80%
70%
of 2.1 in 2018. 53.8 50.6
53.4
51.3
60% 62.8 52.1 57.4 53.7
56.2
58.3
Lower TFR means fewer children as compared to the working-age
50% 59.0
population.
40% This would provide the opportunity to avail more resources
for
30%
children and maternal health, education, and other supporting
20%
infrastructures. However, sustained low fertility rate would also lead to
10%
an aging population, leading to higher burden on the economy through,
0%
amongBrunei
others, increased
Cambodia Indonesia Laohealth careMyanmar
PDR Malaysia and social security
PhilippinesSingapore costs.
Thailand Viet Nam ASEAN
Darussalam
0-14 15-19 20-59 60-64 > 65

Figure 1.4. Total fertility rates (TFR) by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018
5
4.5
4.1
4
3.3
2.9
3 2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5 2.5
2.3 2.3
2.0 2.0
1.9 1.9
2
1.7 1.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
1
0
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018*
Note: * The latest available data for Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Philippines is 2016
45
39.3
40
35 32.6
30
per 1,000 live births
26.0
25.6
25
20
15
10
0-14 15-19 20-59 60-64 > 65
5
4.5
4.1
4
3.3
Mortality
3
and life expectancy2.8 2.9
2.7
2.6
2.5 2.5
As one of the most widely 2.3 2.3 used mortality indicators, under-five mortality
2.0 2.0
rate 2can indicate
1.7
the social, economic,
1.9 and environmental 1.7
1.9health
1.5
conditions of children, including their access to health 1.3 care. Figure 1.5
1.2
shows1
that under-five mortality rate in ASEAN has experienced a sharp
decline during the last decade from 39.3 deaths per 1,000 live births in
2005 to 25.6 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2017. This represents an average
0
annualDarussalam
drop
Brunei of 2.3 deaths
Cambodia Indonesiaper 1,000
Lao PDR live births
Malaysia Myanmar over this
Philippines period.
Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
2005 2010 2018*

Figure 1.5. Under-five mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), ASEAN total, 2005-2017
45
39.3
40
35 32.6
30
26.0
25.6
25
20
15
10
0
2005 2010 2016 2017
Disparity in under-five mortality

Viet Nam 21 rates among AMS was, however,
noticeable. Figure 1.6 shows
Thailand 10 that in 2017 under-five mortality rates in
the region ranges 3from very low at three deaths per 1,000 live births in
Singapore
Singapore, moderate at eight and 1028deaths in Malaysia and Thailand,

Philippines
respectively, and high at 49 and 63 in Myanmar and Lao PDR, respectively.
Myanmar 49
The decline
Malaysia in child 8 mortality is closely associated with longer life
expectancy.
Lao PDR
Life expectancy at birth is defined as the average number
63
of
years that a newborn could expect to live if he or she were to pass through
Indonesia 25
life, subject to the age-specific mortality rates of a given period.
Cambodia 29
Brunei Darussalam 11
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
76
74.4
2005 2010 2018*
per 1,000 li
20
45
15
39.3
40
10
35
5 32.6
30
0

Figure 1.6.
2005 Under-five mortality
2010 rates (per 1,000 live 2016
births)
26.0 by ASEAN Member
2017
25.6
25 States, 2017
20
15 Viet Nam 21
10 Thailand 10
5 Singapore 3
0Philippines 28
2005 2010 2016 2017
Myanmar 49
Malaysia 8
Lao Nam
Viet PDR 21 63
Indonesia
Thailand 10 25
Cambodia
Singapore 3 29
Brunei Darussalam
Philippines 11 28
Myanmar 0 10 20 30 40 5049 60 70
Malaysia 8 per 1,000 live births
Source: Lao PDR

WHO (2019), “World Health Statistics 2019: Monitoring Health for the SDGs” 63
76 Indonesia 25
The average life expectancy in AMS reached 71.4 years in 2017, or an increase
74.4
74 Cambodia
of over 2.5 years from 2005 (see Figure 291.7). Gender comparison indicates
that women,
72
Brunei 71.6
Darussalam with a life expectancy
11 of 74.4 years in 2017, are expected
71.4 to
live almost
70 seven
68.7
0 years 10longer 20
than men
30 at 68.6
40 years. 50 60 70
68.6
years
68 per 1,000 live births

Figure 1.7. Life expectancy at birth (years), ASEAN total, 2005-2017
66
66.0
64
76
74.4
62
74
60
72 71.6
2005 2010 2016 2017 2018 71.4
70
68.7 Female Male Total
68.6
years
68
66
90
66.0 83.2
80.1
64 76.5 77.5
80
73.6 75.0 74.1 75.5 72.2 73.5
70.6 71.2
69.0 69.2
62
70 67.0 66.7 67.1
64.1
61.0 61.0
60
60
2005 2010 2016 2017 2018
years
50 Female Male Total
Source:
40 ASEAN Secretariat.
90
30
ASEAN
80.1
83.2
Key Figures 2019 7
80
20 76.5 77.5
73.6 75.0 74.1 75.5 72.2 73.5
70.6 71.2
69.0 69.2
70 67.0 66.7 67.1
10 64.1
61.0 61.0
76
74.4
74
72 71.6
71.4
70
68.7
years 68.6
68
Life expectancy however varies across the AMS (Figure 1.8). Latest available
66
data shows66.0that life expectancy in the AMS ranges from over 83.2 years
64
in Singapore, between 70 and 80 years in Brunei Darussalam, Thailand,
Malaysia,
62 Viet Nam, Indonesia and Cambodia, to below 70 years in the
Philippines,
60 Lao PDR and Myanmar.
2005 2010 2016 2017 2018
Female Male
Figure 1.8. Life expectancy at birth (years) by ASEAN Total
Member States, 2005-2017
90
83.2
80.1
80 76.5 77.5
73.6 75.0 74.1 75.5 72.2 73.5
70.6 71.2
69.0 69.2
70 67.0 66.7 67.1
64.1
61.0 61.0
60
years
50
40
30
20
10
0
Darussalam
2005 2010* 2018**
Note: * available data for Thailand is 2011; ** latest available data for Lao PDR, Myanmar,
Philippines, and Thailand is 2017

EDUCATION
2
Introduction
Education is a significant contributor to economic development of a
country since it increases capacity and ability of the people to be more
productive economically. Adult literacy rate, net enrollment rate in
primary education, and net enrollment rate in secondary education are
basic indicators to measure the quality of human capital, while pupil to
teacher ratio indicates the quality of educational provision in a country.
Adult literacy rate

Compared to seventeen years ago, adult literacy rate has improved
significantly across AMS (Figure 2.1). In 2017, adult literacy rate in seven out
of ten AMSs exceeded 90%, with the highest rate recorded in Singapore at
97.0% followed by Brunei Darussalam (96.6%), the Philippines (96.5%) and
Indonesia (95.5%).

Figure 2.1. Adult literacy rate (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2000-2017
100%
96.6 96.5 97.0
95.5 95.1 95.1
95% 92.7 92.6 92.5 92.5 92.9
89.6 90.2
90% 88.6 88.7 88.0
84.7
85% 82.5
80%
75%
69.4 69.6
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
Darussalam
2000 2010 2017*
Note: *The latest available data for Brunei Darussalam and Thailand is 2016; for Lao PDR,
99.9 100.0
100% 97.0 Myanmar
98.0 and Thailand
97.2 is 2015;
98.0 for the Philippines
96.7 96.9 is 2013 97.0
98.0
96.6 96.0
93.5 94.2
Source: ASEAN
91.3 Secretariat, ASEANstats database91.2
92.6
91.2
90%
82.6
Net
80%
enrollment in primary education
76.1
Net enrollment rate (NER) in primary education is measured by the ratio

70%
of the number of children of official primary school age who are enrolled
in primary education to the total population of children of official primary
60%
school age (expressed as a percentage). Primary education is the starting
point
50%
which normally consists of programmes designed to give pupils a
sound basicCambodia
Brunei
Darussalam
education in reading,
Indonesia Lao PDR
writing, and mathematics along with an
Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
2006 2010 2017*

elementary understanding of other subjects such as history, geography,
natural science, social science, art and music. As shown by
100.0 99.5
Figure 2.2,
100.0 100.0
97.8 98.4 98.4
all
100%
AMS have made97.0 significant
96.7 95.4 progress in ensuring
95.5 primary education
93.9 94.0 94.7
93.2
enrollment. In 2017, all AMS have a rate of more 90.2
than
92.0
90%. Singapore 90.8
90%
recorded a 100% net enrollment rate while in Brunei Darussalam and
Viet Nam,
80%
only 2.0% of children of primary school age are not enrolled in
school.
70%
60%
10 50%
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand
Darussalam
Male Female
70%
65%
100%
96.6 96.5 97.0
95.5 95.1 95.1
60%
95% 92.7 92.9
92.6 92.5 92.5
89.6 90.2
55%
90% 88.6 88.7 88.0
84.7
50%
85% 82.5
80% Darussalam
Figure 2.2. Net enrolment rate in primary
2000 2010 education
2017* (%) by ASEAN Member States,
75% 2006-2017
69.4 69.6
70% 100.0
99.9
100% 97.0 98.0 97.2 98.0 98.0
96.7 96.9 96.6 97.0 96.0
65% 94.2
92.6 93.5
91.3 91.2 91.2
60%
90%
55% 82.6
80%
50% 76.1
Darussalam
70% 2000 2010 2017*
60% 99.9 100.0

100% 97.0 98.0 97.2 98.0 98.0
96.7 96.9 96.6 97.0 96.0
93.5 94.2
92.6
50% 91.3 91.2 91.2
90% Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam
82.6 2006 2010 2017*
80%
Note: *The latest available data for Cambodia is 2016; 76.1
for Brunei Darussalam, Lao PDR and
100.0 100.0 100.0
100% Thailand
99.5 is 2015 97.8 98.4 98.4
97.0 96.7 95.4 95.5
70% 93.9 94.7
Source: ASEAN93.2 94.0
Secretariat, ASEANstats database 92.0
90.8
90.2
90%
In60%term of primary school enrolment by gender, almost all AMS have
achieved
80% gender equality, with the difference between net enrollment of
male
50% and female at 2.0 percentage point or less (Figure 2.3).
70% Darussalam
2006 2010 2017*
Figure 2.3. Net enrolment rate in primary education (%) by gender, 2017*
60%
100.0 99.5 100.0 100.0
100%
97.0 96.7 97.8 98.4 98.4
95.4 95.5
93.9 94.0 94.7
93.2 92.0
50% 90.8
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar 90.2
Philippines Singapore Thailand
90%
Darussalam
Male Female
80%
99.5
100% 97.0 97.0 94.5
70% 90.2
90% 87.4
83.4 83.4
78.7
80% 76.0
60%
68.4 69.6
70%
50% 57.5
60% 54.0
50%Darussalam 44.3 45.4
Male Female
40% 37.1
Note: 34.3for 34.7
*The latest available data Cambodia is 2016; for Brunei Darussalam, Lao PDR and
30% Thailand is 2015; Viet Nam data is not available 99.5
100% 97.0 97.0 21.3 94.5
90.2
Source:
20% ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database
87.4
90%
83.4 83.4
10% 78.7
80% 76.0
0% 69.6
70% Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR
68.4
Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore
Thailand Viet Nam 11
Darussalam 57.5
60% 2006 2010 54.0
2017*
50% 44.3 45.4

