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Approval: Hydraulic Dimensioning and Procedure For Making U, V and Trapezoidale Drainage
Approval: Hydraulic Dimensioning and Procedure For Making U, V and Trapezoidale Drainage
APPROVAL
i|Page
Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier
HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING U, V
AND TRAPEZOIDALE DRAINAGE
DEDICATION
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Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier
HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING U, V
AND TRAPEZOIDALE DRAINAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This brief is the result of the combined efforts of many people around us; we would like to thank
you very much:
❖ M GUIMEZAP, Founder of the IUC for his initiative and dedication to youth education
❖ Mrs. TCHIKDJE PRUDENCE, Head of Department B-TECH for the advices receipt;
❖ The teaching staff of the Civil Engineering Department of the ISTDI and those from all over
the regions and from the UNIVERSITY of BUEA for the courses received;
❖ Our parents, Mr. and Mrs. TIOBOU PHILIPPE; Mr. and Mrs. NGOUMO JEAN MARIE for
the love and support you have given us;
❖ Our respective families whose financial, material and moral support has been remarkable;
❖ Our friends with whom we spent some very pleasant moments and for their encouragement;
❖ All those who have participated directly or indirectly in the outcome of this work;
❖ May all those whose names are not mentioned here find in this letter an expression of our
deep gratitude.
❖ Eternal GOD Almighty who gives us the strength to achieve our goals and spreads his clarity
every time;
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Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier
HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING U, V
AND TRAPEZOIDALE DRAINAGE
ABBREVIATION
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Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier
HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING U, V
AND TRAPEZOIDALE DRAINAGE
ABSTRACT
The project submitted to our study concerns the hydraulic design and implementation process
of U, V and trapezoidal gutters on the Sisters' Hospital Express Crossroads road section, which
is approximately 1099.97m long from the main Logpom road. It is part of the project to gradually
renovate the itinerary Basson crossroads - Sister's Hospital - Andem crossroads. It was presented
as follows:
- A general presentation of the site and objective presentation of the trace;
- A study of the geometric characteristics of the plot (plan drawing, length profile, cross profiles)
with the COVADIS 8 software;
- hydraulic sizing;
Our trace connects points A and B over a length of about 1099.97m. The width of our road is
5.40m with shoulders of 1.2m on either side of the road. A study of the descriptive, estimated
and quantitative specifications of the project was carried out. This quotation has been approved
at the Sum of #112 261 010 FCFA# (one hundred twelve million two hundred and seventy-one
thousand and ten CFA francs)
v|Page
Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier
HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING U, V
AND TRAPEZOIDALE DRAINAGE
RESUME
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Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier
HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING
U, V AND TRAPEZOIDAL DRAINAGE
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL ............................................................................................................................................. i
DEDICATION .........................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................................iii
ABBREVIATION ................................................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................v
RESUME ................................................................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF TABLE..................................................................................................................................... ix
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 11
1. Climatology ...................................................................................................................... 21
2. Temperature .................................................................................................................... 22
3. Precipitation ..................................................................................................................... 23
4. Pluviometry ...................................................................................................................... 23
Section 2: DESIGN OF THE ROAD LAYOUT FROM THE COVADIS SOFTWARE .............. 25
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I. METHOD ............................................................................................................................. 29
1. U shape ................................................................................................................................. 34
2. V shape ................................................................................................................................. 37
3. Trapezoidal shape................................................................................................................ 39
2. Calculation hypotheses........................................................................................................ 41
GENERAL CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................. 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................. 52
WEBOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................... 52
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Rainfall in the past five years in the city of Douala ................................................................ 23
Table 2: Point coordinates ..................................................................................................................... 27
Table 3:Manning Strickler coefficient................................................................................................... 31
Table 4 : Different shapes ..................................................................................................................... 33
Table 5: Runoff coefficient ................................................................................................................... 36
Table 6: Summary of hydraulic results ................................................................................................. 41
Table 7: Cost and quantity estimate ...................................................................................................... 51
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LIST OF FIGURE
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INTRODUCTION
Urban drainage, stormwater and wastewater management systems remain one of the main
problems of our country, particularly in the Douala region, where water control and collection
problems are observed, resulting in degradation and flooding in some localities. It will therefore
be necessary to evaluate the water flow in order to find the hydraulic sections and make a
reinforced concrete design approach to bring out the gutter that will ensure good functionality.
