Rayon Bartley & Jerome Lewison

Problem Statement

An investigation into the cause and effects of mosquito borne diseases within community

Junction.

Research Questions

1. What is the most common mosquito borne diseases?

2. What are the causes of mosquito borne diseases?

3. What are some of the measures that can be put in place to prevent mosquito borne

diseases?

4. Are mosquito borne diseases communicable?

5. What are the effects of mosquito borne diseases?

Educational Value

1. Why it is that researcher must complete this research?

2. How will this study help the researchers?

3. What is the purpose of this research?

4. How will this research benefit the community under study?

5. Who else can this research benefit and how can they use this information?

Answer:

Mosquito borne diseases has become a major issue within the community a major issue

within the community of Junction including the BB. Coke High School. This research is

required for passing of the Internal Assessment at the CAPE level. In conducting this

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research, it will help the researchers have a better idea of mosquito borne diseases, “How

is it being spread?”. “Is this disease communicable”.

The purpose of this research is to inform or enhance the researcher’s mind on some of the

causes and effects of mosquito borne diseases in Junction. The motive of this study is to

enlighten persons especially mothers who have their child whether born or unburned

about the issue surrounding mosquito borne diseases and impact it can have on persons

and solutions or preventative methods to the issue at hand. By completing this research,

the researchers talk about the issue of mosquito borne diseases, who are mainly in danger

and to ensure that readers in the Junction area will learn about the danger at hand and try

to prevent these things. This research can benefit the workers or entrepreneurs in Junction

by allowing them to put measures in place for safer surroundings for everyone.

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Key Terms

Communicable – Able to transmitted from one surface to another.

Diseases – A disorder of structure of function in a human, animal of produces specific

symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical

injury.

Surrounding – The things and conditions around a person or thing.

Mosquito – A slender long – logged fly with aquatic larvae.

Unborn – Not be born

Impact – The action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another.

Entrepreneurs – A person who set up a business or businesses taking on financial risks in the

hope of profit.

Measures – A plan or course of action taken to achieve a particular purpose.

Enlighten – Given greater knowledge and understanding about a subject or situation.

Born – Existing as a result of birth.

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Questionnaire

1. Gender?

Male Female

2. What age group do you fall in?

18 - 23 25 - 30 35 - 40

3. How long have you been living in the community?

0-1 Year 3-5 Years 10-15 Years

4. Marital status

Married Unmarried

5. Which community are you from?

6. What is your occupation?

Student Teacher Nurse

7. What are the most common mosquito borne diseases?

Zika Virus Chikungunya Dengue

8. What are the causes of mosquito borne diseases?

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9. What are the measures that can be put in place to prevent mosquito borne diseases?

10. Is mosquito borne diseases communicable?

Yes No

11. What are the effects of mosquito borne diseases?

Lesions Bumps

12. Do you think that all mosquitos can transmit diseases?

Yes No Not Sure

13. Do you believe that the following symptoms can be related to a mosquito- borne

disease?

Nausea/Headache Sudden Fever Muscle/Joint Pain

14. How long do you think mosquito-borne disease would last?

A Very Short Time Forever

15. How well do you think you understand mosquito-borne disease?

Don’t Understand Understand clearly

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Literature Review

Mosquito-Borne Diseases

According to National Institute for Occupation Health and Safety:

Protecting workers from mosquito bites can prevent diseases.

Mosquito-borne diseases are those spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Diseases that

are spread to people by mosquitoes include Zika virus, West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus,

dengue, and malaria.

Employers should protect workers and workers should protect themselves from diseases

spread by mosquitoes. Although people may not become sick after a bite from an infected

mosquito, some people have a mild, short-term illness or (rarely) severe or long-term illness.

Severe cases of mosquito-borne diseases can cause death.

Workers at Risk

Workers are at risk when they are working where mosquitoes are biting. Different species of

mosquitoes are found in varying geographic locations, are most active at different times, and

spread different diseases. The risk to workers varies with where they are working in the

United States or elsewhere, type of habitat at the work site, season, and time of day.

Mosquitoes can carry diseases, including West Nile virus. The best way to avoid infection is

to avoid being bitten. There are many steps employers and workers can take to make outdoor

work safer.

Workers at risk include:

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Outdoor workers

Business travellers who may travel to areas with mosquito-borne diseases

Laboratory workers who may work with potentially infected samples, cultures, or arthropods

Health care workers who may handle patients who are, or might be infected with certain

mosquito-borne diseases. Transmission may occur through a break in their skin or via a sharp

penetration injury.

The Most Common Mosquito-Borne Diseases

According To The Health Prep Staff:

Mosquitoes are among the most dangerous animals of the world, for the diseases they

transmit kill millions every year. In 2015, 438,000 individuals died from malaria alone. The

species Aedes aegypti can carry chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika and over half

of the individuals in the world live in the same areas as that mosquito. Mosquito-borne

diseases can be prevented, as some have vaccines. Many mosquito species lay their eggs in

standing water, so another way to prevent illness is to reduce the number of places where

they can lay their eggs. This can mean filling in ruts or removing buckets or tires that collect

water. Windows and doors should have screens on them to keep mosquitoes out. Individuals

who have to work outside should wear clothes to cover their skin as well as hats with

mosquito netting to protect the face and neck. Similarly, they should use insect repellents.

The Zika virus is transmitted by the species Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, which are

found in over 130 countries. It was first discovered in 1947 in monkeys in Uganda, and five

years later, the first cases in humans were reported. Outbreaks of Zika have been reported in

Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific.