50%
Darussalam
2006 2010 2017*
100.0 99.5 100.0 100.0

100%
97.0 96.7 97.8 98.4 98.4
95.4 95.5
93.9 94.0 94.7
93.2 92.0
90.8
Net
90% enrollment rate in secondary education
90.2
NER
80%
in secondary education is the ratio of children of official secondary
school age who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding
age.
70% Secondary education completes the provision of basic education
that begins at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for
lifelong
60% learning and human development, by offering more subject- or
skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
50%
Figure 2.4. Net enrollment rate in secondary education (%) by ASEAN Member
Darussalam
Male Female
States, 2006-2017
99.5
100% 97.0 97.0 94.5
90.2
90% 87.4
83.4 83.4
78.7
80% 76.0
68.4 69.6
70%
57.5
60% 54.0
50% 44.3 45.4
40% 37.1
34.3 34.7
30%
21.3
20%
10%
0%
Darussalam
2006 2010 2017*
Note: *The latest available data for Cambodia is 2016; for Lao PDR is 2012; for Brunei
100%
Darussalam and Thailand is 2010 99.5 99.5
Source:
90%
ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database 88.9
84.3
82.1
77.6 77.5
During
80% the last decade,
76.0 almost all AMS 72.3 have experienced 73.0 an increase in
NER
70% in secondary education (Figure65.0 2.4). Significant increase
63.6 of more than
59.6 58.3 58.8
30%
60% is recorded in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.
53.7
However,
50% there is still room for improvement given that the NER in
40.1
secondary
40% education
34.2
is still below 80% in some AMS.
30%
20%
10%
0%
Darussalam
Male Female
60%
50.9
34.3 34.7
30%
21.3
20%
10%
0%
Darussalam
2006 2010 2017*
Figure 2.5. Net enrolment rate in secondary education (%) by gender, 2017*
99.5 99.5
100%
88.9
90% 84.3
82.1
77.6 77.5
80% 76.0
72.3 73.0
70% 65.0
63.6
59.6 58.3 58.8
60%
53.7
50%
40.1
40%
34.2
30%
20%
10%
0%
Darussalam
Male Female
Note: *The latest available data for Cambodia is 2016; for Lao PDR is 2012; for Brunei
Darussalam and Thailand is 2010; Viet Nam data is not available
60%
Source: ASEAN Secretariat,
50.9 ASEANstats database.
50%
Figure 2.5 shows the 44.0
NER in secondary education by gender. In Cambodia,
40%
Malaysia, and the Philippines, the rate is higher 33.7 for female compared to
Pupils per teacher
30.8 31.4
male by more than 5.0 percentage point.29.1Similar situation was observed in
30%
23.0 23.0
Brunei Darussalam and 18.8 Indonesia, although with smaller 21.9
gaps (less than
17.7 16.9 19.9
20.3
20% 17.2
2.2 percentage
12.7 point). On the other hand, 15.0
11.6 male NER was found
15.1
to be higher
10.2
in Myanmar
10% and Thailand by 5.1 and 11.4 percentage point respectively.
0%
Pupil-teacher
Darussalam ratio
2007 2010 2017*
Pupil-teacher ratio indicates the quality of educational provision in a
country. A higher pupil-teacher ratio suggests that each teacher has to
40%
be responsible for a larger number of pupils. In35.1other
35.0
words, the lower the
32.8
pupil-teacher ratio, the higher the relative access of pupils to teachers,
35%
28.9 28.2
which
30%
enables the teachers to pay more attention
27.0 to individual students.
Pupils per teacher
In the long run, this

25% 21.9 may result in better performance of the21.0
22.6 pupils.20.7
20% 18.3 18.2
16.1 17.3
14.5
15% 13.0
11.8 11.7
10.8
10% 8.6
5%
0%
Darussalam ASEAN Key Figures 2019 13
2007 2010 2017*
40.1
40%
34.2
30%
20%
10%
0%
FigureDarussalam
2.6. Pupil-teacher ratio in primary education by ASEAN Member States,
Male Female
2007-2017
60%
50.9
50%
44.0
40%
Pupils per teacher
33.7
30.8 31.4
29.1
30%
23.0 23.0 21.9
18.8 19.9 20.3
20% 17.2 17.7 16.9
15.0 15.1
12.7 11.6
10.2
10%
0%
Darussalam
2007 2010 2017*
Note: *The latest available data for Brunei Darussalam and Lao PDR is 2016; for Thailand is
2015; for Philippines is 2009
40%
35.1 35.0
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database 32.8
35%
28.9
Figure
30% 2.6 shows that the pupil-teacher27.0ratio in primary 28.2 education
has 25%
improved across AMS. The lowest ratios were observed in Brunei
Pupils per teacher
21.9 22.6
21.0 20.7
Darussalam
20% at 10.2, Malaysia
16.1
at 11.6,
18.3 and Singapore at 15.1.
18.2 However, the ratio
17.3
remains
15% relatively high 13.0 at more than 20 pupils per teacher in Cambodia,
14.5
11.8 11.7
10.8
Lao 10%
PDR, Myanmar,
8.6 the Philippines, and Viet Nam.
5%
0%
Darussalam
2007 2010 2017*

30.8 31.4
29.1
Pupils per t
30%
23.0 23.0 21.9
18.8 19.9 20.3
20% 17.2 17.7 16.9
15.0 15.1
12.7 11.6
10.2
10%
0%
Figure 2.7.
Darussalam
Pupil-teacher ratio in secondary education by ASEAN Member States,
2007 2010 2017*
2007-2017
40%
35.1 35.0
35% 32.8
28.9 28.2
30% 27.0
Pupils per teacher
25% 21.9 22.6

21.0 20.7
20% 18.3 18.2
16.1 17.3
14.5
15% 13.0
11.8 11.7
10.8
10% 8.6
5%
0%
Darussalam
2007 2010 2017*
Similar improvement was observed in the pupil-teacher ratio in secondary

education across AMS (Figure 2.7), with the lowest ratio recorded in
Brunei Darussalam (8.6), followed by Singapore (11.7), and Malaysia (11.8).
Meanwhile, in Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand, the pupil-teacher ratio
remains relatively high at more than 20.

3 HEALTH
Introduction
This chapter focuses on indicators related to public health, namely the
coverage of immunisation among one-year old children, access to safe
drinking water, and improved sanitation.
Coverage of immunisation among one-year old children

Immunisation is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions
to reduce child mortality and morbidity associated with infectious diseases.
The coverage of immunisation among one-year old children is defined as
the share of one-year old children who is immunised to the total children
population aged one year. The coverage of immunisation against measles
and diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) between 2005 and 2017 in the
AMS are shown in Figure 3.1 and 3.2 respectively.
Figure 3.1. Coverage of immunisation against measles among one year old
children (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2017
99.0 98.6
100% 97.4 97.0 96.0 95.0 96.0
93.0 92.7
89.9 89.0
90%
84.0 83.0 84.1
82.0
80%
76.9
72.5 72.0
70.7
70% 69.0
60%
50%
Darussalam
2005 2010 2017

100.0 99.0
100% 98.0 99.0
95.3 96.0 96.0 95.0 94.4
94.0 93.0
90%
89.0 89.0 88.0 ASEAN Key Figures 2019 17
85.0
84.6 83.8
82.0
80%
70.7
70% 69.0
60%
50%
Darussalam
Figure 3.2. Coverage of immunisation against DPT among one year old children
(%) by ASEAN Member
2005
States, 2005-2017
2010 2017
100.0 99.0
100% 98.0 99.0
95.3 96.0 96.0 95.0 94.4
94.0 93.0
89.0 89.0 88.0
90%
85.0
84.6 83.8
82.0
80%
73.0
70%
60%
49.0
50%
40%
Darussalam
2005 2010 2017
Measles
100% immunisation has consistently
99.0 100.0
96.5 covered well over
100.0 100.0 98.4 90%
97.8 of total
98.0
94.0 92.0
children aged one year in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, 85.0
80.2 80.1
and
80% Viet Nam during 73.7 period covered.
77.5 Significant
76.3 progress was recorded in
other AMS from 64.8
76.9% in70.02005 to 84.0% in 2017 in Cambodia, from 69.0%
to60%82.0% in Lao PDR, and from 72.0% to 83.0% in Myanmar. Similar trends
are observed 51.0
for DPT immunisation, with the highest coverage recorded
43.0
in40%
2017 in Brunei Darussalam (100 %), Malaysia (99.0%), Singapore (96.0%),
Thailand (99.0%) and Viet Nam (94.4%). While the coverage for Indonesia
and
20%
the Philippines remained at above 80%, remarkable progress was
recorded in Lao PDR (from 49.0% in 2005 to 85.0% in 2017), Myanmar
(73.0% to 89.0%), and Cambodia (82.0% to 93.0%).
0%
Darussalam
Access to safe drinking water
2005
and
2010
improved
2018*
sanitation
Access to drinking water and improved sanitation are essential factors
in ensuring public health. Figure
98.0 3.3 shows that100.0
the100.0
whole
98.1 population
100% 96.0
of Brunei Darussalam and Singapore have access to safe
92.0 93.0
drinking
86.0
water80.0
in 2018 while in Viet Nam, Thailand,80.7Malaysia, and the Philippines,
82.1
80% 76.0 75.3 76.3
74.4
69.3
61.0
60%
50.0
18 ASEAN Key Figures 2019 45.0
40%
27.0
100% 98.0
95.3 96.0 96.0 95.0 94.4
94.0 93.0
89.0 89.0 88.0
90%
85.0
84.6 83.8
82.0
80%
73.0
70%
the coverage was well above 90% at 98.0%, 97.8% 96.5%, and 92.0%,
60%
respectively. Meanwhile, in other AMS though the rate remains relatively
low,
50%significant improvement was observed particularly in Cambodia from
49.0
51.0% in 2005 to 64.8% in 2017 and Indonesia from 43.0% in 2005 to 73.7%
in 40%
2017.
Darussalam
Figure 3.3. Population with 2005
access to safe
2010
drinking2017
water (%) by ASEAN Member
States, 2005-2018
99.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.4 98.0