In our case, we will focus on the Douala 5th area on the “Hôpital des Sœurs” road section to the
express crossroads which is 1099.87m long, because it has two catchment areas. This study will
include the following elements:
• topographic surveys
• a study of climate and meteorology
• the study of the road layout
• hydraulic dimensioning
• reinforced concrete design
• the quantitative and estimated estimate
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In Bachelor Technology training, every student is asked to support a tutorial project by a group
of two on a subject that has been proposed to him by his department. It is with this in mind that
we have submitted to our study a project for the hydraulic dimensioning of U, V and trapezoidal
gutters to solve the problems of flooding and wastewater drainage on the Sisters' Hospital
section - express crossroads in the Douala V district of Logpom, Cameroon's Littoral region.
The continuation of this study through practical applications would be useful in determining a
strategy for achieving the best possible network condition in the long term, despite budgetary
constraints. It should then be possible to meet the expectations of the population.
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✓ The existence of type U gutters of different sizes and these are not always adequate to
solve the problem due to the non-viability of the road.
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✓ We have noticed a large number of homes, including several households; this must be
taken into account for our sizing.
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✓ The lack of sanitation work, resulting in completely full gutters leading to water leaking
into homes (flooding).
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II. CLIMATE
1. Climatology
Climatology is the study of atmospheric conditions over a longer period of time. It includes the
study of different kinds of weather that occur at a place. Dynamic change in the atmosphere
brings about variation and occasionally great extremes that must be treated on the long term as
well as the short-term basis. As a result, climatology may be defined as the aggregate of weather
at a place over a given time period.
❖ Climatography consists of the basic presentation of data and its verbal or cartographic
description.
❖ Physical Climatology deals largely with the energy exchanges and physical components.
❖ Dynamic Climatology is more concerned with atmospheric motion and exchanges that lead
to and result from that motion.
The southern part of the country that extends from latitude 2 degrees to 6 degrees North is
characterized by an Equatorial climate which is further subdivided into two categories:
The Guinean type: This extends from the coast at Kribi and covers the southern Plateau. It is
marked by four seasons per year; two rainy and two dry seasons. Rainfall is abundant and ranges
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between 1500 to 2000mm. Temperatures are high and fairly constant measuring about 25
degrees Celsius on the average.
The Cameroon type: This is dominant in the southwestern coastal region and extends right up
to the mouth of the river Nyong.
The maritime Cameroon type: Extends from the coastal region right up to the mouth of the
River Nyong .This section encompasses the second rainiest part of the world, Debundscha,
having rainfalls averages of 10,000mm per year. Humidity here is high and the influence of
the mount Fako is ever present.
The mountain Cameroon type: This prevails on the Western Highlands including places like
Buea, Dschang, Bamenda, Kumbo etc. It extends northwards until it meets with the next
climatic region, the tropical Sudan type.
This is subdivided into the Humid Tropical and Sahel Climate. The Humid tropical climate
type extends from about latitude 6 to 10 degrees. Rainfall here is about 1500 mm and there are
two distinct seasons; the rainy and the dry season. The rainy season lasts for over seven months
meanwhile the dry season lasts for between 3 to 4 months in some cases. The average
temperatures here measures about 21 degree Celsius. The Sahel type extends from Benue Basin
right up North. This region experiences shorter and shorter periods of rainfall as we move
northwards. Temperatures equally become hotter and hotter as we progress towards the north.
The tendency towards the Far North Region is to experience rainfalls of less than 900mm and
rainy seasons as short as 4 months.
2. Temperature
Cameroon falls within the intertropical zone and experiences yearly temperatures varying
between 20 to 28 degrees Celsius. Temperatures generally increase from the south towards the
north; this explains why there is a change from a humid and ever green south towards a hot and
desert North. The temperature is also influenced by the proximity to the sea; the more you go
hinterland, the hotter it becomes. Both situations are however waved off in several cases by
altitude which influences the temperature; the higher you go, the colder it becomes as is the
case with Yaoundé which is higher (23.5degree Celsius) and Garoua (28 degree Celsius) which
in within the Benue Plain.