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Individuals who contract Zika virus either experience no symptoms or mild ones and they

generally develop them three to fourteen days after being bitten. Symptoms include fever,

conjunctivitis (pink eye), headache, joint and muscle pain, rash, and malaise. The virus can

also trigger neuropathy, myelitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome, especially in adults and older

children. The virus, however, is best known as a teratogen, for it can cause congenital

disabilities like microcephaly, which is characterized by an abnormally small head and brain.

It can also cause complications of pregnancy like premature birth, miscarriage, and stillbirth.

Dengue fever, or simply dengue, is transmitted chiefly by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which

is found in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Europe. Dengue is thus endemic in at least 128

countries, and over 3.9 billion individuals, over half the world’s population, are at risk. A

vaccine for individuals between nine and forty-five living in endemic areas was introduced in

late 2015.

Dengue causes symptoms similar to those seen in the flu, such as high fever, swollen glands,

nausea, vomiting, and pain behind the eyes. Most develop symptoms four to ten days after

being bitten. About three to seven days after being bitten, some individuals develop a

condition called severe dengue or dengue haemorrhagic fever. While the patient’s fever drops

a little, they produce other symptoms like persistent vomiting, severe stomach pains, bleeding

gums, blood in their vomit, rapid breathing, restlessness, and fatigue. Without medical care,

the patient can die in one or two days.

According the National Institute for Occupation Health and Safety:

Some mosquitoes lay eggs in or near standing water. Decrease the numbers of mosquitoes at

worksites by:

removing, turning over, covering, or storing equipment

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removing debris from ditches

filling in ruts and other areas that collect standing water

removing tires, buckets, bottles, and barrels that collect water

placing drain holes in containers that collect water and cannot be discarded

Keep mosquitoes outside by ensuring that doors and windows have screens and are kept
closed when possible.

Provide training about:

the risk of mosquito bites and how to prevent them

symptoms of mosquito-borne diseases

the safe use of insect repellents

Provide workers with, and encourage them to wear, clothing that covers theirs hands, arms,
legs, and other exposed skin. Consider providing hats with mosquito netting to protect the
face and neck.

When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even
for pregnant and breastfeeding women.

If also using sunscreen, apply sunscreen first and insect repellent second.

Permethrin can be applied to clothing and gear.

Wear clothing that covers hands, arms, legs, and other exposed skin. Wear hats with
mosquito netting to protect the face and neck.

Remove standing water (for example, tires, buckets, barrels) to reduce places where
mosquitoes lay eggs

Workers who develop symptoms of a mosquito-borne disease should report this promptly to
their supervisor and get medical attention.

According To Adesina JM:

Mosquito borne diseases constitute a major public health problem in the list of communicable
diseases, An. stephensi (Liston) is the primary vector of malaria in developing countries and
improved methods of control are urgently needed. Larvicidal activity of Chysophylum
africanum seed extracts was evaluated against An. stephensi. Fourth instar larvae were
exposed to 100, 150 and 200µl concentrations of ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts
of C. africanum replicated thrice. Larval mortality was observed at 24 and 48 h after
exposure. Results obtained show that the various extracts caused significant mortality effect

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with increased concentration and duration of exposure, with ethyl acetate extract invoking the
maximum mortality (90%) within 24 hours of exposure at all concentrations tested, while
acetone recorded the lowest mortality (33.85%) at 200µl. These findings indicate that seeds
of C. africanum have larvicidal activity that can be exploited for the management of malaria
vector. More studies are needed to determine phytochemical constituents and its mode of
action for possible development of larvicides that are safe to use and environment friendly.

According to Michael Kerr

Common symptoms of mosquito bites include soft bumps on the skin that may become pink,
red, and itchy. In most cases, redness and puffiness appears minutes after the mosquito
punctures the skin. A firm, dark red bump often appears the next day, although these
symptoms may occur up to 48 hours after the initial bite. According to the American
Academy of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, contact with a mosquito must be six seconds
or longer to produce a reaction.

Significantly larger mosquito bites, especially if they’re bigger than a quarter, may be one of
the symptoms of a more severe allergic reaction. These symptoms can include:

large area of itching

Lesions

Bruises near the site of the bite

Lymphangitis, or inflammation of the lymph system

Hives at or around the bite

Anaphylaxis, a rare, life-threatening condition that results in swelling in the throat and
wheezing; it requires immediate medical attention.

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Analyzation of data

Most common mosquito borne dseases

Dengue 25%

Most common mosquito brone

dseases
chikungunya 25%

Zika virus 50%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Column graph showing the majority [50%] indicated that zika virus is the most common
mosquito borne diseases.

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are mosquito borne diseases communicable

25%

yes
no

75%

Pie graph showing the majority [75%%] indicated that mosquito borne diseases are
communicable.

What are the effects of mosquito borne diseases?

lesion bump pain inching

10% 15 50% 25%

Table showing the majority [50%] indicated that the most common effects of mosquito borne
diseases is pain

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Do you think that all mosquitos can transmit disease

not sure

do you think that all mosquitos

can be related to a mosquito
no borne disease

yes

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Column graph showing the majority [50%] indicated that do you think that all mosquitos can
transmit disease.

Do you believe that the following symtoms can be

related to mosquito borne diease1

muscle/joinpain

Do you believe that the

following symtoms can be
related to mosquito brone
sudden Fever diease1

Nausea/Headache

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

Column graph showing the majority [40%] indicated that bout muscle/ join pain and
nausea/headache are symptoms can be related to mosquito borne diseases.

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How long do you think mosquito_borne disease would

last

A very long time

forever

Pie graph showing the majority [100%] indicated that mosquito borne disease would last for a
very long time.

How well do you think you understand mosquito- borne

disease

Don’t understand
understand clearlt

50%

Pie graph showing the majority [50%] indicated that how well do you think you understand
mosquito-borne disease.

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