100% 96.5 97.8
94.0 92.0
85.0
80.2 80.1
77.5 76.3
80% 73.7
70.0
64.8
60%
51.0
43.0
40%
20%
0%
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018*
Note: *The latest available data for Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
Thailand and Viet Nam is 2017 100.0
98.0 100.0 98.1
100% 96.0
93.0
Source: ASEAN
92.0 Secretariat, ASEANstats database
86.0
80.7 82.1
80.0
With
80% regard to76.0
access to improved75.3 sanitation, 74.4
76.3 full population coverage
is recorded in Singapore 69.3
while the coverage is above 90% in Malaysia,
Thailand,
60%
and Brunei Darussalam. Significant improvement is observed 61.0
in
Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao
50.0
45.0
PDR, and Viet Nam during the period of 2005-
2018.
40%
27.0
20%
0%
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018*
1.6% ASEAN Key Figures 2019 19

1.4
1.4%
1.2%
40%
20%
0%
Darussalam
Figure 3.4. Population with access to improved sanitation (%) by ASEAN Member
2005 2010 2018*
States, 2005-2018
98.0 100.0 100.0 98.1

100% 96.0
92.0 93.0
86.0
80.7 82.1
80.0
80% 76.0 75.3 76.3
74.4
69.3
61.0
60%
50.0
45.0
40%
27.0
20%
0%
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018*
1.6%
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database 1.4

1.4%
1.2% 1.1
1.0%
0.8 0.8
0.8% 0.7
0.6% 0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
0.4% 0.3 0.3
0.3
0.2 0.2
0.2% 0.1
0.1
0.0 0.0
-
Darussalam
2005 2010 2017

POVERTY, INEQUALITY, AND
4 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
The state of human development in ASEAN during the last few decades
has rapidly improved, as indicated by the decline in poverty incidence and
income inequality as well as improvement in human development index.
Poverty incidence
Available data on the shares of population living below national poverty
lines indicate that all AMS6 experienced a decline in poverty incidence
between 2005 and 2017. Figure 4.1 shows that a large reduction in poverty
level was recorded by Myanmar from 48.2% in 2005 to 24.8% in 2017, or
a decline of 23.4 percentage points. Significant poverty reduction was
also experienced during the same period by Cambodia and Thailand,
with a decline of 19.5 and 18.9 percentage points to reach 13.5% and 7.9%,
respectively, in 2017.
Lao PDR and Viet Nam also demonstrated good progress, with poverty
incidence rate declining from 33.5% and 18.1% in 2005 to 23.4% and 9.8%,
respectively, in 2017.
6
Data on poverty is not applicable for Brunei Darussalam and Singapore.

Figure 4.1. Population living below the national poverty lines (%) by ASEAN
60%
48.2
50%
40%
33.0 33.5
30% 26.0 26.8

24.8
23.4
21.6
18.1
20% 16.0
13.5
10.6 9.8
7.9
10% 5.7
0.4
0%
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Viet Nam
2005 2010 2017*
Note: *The latest data available for the Philippines is 2016
Source:
0.55 ASEAN Secretariat
Income inequality
0.50 0.49
0.46 0.47
0.46
Income
0.45 inequality in the region, as measured 0.44 by Gini Ratio, 0.45
ranged from
0.44
the lowest 0.42 at 0.31 in Cambodia and the highest at 0.46 in Malaysia 0.42 and
0.40
Singapore
0.40 in 2017 (Figure
0.40 4.2). Between
0.40
2005 and 2017, increase in Gini
0.38
Ratio was recorded 0.36 in Indonesia, Lao PDR, and Viet Nam, indicating a
rise0.35in income inequality. On the other hand, decline in Gini Ratio was
0.33
observed in Cambodia,
0.31
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
0.30
0.25
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
2005 2012 2017*
1.000
0.932
0.900 0.853
0.820 0.819 0.802
0.800 0.755
0.725
0.699 0.694 0.694
22 0.700
ASEAN Key Figures 2019 0.649
0.622 0.601
0.604 0.582 0.578
0.600 0.576
0.500 0.463
0.412 0.427
13.5
10.6 9.8
7.9
10% 5.7
0.4
0%
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Viet Nam
2005 2010 2017*

Figure 4.2. Gini ratio by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2017
0.55
0.50 0.49
0.46 0.47
0.46
0.45 0.44 0.45
0.44
0.42 0.42
0.40 0.40
0.40
0.40
0.38
0.36
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.30
0.25
2005 2012 2017*
Note: *The latest data available for Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore and Viet Nam is 2016;
1.000 for Lao PDR, the Philippines and Thailand is 2015; data for Brunei Darussalam and
0.932
Myanmar is not available
0.900 0.853
Source: ASEAN
0.820 Secretariat,0.802
0.819 ASEANstats database.
0.800 0.755
0.725
0.699 0.694 0.694
0.700 0.649
Human
0.600
development index 0.622
0.604
0.576
0.601
0.582 0.578
Human
0.500 Development Index (HDI) is another measure 0.463 of the wellbeing
0.412 0.427
of0.400
a country’s population, focusing on three basic dimensions of human
development:
0.300 ability to lead a long and healthy life as measured by life
expectancy
0.200 at birth; ability to acquire knowledge as measured by mean
years
0.100
of schooling and expected years of schooling; and ability to achieve a
decent
0.000
standard of living as measured by gross national income per capita
(UNDP 2018).
Singapore Brunei Malaysia Thailand Philippines Indonesia Viet Nam Lao PDR Cambodia Myanmar
Darussalam
2000 2010 2017

2005 2010 2017*
0.55
0.50 0.49
Figure 4.3 shows that three AMS namely Singapore, Brunei Darussalam,
0.46 0.47
and Malaysia, are categorized in the very high category 0.46
of HDI,
0.45
while one
0.45 0.44
0.44
AMS- Thailand
0.42
-was in the high category. The remaining six AMS 0.42 were in
the medium HDI category
0.40
7
. 0.40 0.40
0.40
0.38
Increase in HDI0.36
value was recorded in all 10 AMS during the last 17 years,
albeit at different rate.0.33Cambodia, Myanmar, Lao PDR, and Viet Nam
0.35
experienced 0.31
the fastest growth, with HDI values increasing by 17.0%, 15.1%,
13.8%,
0.30 and 11.8%, respectively, between 2000 and 2017. This was followed
by Singapore and Thailand, with an 11.2% and 10.6% increase. HDI values of
Indonesia,
0.25
Philippines, and Malaysia grew by around 8%; whereas that of
Brunei Darussalam increased by 3.4% during the same period.
2005 2012 2017*
Figure 4.3. Human development index by ASEAN Member States, 2000-2017
1.000
0.932
0.900 0.853
0.820 0.819 0.802
0.800 0.755
0.725
0.699 0.694 0.694
0.700 0.649
0.622 0.601
0.604 0.582 0.578
0.600 0.576
0.500 0.463
0.412 0.427
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
Singapore Brunei Malaysia Thailand Philippines Indonesia Viet Nam Lao PDR Cambodia Myanmar
Darussalam
2000 2010 2017
Source: UNDP, a series of Human Development Reports.
7
HDI of less than 0.550 for low human development; 0.550–0.699 for medium human development;
0.700–0.799 for high human development and 0.800 or greater for very high human development (UNDP,
Human Development Report 2018).

5 LABOUR
Introduction
Understanding trends in the labour market is important for designing
effective and relevant employment policies. As population in the region
continues to grow, notably the working-age segment, the economy
should keep up by providing sufficient employment opportunities for
the growing labour force. This section describes trends in the labour force
participation rates, unemployment rates, and employment by industries
or economic sectors in ASEAN.
Labour force participation rate

The labour force participation rate (LFPR) measures the proportion of a
country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labour
market, either by working or looking for work. It indicates the size of
the supply of labour available to engage in the production of goods and
services, relative to the population at working age (ILO 2016). Figure 5.1
presents the trends of LFPR in AMS between 2007 and 2018. LFPRs are
found to be relatively stable during the period, with the exception of Lao
PDR where LFPR decline from 81.0% in 2007 to 62.2% in 2018. In 2018,
Cambodia has the highest LFPR at 84.4%, followed by Viet Nam 76.8%. As
for the other AMS, the LFPR ranging from 60.1% to 69.2% in 2018.

Figure 5.1. Labour force participation rates (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2007‑2018
90%
Brunei
Darussalam
84.3
85% Cambodia
81.0 Indonesia
80%
90% 80.8 76.8 Lao PDR
Brunei
74.7 Darussalam
Malaysia
75% 84.3
85% Cambodia
73.6 Myanmar
81.0 69.2 Indonesia
70% 69.2
Philippines
80% 68.3
67.0
80.8 76.867.7 Lao PDR
65.8 68.0 Singapore
65% 65.0
74.7 64.1 Malaysia
75% 63.2 Thailand
62.7
63.2 62.0 Myanmar
73.6
60% Viet Nam
70% 69.2 69.2
60.1 Philippines
68.3
67.0 67.7
55% 65.8 68.0 Singapore
65% 65.0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 201864.1
63.2 62.7 Thailand
63.2 62.0
Source:
60% ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database Viet Nam
100% 60.1
89.3
Figure
55%
90% 5.2. Labour force
83.0 participation
82.5
rates by gender (%) by ASEAN Member
82.3
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
79.5 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
80% States,
77.42018 76.8
73.9
76.0 77.1
71.6
70% 67.1
64.7
100% 59.8 60.1
60% 55.8 55.4
89.3 53.7
90% 49.6
50% 83.0 82.5 46.2 82.3
79.5
80% 77.4 76.8 76.0 77.1
40% 73.9
71.6
70% 67.1
64.7
30% 60.1
59.8
60% 55.8 55.4
20% 53.7
49.6
50% 46.2
10%
40%
0%
Darussalam
20% Male Female
10%
0%
Darussalam
10.3
Male Female
10% 9.2
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database. 7.8

8%
12%
10.3
6% 5.3 5.4 5.3
10% 9.2
4.0 4.0
4% 3.5 3.6
3.3 7.8
8% 2.9
26 ASEAN Key Figures 2019 2.2
1.8
2%
6% 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1
0.8 5.3 5.4 5.3
0.6
0% 4.0 4.0
81.0 Indonesia
80%
80.8 76.8 Lao PDR
74.7 Malaysia
75%
73.6 Myanmar
70% 69.2 69.2