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3. Precipitation
This is a phenomenon that is influenced by proximity to the sea and also the south to north
extension of the country. Same too as temperature, it is also influenced by altitude. It is therefore
for this reason that spatial variations exist throughout the country for example, Douala receives
4,016 mm of rainfall annually, Yaoundé 1,596mm, Lomie 1,654mm, Bamenda, 2,596mm,
Garoua 1000mm and Kousseri in the Far North region receives only 630mm. Relative humidity
varies in the same manner as rainfall based on the proximity to the coast.
Symptomatic of these combination of factors is the occurrence of four distinct seasons
in the South and Central parts of Cameroon; these include: the long dry season at the beginning
of the year, the long wet season from September to December, a short dry season in August and
a short wet season between March and June. From the Adamawa to the Lake Chad which marks
the Northern section of the country, there are two distinct seasons: a long dry season from
November to April and a short-wet season from May to October.
4. Pluviometry
The study of rainfall in the 5 last year give the table below:
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- A draining trench.
IV. CRITICS
Here it is a question of mentioning the different problems of drainage systems encountered in
cities.
- Lack of gutter cleaning by urban commune officials after heavy rains leading to the
deposit of waste from either roads (land) or local populations
- Spacing between covers (slabs) too large up to the thickness of the foot. this creates
small accidents
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− Design the main axis of the project where clothoids and circular connections will be
highlighted
− Divide the project into three portions and assign each type of gutter to each of these
portions.
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I. METHOD
Here we are going to enumerate the different steps and the choice of the method used to solve
our problem.
➢ Recognition of the site: this is just to take knowledge and have an overview of the site
➢ Topographic surveys: here we are going to work with the topographer to have layout of
the natural ground and the different slopes.
Survey: We have preceded by close leveling: we station on a known point in coordinates,
we target at the reference also known in coordinates, we walk until we stop on another point
known in coordinates. The angular observations were made in a left circle for all the points
except the points of the polygonal which were taken in two circles (left and right) which
consists of a double reversal of the alidade first on the horizontal axis and then the bezel on
the vertical axis. Indeed, turning the device around the vertical axis means unorienting the
blade by about 200 degrees: this way of proceeding is intended to cancel the collimation
errors of the device. This was done on all the vertices of the polygonal whose average of
the two circles was used for the calculations.
For the survey of details and to bring out our different profiles we have preceded by
radiation which is a topo-metric method of locating several points in distances and
directions from a single station.
➢ A study of climate and meteorology: knowing that we are dealing with water and rainfall
is one of the determinate factors that conditioned the design of our gutters, we need to
study the climatology and the temperature in our particular case as we have done in
chapter one.
➢ The study of the road layout.
➢ Hydraulic dimensioning: here we are going to calculate the hydraulic section of our
gutters. We have three approaches:
o Rational method: it is a method that consist in estimating the flow from a division
of the basin slopes in sectors bounded by isochronous lines, this method was
discovered in 1889, but it was in 1906 that it was generalized, it is also known by
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the method of LIOYD DAVIS is a method that has been proven and proven
especially for ponds urban areas (< 10 Ha).
o BAZIN
o Manning Strickler
• BAZIN approach:
Bazin exprime the roughness of the channel with the factor γ by given the expression of C in
function of γ and Rh then C=f (γ; Rh):
87
C= 𝛾
1+
𝑅ℎ
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With:
V: average velocity of flow m/s
n: coefficient of Manning Strickler
Rh: hydraulic radius in m
I: slope of channel, exprime in percentage % (number without dimension)
Choice:
✓ Each formula used ( Bazin or Manning Strickler), the result is approximatively the same
✓ In practice, we will use Manning Strickler formula, in view of it convenience and the
rational method.
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The one recommended is Eurocode 2 because it is more secure than BAEL and it is a new
design calculation norm that we are using in class.
II. MATERIAL
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I. HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING
U shape
Trapezoidale shape
V shape
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Wetted surface Aw
Wetted perimeter Pw
Hydraulic radius Rh
Width B
hydraulic depth Rh
1. U shape
We have choose it on the first section of the road of length 339.97m
Hypothesis:
C = 0.88 for the platform of the road and L = 339.97m
K = 1/n = 67 (n=0.015) for concrete surface l = 14m
I = hydraulic slope = 15.5%
We predimensioning of our gutter will be done with a rectangular section 60cm base and 60cm
height because this shape is the most common in use in the city.
𝟐
𝑸 = 𝒌 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ 𝑹𝒉 𝟑 ∗ 𝑰𝟏/𝟐 (Manning Strikler formula)
Q in m3/s
𝑆
Rh = : hydraulic radius in m
𝑃
B = 60cm
𝐻∗𝐵
Rh = 2𝐻+𝐵
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𝟐
𝐻∗𝐵 𝟑
Q= 𝒌 ∗ 𝑨𝒘 ∗ (2𝐻+𝐵) ∗ 𝑰𝟏/𝟐
3⁄
𝐻∗𝐵 𝑉 2
=( 1 )
2𝐻+𝐵 𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
3⁄
𝐻∗𝐵 𝑉 2
=a with a = ( 1 )
2𝐻+𝐵 𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
If V = Ver
3⁄
2
𝑉𝑒𝑟
𝐵∗( 1 )
𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
Her = 3⁄
2
𝑉𝑒𝑟
𝐵−2∗( 1 )
𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
3⁄
2
3.50
0.6∗( 1 )
67∗0.155 ⁄2
Her = 3⁄
2
𝑉𝑒𝑟
0.6−2∗( 1 )
67∗0.155 ⁄2
Her = 0.6 m
Thefore Pw = 2*0.6 + 0.6
Pw = 1.8m
- Determination of eroded surface
Qer = Ver*Ser
Ser = B*Her = 0.6*0.6
Ser = 0.36m²
- Determination of the eroded flow
Qer = 3.5*0.36
Qer = 1.26 m3/s
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C: flow coefficient
- Determination of the watershed area
A = L*l
A = 339.97*14 = 4759.58 m2
A = 0.00476km2 = 0.48 Ha
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0.88∗1043.4∗0.48
Then Qp = = 437.02 L/s
3.6
Qp = 0.44m3/s
Qp = 0.44m3/s < 1.26m3/s = Qer so the structure is suitable for the flow of runoff water.
- Determination of the real velocity
𝑄𝑝 0.48
Vr = = = 1.21 m/s
𝐴𝑤 0.36
Vr = 1.21 m/s < 3.50 m/s = Ver so the gutter will not erode.
2. V shape
Hypothesis:
I = 2.71%
m=1 b = 2mh
K = 1/n = 67 (n=0.015) for rubble stone
L = 679.35m C = 0.88
- Determination of the maximum flow rate
𝟐
Q = 𝒌 ∗ 𝑨𝒘 ∗ 𝑹𝒉 𝟑 ∗ 𝑰𝟏/𝟐
Q in m3/s
Aw: wetted section m2
K: coefficient of rugosity
Pw = 2h√1 + 𝑚2
- Determination of the hydraulic radius
𝐻∗√5
Rh = 6
2 2
Flow Q = k ∗ A ∗ R h ∗ I1/2 3
3⁄
𝑉 2
Rh = ( 1 )
𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
2
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And
2 3⁄
2 3⁄
𝐻∗√5 𝑉 2 6 𝑉 2
=( 1 ) H= ∗( 1 )
6 𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2 √5 𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
3⁄ 2
5 6 𝑉 2
Q = V*A = V*4 ∗ [ ∗( 1 ) ]
√5 𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
5 36 𝑉3
Q = V*4 ∗ ∗ 3
5 𝐾3 ∗𝐼 ⁄2
𝑉𝑒𝑟 4
Q = Qer = 9* 3
𝐾3 ∗𝐼 ⁄2
3.54
Qer = 9 ∗ 3 = 1.01 m3/s
673 ∗0.0271 ⁄2
Qer = 1.01m3/s
- Wetted section
Qer = Ver*Ser
𝑄𝑒𝑟 1.01
Ser = = = 0.289
𝑉𝑒𝑟 3.5
Ser = 0.289 m²
- Height
5 4𝑆𝑒𝑟
Ser = 4 H2 H=√
5
4∗0.29
H=√ = 0.5 m
5
H = 50 cm
0.5∗√5
Therefore, Rh= = 0.186m
6
Rh= 18.6 cm
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A = L*l
A = 679.35*14 = 0.95 Ha
Qp = 0.28*0.88*1043.4*0.95
Qp = 0.24 m3/s
Qp = 0.24 m3/s < 1.01m3/s = Qer So the structure is suitable for the flow
- Determination of Velocity
𝑄𝑝 0.24
Vp = = 1∗0.5
𝐴𝑝
2
Vp = 0.96 m/s
Vp = 0.96 m/s < Ver = 3.5m/s So the gutter will not erode.