Philippines
68.3
67.0 67.7
65.8 68.0 Singapore
Gender comparison of LFPRs (Figure 5.2) indicates that64.1
65% 65.0 in all 10 AMS, male
63.2 62.7 Thailand
participation rate is higher compared to female. The gender disparity in
63.2 62.0
60% Viet Nam
LFPR was the highest in the Philippines at 73.9% for males 60.1 as compared to
46.2%
55% for females in 2018, followed by Indonesia (83.0% vs. 55.4%), Myanmar
(76.8%2007
vs. 49.6%), and Malaysia
2008 2009 2010 2011
(79.5% vs. 53.7%).
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
100%
Unemployment
89.3 rate
90%
83.0 82.5 82.3
Unemployment
80% 77.4rate measures the under
79.5
76.8 utilisation
73.9
76.0 of labour
77.1 supply,
71.6
reflecting
70% 67.1 inability of the working-age
64.7
population who are actively
seeking
60% work to find employment.
55.8 55.4
While the unemployment rates in all
59.8 60.1
53.7
AMS
50%
are found to be relatively low over the 49.6observed period of 2005-2017
46.2
(Figure
40%
5.3), the rates tend to fluctuate in all AMS following fluctuations
in30%the economic environment. In 2018, the rate was lowest in Lao PDR,
Myanmar,
20%
Thailand, and Cambodia at below 2%, followed by Viet Nam
(2.2%),
10%
Singapore (2.9%), and Malaysia (3.3%). At 9.2%, Brunei Darussalam
recorded
0%
the highest unemployment rate, followed by the Philippines
(5.4%),Brunei
and Indonesia (5.3%).
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam
Male Female
Figure 5.3. Unemployment rates (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2018
12%
10.3
10% 9.2
7.8
8%
6% 5.3 5.4 5.3
4.0 4.0
4% 3.5 3.6
3.3
2.9
2.2
1.8
2%
1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1
0.8
0.6
0%
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018

100%
12.7
90%
25.2 28.6
35.8 33.0
80% 15.6
48.2 51.7 47.9
70% 62.4
20.0
60% 26.5 83.9
ASEAN Key Figures
25.1 2019 27
50% 28.4
40% 21.4 23.8

71.7
30% 34.9
79.5
80% 77.4 76.8 76.0 77.1
73.9
71.6
70% 67.1
64.7
59.8 60.1
60% 55.8 55.4 53.7
49.6
50% 46.2
40%
30%
Employment by economic sectors
20%
Figure
10% 5.4 shows the employment structure by main economic sectors in
the0% 10 AMS, based on the most recent available data. Agricultural sector
is a significant
Darussalam contributor to employment in Lao PDR and Cambodia at
71.7% and 54.9%, respectively, Male
followed byFemale
Myanmar (48.8%) and Viet Nam
(41.9%). Agriculture remains a key contributor to employment in other
AMS,
12% notably in Thailand (35.8%), Indonesia (30.5%), and the Philippines
(28.3%) despite the 10.3 shift to manufacture and services sectors.
10% 9.2
On the other hand, manufacturing sector, which also includes
7.8
construction
8% and other sectors, contributed 36.2% of total employment in
Brunei Darussalam, 34.9% in Malaysia, and 28.4% in Thailand. The share of
6% 5.3 5.4 5.3
employment in this sector was lowest in Lao PDR at 15.6% in 2015.
4.0 4.0
3.5 3.6
Finally,
4%
Singapore has highest share of employment in the
3.3
2.9 services sector
at 83.9% in 2018, followed by Brunei Darussalam (62.4%), Malaysia

1.8 (51.7%),
2.2
2%
1.1 1.3
Indonesia (48.2%),
0.8 and the Philippines
0.6 (47.9%). The contribution of the
1.0 1.1
tertiary
0% sector to employment remains relatively low in Lao PDR at 12.7%.
Darussalam
Figure 5.4. Shares of employment
2005
by 2010
main economic
2018
sectors (%) by ASEAN
Member States, various years
100%
12.7
90%
25.2 28.6
35.8 33.0
80% 15.6
48.2 51.7 47.9
70% 62.4
20.0
60% 26.5 83.9
25.1
50% 28.4
40% 21.4 23.8

71.7
30% 34.9
54.9
48.8
20% 36.2 41.9
35.8
30.5 28.3
10%
13.3 16.1
0% 1.3
Darussalam (2014) (2018) (2015) (2018) (2017) (2016) (2018) (2016) (2016)
(2017)
Agriculture Manufacturing Services

6 ECONOMY
Gross Domestic Product
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of all the output (or production)
carried out by all firms, non-profit institutions, government bodies and
households in a given economy during a given period. Total combined
GDP of ten AMS was valued at US$3.0 trillion in 2018, positioning ASEAN
as the fifth largest economy in the world (Figure 6.1). Only the United
States (US$20.5 trillion), China (US$13.4 trillion), Japan (US$5.0 trillion), and
Germany (US$4.0 trillion) had larger GDP than the region.
Figure 6.1. Top ten largest economies in the world (US$ trillion), 2018
25.0
20.5
20.0
GDP (in US$ trillion)
15.0 13.4
10.0
5.0
5.0 4.0
3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7
2.1 1.9
0.0
United China Japan Germany ASEAN United France India Italy Brazil
States Kingdom

3.50 5,000
ASEAN’s GDP had been on a positive trend through the period 4,601 of 2000-
4,500
2018,3.00
notwithstanding the global economic crisis in 2008-2009 (Figure
6.2). The region’s total GDP in 2018 was almost double that of a4,000 decade
ago (USD 1.6 trillion in 2008) and almost fivefold the value in 2000 (US$0.6
2.50 3,500
GDP per capita (US$)
US$trillion
3,000
2.00
2,500
1.50
2,000
1,500
29
1.00 1,195
1,000
0.50
20.0
GDP (in US$ trillion)

15.0 13.4
10.0
5.0
trillion).
5.0 Similar trend was also4.0 observed for the ASEAN GDP per capita
3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7
which reached US$4,601.3 in 2018, compare to 2010 at US$3,299.3,
2.1 1.9 and
almost 0.0 four times its value in 2000 (US$1,195.0).
United China Japan Germany ASEAN United France India Italy Brazil
States Kingdom
Figure 6.2. ASEAN GDP (US$ trillion) and GDP per capita (US$), 2000-2018
3.50 5,000
4,601
4,500
3.00
4,000
2.50 3,500
GDP per capita (US$)

US$trillion
3,000
2.00
2,500
1.50
2,000
1.00 1,500
1,195
1,000
0.50
500
0.00 0
2000
2004
2008
2006
2009
2007
2002
2003
2005
2001
2010
2014
2018
2016
2017
2012
2013
2015
2011
GDP (in US$trillion) GDP per capita (in US$)

3,500
Figure 6.3 indicates the diversity in economic size among ASEAN member
states
3,000
with Indonesia as the largest economy in ASEAN, accounting for
34.9% of the region’s GDP in 2018, followed by Thailand (16.9%), Singapore
Brunei
Darussalam
(12.2%),
2,500 and Malaysia (12.0%). Lao PDR
Cambodia
US$billion
2,000 Myanmar
Viet Nam
1,500 Philippines
Malaysia
1,000
Singapore
Thailand
500
Indonesia
-
20002001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
70,000
64,567
Singapore Brunei Darussalam
60,000
50,000
40,000
1.00 1,500
1,195
1,000
0.50
500
0.00 0
2000
2004
2008
2006
2009
2007
2002
2003
2005
2001
2010
2014
2018
2016
2017
2012
2013
2015
2011
GDP (in US$trillion) GDP per capita (in US$)
Figure 6.3. Total GDP (US$ billion) by ASEAN Member States, 2000-2018
3,500
3,000
Brunei
Darussalam
Lao PDR
2,500
Cambodia
US$billion
2,000 Myanmar
Viet Nam
1,500 Philippines
Malaysia
1,000
Singapore
Thailand
500
Indonesia
-
20002001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

70,000
As for GDP per capitaSingapore
(GDP of an economy divided by its total population),
Brunei Darussalam
64,567
which is a proxy of living standard, Figure 6.4 shows that Singapore and
60,000
Brunei
50,000Darussalam recorded the highest value in 2018 at US$64,567.3 and
US$30,645.6 respectively. The figures were about 14.0 times and 6.7 times
40,000
higher than ASEAN’s average GDP per capita of US$4,601.3.
US$
30,000 30,645
GDP per 23,794
capita increased in all AMS from 2000-2018. The most significant
improvement
20,000 was observed in Lao PDR where GDP per capita increased
by 691.1% 18,469
over this period, followed by Myanmar (606.2%) and Viet Nam
10,000
(531.1%).
-
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
12,000
Malaysia Thailand
Indonesia Philippines
10,000 10,041
Lao PDR Viet Nam
Cambodia Myanmar
8,000
6,737
US$
6,000
3,871
4,000
2,992
2,510
2,000
2,390 31
1,402
1,249
0
Malaysia
1,000
Singapore
Thailand
500
Indonesia
-
20002001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Figure 6.4. GDP per capita (US$) by ASEAN Member States, 2000-2018
70,000
64,567
60,000
50,000
40,000
US$
30,000 30,645
23,794
20,000
18,469
10,000
-
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
12,000
Malaysia Thailand
10,000 10,041
Lao PDR Viet Nam
Cambodia Myanmar
8,000
6,737
US$
6,000
3,871
4,000
2,992
2,510
2,000 2,390
1,402
1,249
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
100%
Real
90% GDP growth
80%
Real
70%
GDP growth
46.6
is a year-to-year
48.7 comparison49.2of the value of all
50.1 goods and
services
60% produced in an economy expressed in base-year prices.. During
the
50%period of 2000-2018, ASEAN’s economy grew steadily with an average
annual
40% growth of 5.3% (Table 1). Among AMS, Myanmar, Cambodia, and
Lao
30%PDR recorded the highest
39.7 37.7 GDP growth 37.1
with average annual36.6 growth
of 9.8%, 7.7%, and 7.1%, respectively.
20%
10%
12.8 12.0 11.1 10.3
0%
2005 2010 2015 2018
100%
-
20002001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
70,000
64,567
60,000
Table 1. Real GDP growth rate, 2000-2018.