3. Trapezoidal shape
Hypothesis:
I = 10%
m =1
- Wetted section
Aw = (b + mh) h
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- Wetted perimeter
P= b + 2h√2
𝐴𝑤 (𝑏+ℎ)ℎ
- Hydraulic radius Rh = =
𝑃𝑤 (𝑏+2ℎ √2)
bh + h2 = ab + 2ℎ√2
h2 + h (b – 2a√2 )– ab= 0
After solving this equation we got h1= - 0.21m and h2= 0.36m
h= 40cm
(0.4+0.4)0.4 0.32
Therefore, Rh= = = 0.21m
(0.4+2∗0.4√2) 1.53
Rh= 21cm
- Determination flow of erosion
𝟐 2
Qer = 𝒌 ∗ 𝑨𝒘 ∗ 𝑹𝒉 𝟑 ∗ 𝑰𝟏/𝟐= 33∗ 3.5 ∗ 0.32 ∗ 0.213 ∗ 0.11/2
Qer = 4.13 m3/s
A = L*l
A = 1099.97*14 = 1.54 Ha
Qp = 0.28*0.88*1043.4*1.54= 395.92L/s
Qp = 0.396m3/s
Qp = 0.396 m3/s < 4.13m3/s = Qer so the structure is suitable for the flow.
- Determination of real velocity
𝑄𝑝 0.396
Vp = = = 1.24m/s
𝐴𝑝 0.32
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Vp =1.24 m/s < Vmax = 3.5 m/s So the gutter will not erode.
Summary table
Dimensions Wetted Wetted Hydraulic flow rate Project Speed Real
cm perimeter surface radius of flow of velocity
2
m m erosion rate erosion m/s
m3/s m3/s m/s
Section 1: H= 60 1.8 0.36 0.2 1.26 0.44 3.5 1.21
U shape B= 60
Section 2: H= 40 1.41 0.289 0.186 1.01 0.24 3.5 0.96
V shape B= 40
Section 3: H= 40 1.53 0.32 0.21 4.13 0.396 3.5 1.24
:trapezoidale B= 120
b= 40
Table 6: Summary of hydraulic results
2. Calculation hypotheses
- The calculation rules used are those of EUROCODE 2.
- fc28 = 25 MPa.
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- fe = 500 MPa.
- Safety coefficient for concrete: γb = 1.5.
- Safety coefficient for steel: γs = 1.15.
- Coating = 2 cm.
- Cracking is considered prejudicial.
3. Calculation of coverage
The cover is made of reinforced concrete slab of 15cm thickness (L/10 = 7.5cm) on two
supports. So this slab will be design as a beam in simple flexual width b0= 50cm and height H=
15cm.
Design load: Ed
Self-load G:
Self-weight of reinforced concrete: 25*0.5*0.15 = 1.875KN/m
G= 1.875KN/m
Live load Q:
Load due to parking of a vehicle: 4500kg= 45KN
Ed = 1.35G+1.5Q
Ed = 1.35*1.875 + 1.5*0= 2.53KN/m
q(Kg)
G KN/m
L=50cm
8.62∗10−3
K= 0.5∗0.1292∗25 = 0.01< 0.168 OK there are no compressive reinforcement
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𝑑
Level arm z = 2 [1 + √1 − 3.53𝑘′ ] 0.95d with k’=0.168
0.129
z= [1 + √1 − 3.53 ∗ 0.168 ]0.95*0.129=0.123
2
z = 0.1060.123 OK
Determination of fyd: fyd =fyk/s=500/1.15=434.78MPa
So we have:
MEd 8.62∗0.001
As= = 434.78∗0.106=187.0.4mm² then we choose 6HA8 ASREL=251mm²
fyd∗z
4. Design of gutter
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6.26∗1000
d > √0.196∗1000∗30 = 32.63mm
𝑏2 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝐻1
{𝜇 + 𝛾∗𝐻1
} ≥ 1.5ka {0.5 + 𝛾∗𝐻1
}
𝑏2
𝐻1
{0.5 + 2.69} ≥ 1.5*0.333 {0.5 +2.69}
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𝑏2
≥ 1.59/3.19
𝐻1
0.9
b2 ≥ 1.59*H1/3.19 b2 ≥ 1.59 ∗ 3.19
𝑏1 1+3∗2.69
𝑏2
≥ 0.25 ∗ 0.333 (0.9)2 ∗ [ 1+2.69
]-0.25
𝑏1
𝑏2
≥ 0.41 b1≥ 0.41 b2 OK
𝑧
= 0.5{1+√1 − 3𝑘/𝜂 with 𝜂 = 1
𝑑
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𝑧
= 0.98
𝑑
13.76∗106
As= 0.98∗125∗0.87∗500 = 258.22mm² then we have 4HA10 with Asr=314mm²/m
Spacing = 250mm
• Check minimum steel Asmin= 0.26*(fctm/fyk)*b*d 0.0013bd and
𝑧
= 0.99 As= 6.68*106/ (0.99*125*0.87*500)
𝑑
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At ultimate limit state using γb = 1.5 at d from the base of the cantilever, shear force VEd is equal
to: Vcd= Pavg*Z* γb= 22.77*(0.750-0.125) *1.5= 21.35KN/m
Vcd = 21.35KN/m
𝑉𝑐𝑑 21.35∗103
VEd = = = 0.17PMa
𝑏𝑑 1000∗125
0.18 0.18
CRd,c= = = 0.12
𝛾𝑏 1.5
120