50,000
GDP growth rate (%) Annual average

40,000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2018 2000-2018
US$
Brunei Darussalam
30,000 2.9 0.4 2.6 -0.4 0.1 0.8 30,645
23,794
Cambodia 8.4 13.6 6.0 7.0 7.5 7.7
20,000
Indonesia 5.4 5.7 6.2 4.9 5.2 5.3
18,469
Lao 10,000
PDR 5.8 7.3 8.1 7.3 6.3 7.1
Malaysia- 8.9 5.3 7.4 5.0 4.7 5.1
Myanmar 2000 2001 2002 2003
13.72004 200513.6
2006 2007 2008
9.62009 2010 2011
7.0 2012 20136.8
2014 2015 2016 2017
9.82018
Philippines
12,000
4.4 4.8 7.6 6.1 6.2 5.4
Malaysia Thailand
Singapore 8.9 7.5 15.2 2.2 3.1 5.2
Thailand
10,000 4.5 4.2 7.5 3.1 4.1 4.1 10,041
Lao PDR Viet Nam
Viet Nam 6.8 7.5 6.4 6.7 7.1 6.6
Cambodia Myanmar
ASEAN
8,000 6.0 5.8 7.5 4.8 5.2 5.3
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database 6,737
US$
6,000
GDP by main economic sectors 3,871

4,000
2,992
The decomposition of GDP by its three main sectors namely agriculture,
2,510
manufacturing
2,000 and services, indicates the economic structure in 2,390
the
1,402
country and the contribution of each sector to the economy 1,249
0
Figure 6.5. 2000Shares

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
of main economic sectors to total ASEAN GDP (%), 2005-2018
100%
90%
80%
46.6 48.7 49.2 50.1
70%
60%
50%
40%
39.7 37.7
30% 37.1 36.6
20%
10%
12.8 12.0 11.1 10.3
0%
2005 2010 2015 2018

100%
90%
38.0
80% 43.2
70% 43.1
43.6
39.6 54.0 57.8
ASEAN 59.9
Key Figures 2019
38.8
33
60% 68.9
50%
-
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
12,000
Malaysia Thailand
10,000 10,041
Lao PDR Viet Nam
Cambodia Myanmar
During
8,000the period of 2005-2018, services, which covers trade, government
activities, communications, transportations, finance and other economic 6,737
activities
6,000 not producing goods, was the leading sector in ASEAN’s economy
US$
(Figure 6.5). The share of this sector to the region GDP increased from 3,871
46.6% in 2005 to 50.9% in 2018. In contrary, the shares of the other two
4,000
2,992
sectors decreased over the same period. Manufacturing, which includes 2,510
2,000 2,390
manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply, construction as well1,402 as
mining and quarrying, contributed 36.6% of total GDP in 2018, a decrease 1,249
0
from 39.7% 2000in 2005.
2001 The2004
2002 2003 share of agriculture,
2005 2006 covering
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 farming, fishing,
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 and
forestry, also decreased to 10.6% in 2018 (from 12.8% in 2005).
Figure
100% 6.6 shows that economic structures differ across AMS in 2018.
Services
90% was the leading sector in all AMS, except Brunei Darussalam. The
services sector
80%
46.6 was found to48.7
be the largest in Singapore, reaching 69.9%
49.2 50.1
70%
of the country’s total GDP, followed by Thailand (59.9%), the Philippines
60%
(57.8%), and Malaysia (54.0%). Meanwhile, manufacturing was the leading
50%
sector in Brunei Darussalam, contributing 62.9% to total GDP of the
40%
country.
30%
Agriculture
39.7 remained37.7
an important37.1sector for Myanmar (24.6%)
36.6
followed
20% by Cambodia (16.3%), Lao PDR (14.5%), Viet Nam (14.3%), and
Indonesia
10% (12.5%).
12.8 12.0 11.1 10.3
0%
Figure 6.6. Shares of main economic sectors to total GDP (%) by ASEAN Member
2005 2010 2015 2018
States, 2018 Agriculture Manufacturing Services
100%
90%
38.0
80% 43.2
43.6
70% 43.1 39.6 54.0 57.8 59.9 38.8
60% 68.9
50%
40% 32.1
62.9 32.1 39.8 35.7 35.6
30%
37.5 34.1 35.4
20%
24.6 25.1
10% 16.3 12.5 14.5 14.3
7.3 8.1 6.2
0% 0.8 0.03
Darussalam
Note: The sum of these three sectors may not add up to 100% due to difference in the
treatment of statistical discrepancy among AMS

INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND
7 INVESTMENT
Introduction
International trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) have increasingly
become key underpinning factors in the region’s economic development.
ASEAN total values of merchandise trade and trade in services have
increased significantly over the past few years to reach more than US$2.8
trillion and US$778.6 billion, respectively, in 2018, while total FDI inflows to
the region amounted to US$154.7 billion in the same year.
International merchandise trade

Within a period of only 13 years, ASEAN total merchandise trade has
multiplied by 2.3 times, reaching over US$2.8 trillion in 2018 (Figure 7.1).
Both exports and imports of goods steadily increased during the period,
except in 2009 and 2015-2016. Exports values tend to be higher than
imports resulting in a positive trade balance during the period.

Figure 7.1. Value of exports and imports of goods and trade balance (US$ billion),
ASEAN total, 2005-2018
1,600 120
1,432
Value of exports/imports (US$billion)
1,400
Value of trade balance (US$billion)

1,384 100
1,200
80
1,000
800 60
649
600
577 40
400
20
200
- -
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Trade Balance Exports Imports
Intra-ASEAN
100% trade has continuously accounted for the largest share of
Others
ASEAN
90% total trade. In 2018, intra-ASEAN stands at 23.0% of total trade
Russian Federation
in 80%
the region, with intra-ASEAN market constituting 24.1% and 21.8% of
New Zealand
ASEAN
70%
total merchandise exports and imports, respectively
Canada (Figure 7.1).
China (17.2%), EU-28 (10.2%), and 9.8
USA (9.3%) are7.9ASEAN’s top three
Australia trading
60% 12.5
partners in 2018. The largest external
9.4
markets 11.2for ASEAN exports in 2018
India
50% Korea, Republic of
were China 17.5 (13.9%), EU-28 (11.2%), USA (11.2%), 11.2
and Japan (7.9%). As for
Hong Kong, China
40% 10.9
imports, China is the region’s largest external source ofJapan imports with a
8.7 10.8 13.9
share
30%
of 20.5%,3.7
followed by EU-28 (9.2%), Japan (8.4%), and USA
United (7.4%).
states
20% EU28
22.6 25.3 24.1 China (People's Republic of)

10%
Intra ASEAN
0%
2005 2010 2018
100%
90%
Others
80% New Zealand
Canada
70%
Russian Federation
8.6 7.4
Hong Kong
60%
13.4
8.4 Australia
12.2
36 ASEAN
50% Key Figures 2019
9.2
India
18.6 9.3 Korea, Republic of

40%
United states
12.9 20.5
30% 5.2 Japan
649
(US
of t
Value(US$
1,200
Value of e
600
Value of exports/imports
80
40
Value of trade balance

577
1,000
400
800 60
20
200 649
600
- 577 -40
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
400
Figure 7.2. Shares of merchandise exportsExports
Trade Balance
values (%) by trading partners,202005-
Imports
200 2018
- -
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
100%
Trade Balance Exports Imports Others
90%
Russian Federation
80% New Zealand
100%
70% Canada
7.9 Australia
Others
90%
60% 9.8
12.5 India
11.2 Russian Federation
80%
50% 9.4
Korea,
New Republic of
Zealand
17.5 11.2 Hong Kong, China
70%
40% 10.9 Canada
7.9 Japan
Australia
60%
30% 8.7 9.8
10.8 13.9
12.5 United states
India
3.7 11.2
50%
20% 9.4 EU28 Republic of
Korea,
17.5 25.3 11.2 China Kong,
Hong (People's Republic of)
China
22.6 10.9 24.1
40%
10%
Intra ASEAN
Japan
30%
0% 8.7 10.8 13.9
United states
2005
3.7 2010 2018
20% EU28
Source:
10%
ASEAN22.6
Secretariat, ASEANstats
25.3 database. 24.1 China (People's Republic of)
Intra ASEAN
0% 100%
Figure 7.3. Shares
2005
of merchandise
2010
imports values2018
(%) by trading partners, 2005-
90% 2018
Others
80% New Zealand
100% Canada
70%
Russian Federation
90% 8.6 7.4
Hong
OthersKong
60%
13.4
8.4 Australia
New Zealand
80% 12.2
50% India
9.2 Canada
70% 9.3 Korea,
18.6 RussianRepublic of
Federation
40%
8.6 7.4 United states
Hong Kong
60% 20.5
30% 13.4 12.9
5.2 8.4 Japan
Australia
12.2
50% 5.4 EU28
India
20% 9.2
18.6 9.3 China
Korea, (People's
Republic Republic
of of)
40% 25.0
10% 21.4 21.8 Intra ASEAN
United states
12.9 20.5
30% 5.2 Japan
0%
5.4 EU28
2005 2010 2018
20%
China (People's Republic of)
25.0
100%
0% 6.4 8.2 4.9 6.1 4.7
2005 2010 2018 8.3
90%
13.2 10.0 15.0 14.2 12.6
80% 14.8 Lao PDR
16.8 Brunei Darussalam
70%
100% 16.9 20.4 18.4 19.2
6.1 13.9
6.4 8.2 4.9 4.7 Cambodia
60% 8.3
90% 4.4
5.6 6.9 Myanmar
13.2 10.0 15.0 14.2
8.9 12.6
17.0
50%
80% 17.1
14.8 Lao PDR
21.6 19.8 18.9
Philippines
40% 17.3 16.8 Brunei Darussalam
Indonesia
70% 16.9 20.4 18.4 19.2 17.3 13.9
15.7 Cambodia
Vietnam
30%
60% 4.4
5.6 6.9 Myanmar
Malaysia
8.9 17.0
2005 2010 2018
100%
90%
Others
80% New Zealand
Figure 7.4 shows that, as a trade hub, Singapore was theCanada largest exporter
70%
in the region in 2018, with a share8.6
of 28.8% of
7.4
the ASEAN total exports,
Russian Federation
Hong Kong
followed
60%
by Malaysia
13.4 (17.3%), Viet Nam (17.0%), 8.4
and Thailand (16.8%). As for
Australia
12.2
imports,
50% similarly, the largest importer is Singapore
9.2
with a
Indiashare of 26.8%
of ASEAN
40% total
18.6 imports, followed
9.3 by Viet Nam (17.1%), Malaysia (15.7%),
Korea, Republic of and
Indonesia (14.8%). Exports and12.9 imports shares in
20.5
ASEAN’s total significantly
United states
30% 5.2 Japan
increased for 5.4Viet Nam from 4.4% and 5.6% in 2005 to 17.0% and 17.1%
EU28
in 2018, respectively. Myanmar, Cambodia, and Lao PDR
20%
also observed
China (People's Republic of)
25.0
increases over the same period.
0%
Figure 7.4. Shares
2005 of exports and imports of goods2018
2010 (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2005-2018
100%
6.4 8.2 4.9 6.1 4.7
8.3
90%
13.2 10.0 15.0 14.2 12.6
80% 14.8 Lao PDR
16.8 Brunei Darussalam

70% 16.9 20.4 18.4 19.2
13.9
Cambodia
60% 4.4
5.6 6.9 Myanmar
8.9 17.0
50% 17.1
Philippines
21.6 19.8 18.9 17.3
40% Indonesia
17.3
15.7 Vietnam
30%
Malaysia
20%
35.5 34.8 33.7 32.9 Thailand
28.8 26.8
10% Singapore
0%
Export Import Export Import Export Import
2005 2010 2018

100% 97.9
94.4 91.1
90% 87.5 85.2
Manufacturing
80%
sector in
73.7
ASEAN’s
75.0
merchandise
81.4
trade
77.1
81.7
78.6 81.3
70%
Manufacturing products constitute a major share of both total exports
60% 56.4
and imports in most AMS. 54.4
Figure 7.5 45.7
shows
50.2 that the largest share of
50% 46.8
manufacturing
40%
products to total exports in 2018 was recorded in Cambodia
41.1
(94.4%),
30% followed by the Philippines (87.5%), Viet Nam (85.2%), and Thailand
(81.3%).
20%
8.6
10% 5.5
0%
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018
38 ASEAN
100% Key Figures 2019
90% 84.4
83.5 83.2
79.5 80.2 78.8 78.2
80% 76.0 76.5 74.8 76.5 76.6
71.4 70.8 71.5
69.5
Philippines
21.6 19.8 18.9 17.3
40% Indonesia
100% 17.3
6.4 8.2 4.9 6.1 4.7 15.7 Vietnam
30% 8.3
90%
13.2 10.0 15.0 14.2 12.6 Malaysia
20%
80% 14.8 Lao PDR
35.5 34.8 33.7 32.9 Thailand
28.8 26.8
10% 16.8 Brunei Darussalam
Singapore
70% 16.9 20.4 18.4 19.2
13.9
Cambodia
0%
60% 4.4
Export Import Export Import Export Import
5.6 6.9 Myanmar
Figure
50%
7.5. Shares
2005 of manufacturing2010 products to total
2018 exports
17.1 (%) by ASEAN 8.9 17.0
Philippines
21.6 Member19.8States, 2005-2018
18.9 17.3
40% Indonesia
17.3
97.9 15.7 Vietnam
100%
30% 94.4 91.1
90% 87.5 Malaysia
85.2
20% 81.4 81.7 81.3
35.5 34.8 33.7 78.6 32.9 77.1 Thailand
80% 73.7 75.0 28.8 26.8
10% Singapore
70%
0%
60% 56.4
Export Import 54.4 Export Import 50.2Export Import
50% 2005 2010 45.7 2018 46.8
41.1
40%
30%
100% 97.9
20% 94.4 91.1
90% 8.6 87.5 85.2
10% 5.5 81.4 81.7 81.3
78.6 77.1
80% 73.7 75.0
0%
Darussalam
60% 56.4 2005 2010 2018
54.4 50.2
50% 45.7 46.8
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats 41.1
database.
40%
100%
Meanwhile, Figure 7.6 shows that the largest manufacturing shares in
30%
90% 84.4
83.5 83.2
imports of goods in 2018 were recorded in Viet Nam (83.2%) and Cambodia
20%
80% 76.0
79.5 80.2
76.5
78.8 78.2
76.5 76.6
8.6 74.8
(80.2%), followed by Thailand (76.6%) and Malaysia (76.5%).
10% 5.5
70%
71.4
65.5
70.8
69.5
71.5
65.2
0% 60.4
Figure 7.6. Shares of manufacturing products to total imports (%) by ASEAN
Darussalam 51.5
50% 2005 2010 2018
40%
30%
100%
20%
90% 84.4
83.5 83.2
10% 79.5 80.2 78.8 78.2
80% 76.0 76.5 74.8 76.5 76.6
0% 71.4 70.8 71.5
70% 69.5
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia 65.5
Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar 65.2 Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam 60.4
60% 2005 2010 2018
51.5
50%
40%
30% 28.0
30%
25% 23.2
20%
10%
20% 19.3
18.4
0%
15% 14.0 14.0
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia13.6Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam 11.6 12.0 11.1
2005 2010 2018
10% 8.4 8.9
6.6 6.2
5.5
5% 3.3
30% 1.0 28.0 1.7
0.1 0.2
0%
25% Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar
23.2 Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam
19.3 2005 2010 2018
20% 18.4
15% 13.6 14.0 14.0

11.6 12.0 11.1
25%
10% 8.4 8.9 ASEAN Key Figures 2019 39
20.5 6.6
5.5 6.2
20%
5% 3.3
1.0 1.7
0.1 0.2
0%
15%
8.6 45.7
50%
10% 5.5 46.8
41.1
40%
0%
30% Darussalam
2005 2010 2018
20%
8.6
10% 5.5
0%
100%
90%Darussalam 84.4
83.5 83.2
Agricultural sector in ASEAN’s merchandise trade
79.5 80.2 2005 2010 2018
78.8 78.2
80% 76.0 76.5 74.8 76.5 76.6
71.4 70.8 71.5
70% 69.5
65.5 65.2
Agriculture remain a relatively important trade sector in some AMS. Figure
100%
60.4
60%
7.7 shows
90%
50%
that83.5Myanmar has the 84.4 largest share of agricultural products 51.5
83.2
in
total
80%exports
40% 76.0
79.5
at 28.0% in 2018, followed by Indonesia
80.2
76.5
78.8
74.8 (19.3%)76.5
78.2 and Lao PDR
76.6
71.4 70.8 71.5
(18.4%).
70%
30% As for imports (Figure 65.5 7.8), agricultural
69.5
65.2 products shares in total
60.4
imports
60%
20% in 2018 were highest in Myanmar (13.3%), followed by Lao 51.5
PDR
(12.5%),
10% Brunei Darussalam (12.3%), and the Philippines (11.6%) .
50%
40%
0%
Figure 7.7. Shares of agricultural products to total exports (%) by ASEAN Member
30% Darussalam
2005 2010 2018
20% States, 2005-2018
10%
30%
0% 28.0
Darussalam
25% 2005 2010 23.22018
20% 19.3
18.4
30% 28.0 14.0 14.0

15% 13.6
11.6 12.0 11.1
25% 23.2 8.9
10% 8.4
5.5 6.6 6.2
20% 19.3
5% 18.4
3.3
1.0 1.7
15% 0.1 0.2 13.6 14.0 14.0
0% 12.0
Brunei Cambodia 11.6
Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore 11.1
Thailand Viet Nam
10% Darussalam 8.4 8.9
20056.6 2010 2018
5.5 6.2
5% 3.3
Source: 0.1ASEAN
0.2
Secretariat,
1.0 ASEANstats database. 1.7
0%
25%
FigureDarussalam
7.8. Shares of agricultural products to total imports (%), ASEAN Member
20.5 2005 2010 2018
20% States, 2005-2018
15% 13.3
25% 12.3 12.5
11.3 11.6
10.5
10% 20.5
8.2 8.2
20% 7.5 7.4
6.9 6.6 6.7 6.1
5.3
5% 3.6 4.1 4.0
15% 2.9
13.3
12.3 12.5
11.3 11.6
0% 10.5
Darussalam 8.2 8.2
6.9 7.5 7.4
6.6 6.7 6.1
2005
5.3 2010 2018
5% 3.6 4.1 4.0
2.9
0%
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018

International trade in services
ASEAN total trade in services has increased significantly from US$252.2
billion in 2005 to US$778.6 billion in 2018. Total ASEAN exports of services
increased nearly fourfold from US$112.5 billion in 2005 to US$404.9 billion
in 2018 while total ASEAN imports of services increased nearly threefold
from US$139.6 billion to US$373.8 billion (Figure 7.9). In terms of trade
balance, after experiencing a continuous trade deficit since 2005, ASEAN
recorded a positive balance on trade in services starting in 2015, which
reached $31.1 billion in 2018.
Figure 7.9. Values of exports and imports of services and trade balance (US$billion),
ASEAN total, 2005-2018
450 40
404.9
400 30
Total Trade in Services (US$billion)
373.8
350
20
Trade Balance (US$ billion)

300
10
250
0
200
139.6 -10
150
-20
100
112.5
50 -30
0 -40
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Balance Total Exports Total Imports
The 450
share of intra-ASEAN in ASEAN’s total trade in services decreased
ASEAN Exports of Services (US$billion)
from40018.6% in 2005 to 15.7% in 2018. Figure 7.10 shows that during the same
350
period,
300
the share of intra-ASEAN exports declined from 21.1% to 15.8%, while
the share
250 of intra-ASEAN imports dropped slightly fromExtra-ASEAN
16.7% to 15.5%.
Export
200
150
100
50
Intra-ASEAN Export
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

ices (US$ billion)
400
350
300
$ billion)
139.6 -10
Total
150
-20
100
112.5
50 -30
0 -40
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Figure 7.10. Values of intra-ASEAN

Balance
exports and imports
Total Exports
of services (US$billion),
Total Imports
2005-2018
450
ASEAN Exports of Services (US$billion)
400
350
300
250
Extra-ASEAN Export
200
150
100
50
Intra-ASEAN Export
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
ASEAN Imports of Services (US$ billion)
400
350
300
250
200
Extra-ASEAN Import
150
100
50
Intra-ASEAN Imports
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Singapore
400,000
accounted for the largest share of total trade in services in the
2005 Export 2010 Export 2018 Export
region at 47.1% in 2018 (Figure 7.11), followed by Thailand (17.5%), Malaysia
350,000
(10.9%), and the Philippines (8.3%). Among

2005 Import 2010 Import
these top four AMS, Malaysia,
2018 Import
300,000
Philippines, and Thailand had a positive trade balance in 2018.
250,000
US$million
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Darussalam

2018 34.3 22.1 18.6
2017 34.0 22.3 18.8

300
ASEAN Imports of Services

250
200
Extra-ASEAN Import
150
100
50
Intra-ASEAN Imports
0
Figure 7.11. Values of exports and imports of services (US$million)

2005 2006 2007 2008
2016 2017 2009
2018
by ASEAN 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
400,000
2005 Export 2010 Export 2018 Export