K = 1+ √125 = 1.98< 2 OK
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III. PROCEDURE
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− Receipt of the excavation bottom (by the topographer and the laboratory technician)
− Blinding concrete (after approval by the lab)
− Reception of Blinding concrete (i.e. control of thicknesses and definition of gutter
placement axes)
− Placing the mould
− Checking the mould dimensions
− Verification of steels
− Verification of concrete by proportionality (sand + water + cement + gravel)
− Concrete implementation and pouring of the elements
− Demoulding after 48 hours
− Eventual finish off.
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N DESIGNATION U QTY PU TP
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SANITIZATION
401 Concrete U-shaped gutters m3 454 135 000 61 290 000
402 Concrete water running down the slope ml 20,00 44 000 880 000
SMALL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
403 Cleaning of the stream bed FF 1,00 2 200 000 2 200 000
404 Blinding concrete dosed at 150kg/m3 m3 44.2 72 000 3 182 400
405 Realization of the covers ( slabs) ml 679.94 22 000 14 958 680
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GENERAL CONCLUSION
We have reached the end of our project, which aimed to study the drainage of water from the
Sisters' Hospital section - an express crossroads approximately 1099.97 m long. We have thus
used documents, books, software packages, both civil engineering and other fields to carry out
this project. However, among the difficulties encountered, we note only the problem of
determining the surface area of the watershed during the hydraulic dimensioning of the gutters;
on the other hand, we have benefited from the kindness of our supervisors, who have served as
our guides in our work. Despite these facts, we have succeeded in designing, studying and
dimensioning our gutters in compliance with the standards and regulations in force; in order to
obtain a quality structure that integrates the position and environment of the structure and
provides comfort and safety for its residents. Indeed, we have not only plagiarized the results
provided by the various software, because the engineer, according to his knowledge, must be
able to analyze, interpret and criticize these results.
The Sisters' Hospital - Express Crossroads section will be drained with U, V and trapezoidal
gutters, but the one that will ensure good functionality is the U, since it is easy to implement
and is used frequently in urban areas. In the future, we propose regular cleaning with machinery
and qualified personnel to avoid waste deposits and erosion of the gutter.
Similarly, we cannot complete this project without mentioning that through it, we have
acquired significant experience both academically and professionally, as part of the study of a
hydraulic project. It also allowed us to better appreciate the spirit of teamwork, an essential
element for our integration into the socio-professional environment.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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WEBOGRAPHY
1) www.googleearth.com
2) www.doualazoom.com/web/fr/activity
3) www.mercurial.fr.downloadastro.com
4) www.cameroun-info.net/article/ cameroun-water-drinking-in-the-city-of-douala-
191019.html
5) www.google- geomatics- and- analysis of the sanitation and health risks in the urban
environment.html
6) www.googlemap.com
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