350,000
2005 Import 2010 Import 2018 Import
300,000
250,000
US$million
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Darussalam
Data
2018 also shows
34.3 that among
22.1 services
18.6 sub-sectors, travel has contributed
the highest share at 34.3% of total ASEAN exports and 30.7% of total ASEAN
2017 34.0 22.3 18.8
imports in 2018 (Figure 7.12 and 7.13). The next biggestTravel contribution came
from
2016
other 33.3
business services
23.4
(22.1%
17.8
for exports and 24.1% for imports) and
Other business services
transport
2015 (18.6%
33.0 for exports
24.1 and 21.1%
20.7 for imports).
Transport
2014 33.1 23.9 22.2

Financial Services
2013 34.4 22.9 21.7

Telecommunications, computer,
and information services
2012 33.6 22.6 23.0
Others
2011 33.4 21.2 24.2
2010 31.8 21.7 26.4
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2018 30.7 24.1 21.1
2017 30.5 24.7 20.8

Transport
2016 29.1 24.6 21.5

2015 30.4 24.0 20.6

Travel
2014 31.0 22.5 20.3 ASEAN Key Figures 2019 43

Charges for the use of intellectual
2013 property n.i.e
31.3 22.6 19.9
150,000
250,000
US$million
100,000
200,000
50,000
150,000
0
100,000 Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam
Figure 7.12. Shares of exports of services by broad headings (%), ASEAN total, 2010-
50,000
2018
0
Darussalam
2018 34.3 22.1 18.6
2017 34.0 22.3 18.8

Travel
2016 33.3 23.4 17.8

2018 34.3 22.1 18.6 Other business services
2015 33.0 24.1 20.7

2017 34.0 22.3 18.8 Transport
2014 Travel
33.1 23.9 22.2
2016 33.3 23.4 17.8 Financial Services
2013 34.4 22.9 21.7
2015 Telecommunications, computer,
33.0 24.1 20.7
Transport
2012 33.6 22.6 23.0
Others
2014 33.1 23.9 22.2
Financial Services
2011 33.4 21.2 24.2
2013 34.4 22.9 21.7
2010 31.8 21.7 26.4
2012 33.6 22.6 23.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Others
2011 33.4 21.2 24.2

2010 31.8 21.7 26.4
Figure
2018 7.13. Shares
30.7 of imports
24.1 of services
21.1 by broad headings (%), ASEAN total, 2010-
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2018
2017 30.5 24.7 20.8
Transport
2016 29.1 24.6 21.5

2018 30.7 24.1 21.1
2015 30.4 24.0 20.6
2017 30.5 24.7 20.8 Travel
Transport
2014 31.0 22.5 20.3
2016 29.1 24.6 21.5 Charges for the use of intellectual
Other business
property n.i.e services
2013 31.3 22.6 19.9
2015 30.4 24.0 20.6 Telecommunications, computer,
2012 Travel
32.6 21.4 20.4
2014 31.0 22.5 20.3 Others
2011 34.6 21.0 19.8 Charges for the use of intellectual
2013 property n.i.e
31.3 22.6 19.9
2010 34.7 20.2 20.7 Telecommunications, computer,
2012 32.6 21.4 20.4 and information services
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Others
2011 34.6 21.0 19.8
2010 34.7 20.2 20.7
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Foreign Direct Investments
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows to the region have been on an
increasing trend from US$41.9 billion in 2005 to reach US$154.7 billion in
2018 (Figure 7.14)
Figure 7.14. Inward flows of foreign direct investment (US$billion), intra and extra-
ASEAN, 2005-2018
180
Intra-ASEAN Extra-ASEAN Total
160 154.7
140
130.2
120
US$billion
100
80
60
41.9
40
37.4 24.5
20
4.5
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

2005 2010 2018
In 2018, 15.9% of total ASEAN FDI inflows or US$24.5 billion originated from
within the region, an increase of almost 150% theHong level in 2005 (Figure
Canada ROK Kong,
7.15).
1.2% The EU remains as 4.0% the largest extra-ASEAN China source of FDI inflows,
Others Others 6.6%
although its32.2% share has decreased from36.7% 28.3% in 2005 to 14.2% in 2018. Others This
43.1%
ASEAN China
is followed
10.7% by Japan (13.7%),12.0% China (6.6%), and Hongkong,
Japan
6.6% China (6.6%) .
EU
China, USA in particular,
11.1%
28.3% has emerged as a significant investment
USA EU Japan partner in
13.7% ASEAN
recent years,Japan mirroring its contribution to
12.6%
ASEAN
trade
19.5%
in the region. EU 15.9%
16.5%
15.1% 14.2%
2012 2018
Professional,
scientific and
Mining and technical Agriculture,
Real estate
quarrying activities forestry, and
4.7% activities fishing
5.5% Wholesale and 8.4%
retail trade; 2.6%
Real estate
repair of motor
activities
9.5% vehicles and
Others
motor cycles
13.1%
ASEANOthers
Key Figures 2019 45
13.4%
12.9%
Wholesale and
60
41.9
180
40
37.4 Intra-ASEAN Extra-ASEAN Total 24.5
160
20 154.7
4.5
1400
130.2
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Figure 7.15. Shares of ASEAN top 5 FDI sources (% to total), 2005-2018

120
US$billion
100
2005 2010 2018
80
60 Hong
Canada ROK Kong,
1.2% 4.0% China
41.9
40 Others Others 6.6%
37.4 32.2% 36.7% Others
24.5
ASEAN 43.1%
Japan China
20
10.7%
12.0% 6.6%
4.5 EU
USA 28.3%
0
11.1% USA EU Japan
2005 2006 2007 2008 200912.6%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 13.7% 2016
2015 ASEAN
2017 2018
Japan 19.5%
EU 15.9%
ASEAN
16.5%
15.1% 14.2%
2005 2010 2018

2012 2018
Figure
Canada
7.16 shows that service sector was the largest recipient
Professional, ROK
Hong
Kong,
of FDI inflows
to1.2%the region with a share
scientific and4.0%
Others and technical of 60.7% in 2018,
Others
followedChina
6.6%
by manufacturing
Mining Agriculture,
32.2% Real estate Others
sector ASEAN
(35.6%). Key activities
quarrying
5.5%
FDI
4.7%
recipient activities 36.7%
in service sector
activities were
forestry,
fishing
and financial
43.1%
Japan Wholesale and China
8.4%
and insurance
10.7%
Real estate activities,
EU
with12.0%
a share of 27.4% in 2018
retail trade; 6.6% (down from 34.1% in
2.6%
USAactivities repair of motor
2012), 11.1% wholesale
9.5% and retail (13.1%
28.3%
USA in 2018, down
vehicles
EU from 32.8%
and in 2012),ASEAN
Japan
13.7%
and real
12.6% motor cycles
19.5%
estate activities Japan
16.5% (8.4%13.4% in 2018, down
Others
from 9.5%
ASEAN 13.1% in 2012). EU
Others
15.9%
15.1% 14.2%
12.9%
Figure 7.16. Shares of inward flows of FDI by activities (% to total), 2012 and 2018
Wholesale and
retail trade; Financial and Financial and
Insurance Insurance Manufacturing
repair of motor
vehicles and 2012 activities activities 2018 35.6%
34.1%
motor cycles Professional, 27.4%
32.8% scientific and
Mining and technical Agriculture,

Real estate
quarrying activities forestry, and
4.7% activities fishing
5.5% Wholesale and 8.4%
retail trade; 2.6%
Real estate
repair of motor
activities
9.5% vehicles and
motor cycles
Others
13.1% Others
13.4%
12.9%
Wholesale and
retail trade; Financial and Financial and
Insurance Insurance Manufacturing
repair of motor
activities activities 35.6%
vehicles and
motor cycles 34.1% 27.4%
32.8%

TRANSPORT, TOURISM AND
8 COMMUNICATION
Introduction
This chapter discusses indicators on land and air transport, tourism, and
communication, which indicate the level of connectivity among the
Member States in the region.
Land transport
Road length and total vehicles are common measures of land connectivity.
Total road length is defined as the total kilometer length of all roads in the
country in a given year, including all existing road types, but excluding
dedicated cycle paths. Significant improvement in total road length
was observed across all AMS (Figure 8.1), reaching more than 1.9 million
kilometers in 2018, 62.5% longer than 2006. Indonesia, Thailand, Viet
Nam, Malaysia, and Myanmar recorded the highest total road length in
the region at 539,415, 456,487, 370,664, 237,022 and 162,766 kilometers,
respectively, in 2018; whereas other AMS have less than 60,000 kilometer
each.

Figure 8.1. Road length (kilometers) by ASEAN Members States, 2006-2018
539,415
600,000
456,487
500,000
370,664
400,000
kilometers
237,022
300,000
162,766
200,000
62,442
59,870
32,933
100,000
3,500
3,059
-
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar PhilippinesSingapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam
2006 2010 2018*
Note: *For Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Singapore, and Viet Nam, the latest available data is
2017
130,562
140,000
120,000
Average increment of road length in all AMS during the period of 2006-
2018 reached 61,825 kilometers annually. Of this, Thailand recorded the
100,000
highest
80,000 average increments of road length at over 19,000 kilometers
in thousand
annually, followed by Malaysia and Indonesia with an average increment

60,000
above 12,000 kilometers annually.
39,552
37,593
28,738
40,000
21,729
Figure 8.2 also shows significant increases in the number of registered

14,767
11,595
motor vehicles in AMS during the period 2005-2018, The total number of
7,216
5,060
20,000
2,902
1,978
979
499
602
957
426
755
581
171
89
registered
- motor vehicles in 2018 was 224.5 million units, an increase of
173.0% compared to 2005. The increase was especially high in Myanmar
Darussalam
(over 637.0%), Cambodia (551.1%), 2005 Lao2010PDR (296.1%),
2018* and Indonesia (247.3%).
962.93
1,000
897.43
900
800
706.19
700
per 1,000 population
583.09
566.97
600
498.54
475.89
500
417.62
333.78
328.41
400
293.83
292.92
300
186.34
176.99
170.99
169.72
161.26
134.55
200
48
108.77

88.82
71.24
59.35
45.49
30.98
100
36.35
20.12
14.65
18.25
7.31
6.46
-
300,000
kil
237,
162,766
200,000
62,442
59,870
32,933
100,000
3,500
3,059
-
Figure 8.2. Darussalam
Total number of registered road motor vehicles (000) by ASEAN
2006 2010 2018*
130,562
140,000
120,000
100,000
in thousand
80,000
60,000
39,552
37,593
28,738
40,000
21,729
14,767
11,595
7,216
5,060
20,000
2,902
1,978
979
499
602
957
426
755
581
171
89
-
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018*
Note: * For Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, and Viet Nam, the latest available data is 2017
962.93
Source:
1,000 ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database
897.43
900
Due to its large population size, Indonesia has the highest number of
800
registered motor vehicles among AMS, at 130.6 million units, or more
706.19
than70058.2% of ASEAN’s total registered motor vehicles in 2018. However,

583.09
566.97
taking
600
into account the size of the population, Figure 8.3 shows that
498.54
475.89
Brunei
500 Darussalam, Malaysia, and Thailand recorded the highest number
417.62
of total
400 registered motor vehicles per 1000 population at 962.9, 897.4, and
333.78
328.41
293.83
292.92
583.1,300respectively in 2018. On the other hand, the number in Cambodia,

186.34
176.99
170.99
169.72
161.26
and Viet Nam were below 100 units of registered motor vehicles per 1000
134.55
200
108.77
88.82
population in 2018.
71.24
59.35
45.49
30.98
100
36.35
20.12
14.65
18.25
7.31
6.46
-
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018*

81,333
90,000
80,000
64,889
70,000
49,783
60,000
in thousand
50,000
30,720
31,556
40,000
28,077
28,915
25,330
30,000
16,583
20,000
9,757
7,666
6,428
4,466
3,364
1,774
1,769
1,620
10,000
1,261
733
255
-
in t
60,000
39,552
37,593
28,738
40,000
21,729
14,767
11,595
7,216
5,060
20,000
2,902
1,978
979
499
602
957
426
755
581
171
89
-
Darussalam
Figure 8.3. Total registered motor vehicles per 1000 population by ASEAN Member
2005 2010 2018*
States, 2005-2018
962.93
1,000
897.43
900
800
706.19
700
583.09
566.97
600
498.54
475.89
500
417.62
333.78
328.41
400
293.83
292.92
300
186.34
176.99
170.99
169.72
161.26
134.55
200
108.77
88.82
71.24
59.35
45.49
30.98
100
36.35
20.12
14.65
18.25
7.31
6.46
-
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018*
81,333
90,000
80,000
64,889
Air 70,000
transport
49,783
60,000
Statistics on international air passengers, i.e international passengers
in thousand
50,000
carried by registered air carriers, indicate the extent to which a country
30,720
31,556
40,000
28,077
28,915
25,330
is an attractive or important international destination. Figure 8.4 shows

30,000
that the total number of international air passengers in all AMS has grown
16,583
20,000
9,757
7,666
rapidly from 98.9 million in 2005 to 297.3 million in 2018, or an increase

6,428
4,466
3,364
1,774
1,769
1,620
10,000
1,261
733
255
of 300.5%. Thailand (81.3 million), Singapore (64.9 million), Malaysia (49.8

-
million), and Brunei Indonesia (31.6
Cambodia Indonesia million)
Lao PDR Malaysia are countries
Myanmar withThailand
Philippines Singapore the Viet
highest
Nam
Darussalam
numbers of international air passengers in 2018. Meanwhile, the number
2005 2010 2018*
of international air passengers in Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Lao PDR,
and Myanmar were below 8 million.
45,000
38,277
In 40,000
terms of growth, Indonesia has the fastest growing number of
international air passenger at a rate of 20.5% per year during the period
35,000
of 2005-2018. Significant growth was also observed in Lao PDR (16.7% per
25,832
30,000
in thousand
25,000
18,508
15,498
15,810
20,000
15,000

7,128
6,201
10,000
4,186
3,551
5,000
278
-
583.0
per 1,000 populat
566.9
600
498.54
475.89
500
417.62
333.78
328.41
400
293.83
292.92
300
186.34
176.99
170.99
169.72
161.26
134.55
200
108.77
88.82
71.24
59.35
year),100Myanmar (16.2% per year ), and Cambodia (13.0% per year) over the
45.49
30.98
36.35
20.12
14.65
18.25
7.31
6.46
same period.
-
Darussalam
Figure 8.4. Number of international air passengers (000) by ASEAN Member
2005 2010 2018*
States, 2005-2018
81,333
90,000
80,000
64,889
70,000
49,783
60,000
in thousand
50,000
30,720
31,556
40,000
28,077
28,915
25,330
30,000
16,583
20,000
9,757
7,666
6,428
4,466
3,364
1,774
1,769
1,620
10,000
1,261
733
255
-
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018*
Source: ASEAN
45,000 Secretariat, ASEANstats database.
40,000 38,277
Visitor
35,000
arrivals
25,832
30,000
Total number of visitor8 arrivals, to ASEAN has markedly increased during
in thousand
25,000
18,508
the20,000
period of 2005-2018, reaching 135.3 million in 2018 – or an increase of
15,498
15,810
263.7% from 2005 (Figure 8.5).

15,000
7,128
6,201
10,000
4,186
3,551
5,000
278
-
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018
160,000
8
A visitor is a traveler taking a trip to main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than
140,000
a year, for any main purpose other than to be employed by a resident entity in the country visited
(International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008)
120,000
49,692
100,000
in thousand
ASEAN
45,992 Key Figures 2019 51
80,000
60,000
35,043
3
28,
25,3
28,
30,000
16,583
20,000
9,757
7,666
6,428
4,466
3,364
1,774
1,769
1,620
10,000
1,261
733
255
-
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018*

Figure 8.5. Number of visitor arrivals (000) by ASEAN Member States, 2005- 2018
45,000
38,277
40,000
35,000
25,832
30,000
in thousand
25,000
18,508
15,498
15,810
20,000
15,000
7,128
6,201
10,000
4,186
3,551
5,000
278
-
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018
The160,000
countries with the largest visitor arrivals in 2018 were Thailand (38.3
million), Malaysia (25.8 million), Singapore (18.5 million), Indonesia (15.8
140,000
million), and Viet Nam (15.5 million). On the other hand, Lao PDR and
Myanmar
120,000 received less than 5 million visitors.
49,692
Figure
100,0008.6 indicates that intra-ASEAN visitors made up 49.7 million or
36.7% of total visitor arrivals to ASEAN in 2018, an increase of 212.2% from

in thousand
45,992
15.9 million
80,000
arrivals recorded in 2005.
60,000
35,043
40,000 85,579
23,254
62,912
20,000 38,710
28,033
-
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Extra-ASEAN visitors Intra-ASEAN visitors
100
90 Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
80
Indonesia
70
LaoPDR
per 100 persons
60 Malaysia
Myanmar
50
Philippines
40
52 ASEAN Key Figures 2019 Singapore
30 Thailand
20 Viet Nam
15,
15
i
15,000
7,128
6,201
10,000
4,186
3,551
5,000
278
-
Darussalam
2005 2010 2018
Figure 8.6. Intra and extra-ASEAN visitor arrivals (000), 2005-2018
160,000
140,000
120,000
49,692
100,000
in thousand
45,992
80,000
60,000
35,043
40,000 85,579
23,254
62,912
20,000 38,710
28,033
-
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Extra-ASEAN visitors Intra-ASEAN visitors

100
90 Brunei
Darussalam
Internet
80
subscribers Cambodia
Indonesia
AMS70 experienced rapid progress in the use of internet in recent years.
LaoPDR
Figure 8.7 shows that the total number of internet subscribers in Malaysia
all AMS
per 100 persons
60
reached
50 53.4 per 100 population in 2018, as compared to only 7.8 in 2005.
Myanmar
Brunei
40
Darussalam, Singapore and Malaysia recorded very high coverage
Philippines
Singapore
of internet
30
use with 94.6, 88.2, and 81.2 subscribers per 100 population
Thailand
respectively. Although the internet subscribers in other remainingViet
ASEAN
Nam
20
countries were relatively lower, significant progress had been made over
10
the last decade.
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

60,000
35,043
40,000 85,579
23,254
62,912
20,000 38,710
28,033
-
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Figure 8.7. Number of internet subscribersIntra-ASEAN
Extra-ASEAN visitors
per 100visitors
persons by ASEAN Member
States, 2005-2018
100
90 Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodia
80
Indonesia
70
LaoPDR
per 100 persons
60 Malaysia
Myanmar
50
Philippines
40
Singapore
30 Thailand
20 Viet Nam
10
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

REFERENCES
International Labour Organization – ILO (2016) Key Indicators of the Labour

Market, 9th Edition, Geneva: ILO
United Nations Development Program – UNDP (2018) Human

Development Report 2018, New York: UNDP
United Nations – UN (2010) International Recommendations for Tourism

Statistics 2008, New York: UN

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ASEAN Key Figures 2019

ASEAN: A Community of Opportunities for All

General information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN Website: www.asean.org

Copyright Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2019.

I am pleased to present the second edition of the ASEAN Key Figures,

With user-friendly visualisation, simple data presentation and brief texts,

This publication is part of the efforts by ASEANstats together with national

I hope this publication, together with other ASEANstats publications,

DATO LIM JOCK HOI

ASEAN Key Figures 2019 i

4 POVERTY, INEQUALITY, AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . 21

7 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

8 TRANSPORT, TOURISM AND COMMUNICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

ASEAN Key Figures 2019 iii

iv ASEAN Key Figures 2019

ASEAN Key Figures 2019 v

Table 1. Real GDP growth rate, 2000-2018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

vi ASEAN Key Figures 2019

In this publication, a set of indicators has been chosen to portray ASEAN

ASEAN Key Figures 2019 vii

Population: size and structure

Population size (million persons) Population growth rate (%, annual)

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

during the last two decades.

Male Female Male Female

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

Changes in the patterns of population pyramids over time indicate the

ASEAN Key Figures 2019 3

0-14 15-19 20-59 60-64 > 65

0-14 15-19 20-59 60-64 > 65

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database

demographic dividends, which could contribute 3.3

4 ASEAN Key Figures 2019

the most recent data, total0-14fertility

0-14 15-19 20-59 60-64 > 65

2005 2010 2018*

2005 2010 2018*

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

Disparity in under-five mortality

Singapore, moderate at eight and 1028deaths in Malaysia and Thailand,

per 1,000 live births

6 ASEAN Key Figures 2019

per 1,000 live births

Malaysia 8 per 1,000 live births

Source: Lao PDR

68 per 1,000 live births

50 Female Male Total

2005 2010* 2018**

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database.

8 ASEAN Key Figures 2019

Adult literacy rate

ASEAN Key Figures 2019 9

Net enrollment rate (NER) in primary education is measured by the ratio

2006 2010 2017*

60% 99.9 100.0

50% 44.3 45.4

100.0 99.5 100.0 100.0

50% 44.3 45.4

12 ASEAN Key Figures 2019

In the long run, this

14 ASEAN Key Figures 2019